Catawba ( / k ə ˈ t ɔː b ə / ) is one of two Eastern Siouan languages of the eastern US, which together with the Western Siouan languages formed the Siouan language family .
61-694: The Catawba , also known as Issa , Essa or Iswä but most commonly Iswa ( Catawba : Ye Iswąˀ ' people of the river ' ), are a federally recognized tribe of Native Americans , known as the Catawba Indian Nation. Their current lands are in South Carolina , on the Catawba River , near the city of Rock Hill . Their territory once extended into North Carolina , as well, and they still have legal claim to some parcels of land in that state. They were once considered one of
122-527: A smallpox epidemic , which also affected nearby tribes and the whites. In 1743, even after incorporating several small tribes, the Catawba numbered fewer than 400 warriors. In 1759, they again suffered from smallpox, and in 1761, had some 300 warriors, or about 1,000 people. By 1775 they had only 400 people in total; in 1780, they had 490; and, in 1784, only 250 were reported. During the nineteenth century, their numbers continued to decline, to 450 in 1822, and
183-595: A 2010 census population of 841 inhabitants. It also has a congressionally established service area in North Carolina, covering Mecklenburg , Cabarrus , Gaston , Union , Cleveland , and Rutherford counties. The Catawba also own a 16.57-acre (6.71 ha) site in Kings Mountain, North Carolina , which they will develop for a gaming casino and mixed-use entertainment complex. Today the Catawba earn most of their revenue from Federal/State funds. Under
244-665: A pitched battle. Similar encounters in these longstanding conflicts were reported to have occurred at present-day Franklin, West Virginia (1725), Hanging Rocks and the mouth of the Potomac South Branch in West Virginia, and near the mouths of Antietam Creek (1736) and Conococheague Creek in Maryland. Mooney asserted that the name of Catawba Creek in Botetourt came from an encounter in these battles with
305-533: A profit. On September 9, 2013, the Catawba announced plans to build a $ 600 million casino along Interstate 85 in Kings Mountain, North Carolina. Cleveland County officials quickly endorsed the plans. But Governor Pat McCrory , over 100 North Carolina General Assembly members and the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) opposed it. The Catawba submitted the required acquisition application to
366-409: A recognized Native American tribe as they had lost their land and did not have a reservation. In 1929 Samuel Taylor Blue , chief of the Catawba, had begun the process to gain federal recognition. The Catawba were federally recognized as a Native American tribe in 1941, and they created a written constitution in 1944. Also in 1944 South Carolina granted the Catawba and other Native American residents of
427-579: A revenue-sharing compact with the Catawba Nation, which allows for Class III gaming and wagering on sports and horse racing; the compact is similar to the one signed between the state and the EBCI . On March 19, a letter from Darryl LaCounte, Acting Director of the Bureau of Indian Affairs , notified the Catawba Nation and Governor Roy Cooper that the agency has signed off on the agreement; it stated that
488-524: A total of 110 people in 1826. As of 2006, their population had increased to about 2600. The customs and beliefs of the early Catawba were documented by the anthropologist Frank Speck in the twentieth century. In the Carolinas, the Catawba became well known for their pottery , which historically was made primarily by the women. Since the late 20th century, some men also make pottery. In approximately 1883, tribal members were contacted by missionaries of
549-404: A tribal community. Beginning in 1973, they applied to have their government federally recognized. Gilbert Blue served as their chief until 2007. They adopted a constitution in 1975 that was modeled on their 1944 version. In addition, for decades the Catawba pursued various land claims against the government for the losses due to the illegal treaty made by South Carolina in 1840 and the failure of
610-713: The Agiqua , borrowing one of the Cherokee names. Initiated as a project during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt , Douglas Dam was completed in the 1940s on the lower French Broad by the TVA to provide electricity and flood control. It is one of the larger TVA developments on a tributary of the Tennessee River. (The two other very large ones are Norris Lake on the Clinch River and Cherokee Lake on
671-561: The Alleghanian orogeny , through the resulting mountains it cuts; however, the current topographic relief of the Southern Appalachians is relatively new, making it virtually impossible to estimate the age of the river. The Cherokee people, the historic Indigenous Americans who occupied the area at the time of European invasion and conquest, referred to the river by different names: Poelico and Agiqua ("broad") in
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#1732783073886732-640: The Appalachian Mountains into Henderson , and Buncombe counties. In Buncombe County, the river flows through Asheville where it receives the water of the Swannanoa River . Downstream of Asheville, the river passes north through Marshall and Madison County . After passing through Hot Springs in the Bald Mountains , the river enters Cocke County, Tennessee . In Cocke County, the river passes through Del Rio and receives
793-559: The Battle of Guilford Court House , and settled in two villages on the reservation. These were known as Newton, the principal village, and Turkey Head, on the opposite side of the Catawba/Wateree River. In 1826, the Catawba leased nearly half their reservation to whites for a few thousand dollars of annuity; their dwindling number of members (as few as 110 by an 1896 estimate) depended on this money for survival. In 1840, by
854-526: The Cherokee language is Siouan.) At his death in 1996 it was revealed that West was neither Catawba nor even Native American , but had learned what he knew of the language from books, and from listening to the last known native speaker, Samuel Taylor Blue and his half-sister, Sally Gordon, when Speck brought him to the Catawba reservation. This had apparently been enough to fool the non-Native ethnologists who wrote about him. This article related to
915-773: The Eastern Continental Divide near the northwest border of South Carolina . They spill from a 50-foot (15 m) waterfall called Courthouse Falls at the terminus of Courthouse Creek near Balsam Grove . The waterfall feeds into a creek that becomes the North Fork, which joins the West Fork west of Rosman. South of Rosman, the stream is joined by the Middle and East forks to form the French Broad River. From there it flows northeast through
976-538: The French Broad River in southwestern North Carolina, southeastern Tennessee, northwestern South Carolina, and northeastern Georgia. However, early 20th-century anthropologist James Mooney later dismissed most elements of Schoolcraft's account as "absurd, the invention and surmise of the would-be historian who records the tradition." He pointed out that, aside from the French never having been known to help
1037-613: The Haudenosaunee Seneca nation , and the Algonquian -speaking Lenape , with whom they competed for hunting resources and territory. The Catawba chased Lenape raiding parties back to the north in the 1720s and 1730s, going across the Potomac River . At one point, a party of Catawba is said to have followed a party of Lenape who attacked them, and to have overtaken them near Leesburg, Virginia . There they fought
1098-771: The Indian Road or Great Warriors' Path (later called the Great Wagon Road ) through the Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia backcountry. This path was frequently traveled and was used until 1744 by Seneca war parties to pass through the Shenandoah Valley to raid in the South. In 1738, a smallpox epidemic broke out in South Carolina. Endemic for centuries among Europeans,
1159-658: The Indigenous languages of the Americas is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . French Broad River The French Broad River is a river in the U.S. states of North Carolina and Tennessee . It flows 218 miles (351 km) from near the town of Rosman in Transylvania County, North Carolina , into Tennessee, where its confluence with the Holston River at Knoxville forms
1220-586: The Iroquois frequently referred to the Catawba under the general term Totiri , or Toderichroone , also known as Tutelo . People have lived in the area since the Paleoindian period (~10,000 B.C.). Pottery along the Catawba river corridor have been found that date to the Woodland period . The Catawba were the people who inhabited the area when Europeans first began to settle. In the late 19th century,
1281-590: The Piedmont region. Traditional game has included deer, crops grown have included corn, and the women in particular are noted makers of pottery and baskets, arts which they still preserve. They are believed to have the oldest surviving tradition of pottery East of the Mississippi, and possibly the oldest (or one of the oldest) on the American continent. Early Spanish explorers of the mid-16th century estimated
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#17327830738861342-618: The Siouan family ( Catawban branch ), is being revived. The Catawba have also been known as Esaw , or Issa (Catawba iswä , "river"), named after their territory along the principal waterway of the region. Historically, Iswa , today the river is commonly known as the Catawba River from its headwaters in North Carolina and into South Carolina before continuing as the Wateree River in Fairfield county, South Carolina. The nations of
1403-779: The United States Department of the Interior (DOI) in August 2013, seeking to have the US place this property of 16.57-acre (6.71 ha) in trust, but their application was denied in March 2018. In September, the Catawba submitted a new application under the discretionary process; they also pursued a Congressional route. Senate bill 790, introduced by South Carolina Senator Lindsey Graham , with support of North Carolina senators Thom Tillis and Richard Burr , would have authorized
1464-634: The United States Supreme Court , but in 2007 the court declined to hear the appeal, leaving the state supreme court in place. In 2014, the Supreme Court of South Carolina ruled similarly against the tribe in regards of the state's Gambling Cruise Act. In 2014, the Catawba made a second attempt to operate a bingo parlor, opening one at what was formerly a BI-LO , on Cherry Road in Rock Hill. It closed in 2017, unable to turn
1525-517: The 1950s, the federal government began to press what is known as the Indian termination policy , based on its perception that some tribes were assimilated enough not to need a special relationship with the government. It terminated the government of the Catawba in 1959. This cut off federal benefits, and communal property was allocated to individual households. The people became subject to state law. The Catawba decided that they preferred to be organized as
1586-568: The Catawba declined markedly in number in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Some Catawba continued to live in their homelands in South Carolina, while others joined the Choctaw or Cherokee , at least temporarily. Terminated as a tribe by the federal government in 1959, the Catawba Indian Nation had to reorganize to reassert their sovereignty and treaty rights. In 1973 they established their tribal enrollment and began
1647-508: The Catawba filed a motion to intervene to join the defendants. The Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma filed a motion to support the EBCI; both motions were approved. In May 2020, the EBCI filed an amended complaint in its federal lawsuit, saying that the DOI's approval of the trust land resulted from a scheme by casino developer Wallace Cheves. He was said to have persuaded the Catawba to lend their name to
1708-933: The Catawba in the region. At a later period some Catawba removed to the Choctaw Nation in Indian Territory and settled near present-day Scullyville, Oklahoma . They assimilated with the Choctaw and did not retain separate tribal identity. The Catawba fought for the Confederacy in the Civil War . Nineteen men enlisted with the Confederate Army and saw combat across Virginia. The Catawba are historically sedentary agriculturists, who have also fished and hunted for game. Their customs have been, and are, similar to neighboring Native Americans in
1769-542: The Catawba were the majority owner) operated the Catawba's bingo parlor in Rock Hill . In 1999, the South Carolina General Assembly passed a statewide ban on the possession and operation of video poker devices. When in 2004 the Catawba entered into an exclusive management contract with SPM Resorts, Inc., to manage all new bingo facilities, some tribal members were critical. The new contract
1830-796: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints . Numerous Catawba were converted to the church. Some left the Southeast to resettle with clusters of Mormons in Utah, Colorado, and neighboring western states. The Catawba on their reserve in South Carolina hold a yearly celebration called Yap Ye Iswa , which roughly translates to "Day of the People," or Day of the River People. Held at the Catawba Cultural Center, proceeds are used to fund
1891-647: The DOI to take the land into trust for gaming, but the bill died in committee. On March 13, 2020, the DOI announced its decision to approve the 2018 discretionary application and place the land in North Carolina in trust. On March 17, the EBCI filed a federal suit challenging the DOI decision in the U.S. District Court in the District of Columbia. AS is customary, the suit names the DOI, the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs, Secretary David Bernhardt , and several other department officials. In addition,
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1952-691: The French Broad River in Tennessee was designated as a state scenic river by the Tennessee Scenic Rivers Act of 1968. Approximately 33 miles (53 km) of the river in Cocke County, starting at the North Carolina border and extending downstream to the place where it flows into Douglas Lake, are designated as a Class III, Partially Developed River. The following is a list of crossings of the French Broad from Brevard to
2013-802: The Holston River.) In 1987, the North Carolina General Assembly established the French Broad River State Trail as a blueway which follows the river for 117 miles (188 km). The paddle trail is a part of the North Carolina State Trails System, which is a section of the NC Division of Parks and Recreation . A system of launch point sites was created along the river to support the trail. The portion of
2074-655: The Iroquois, the Catawba had been recorded by 1567 by the Spanish expedition under Juan Pardo as being in the same area of the Catawba River as was known to be their later territory. Mooney accepted the tradition that, following a protracted struggle, the Catawba and Cherokee had settled on the Broad River their mutual boundary. The Catawba also had armed confrontations with several northern tribes, particularly
2135-460: The Tennessee section of the Great Smoky Mountains . After flowing through a wide gap in Bays Mountain , it enters Knox County . Its confluence with the Holston River forms the Tennessee River at a place known as "Forks of the River", at the eastern edge of Knoxville . The French Broad River is believed to be one of the oldest in the world, cutting over eons through ancient rocks in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. The French Broad predates
2196-477: The Treaty of Nation Ford with South Carolina, the Catawba sold to the state all but one square mile (2.6 km) of their 144,000 acres (225 sq mi; 580 km) reserved by the English Crown. They resided on the remaining square mile after the treaty. The treaty was invalid ab initio because the state did not have the right to make it, which was reserved for the federal government, and never gained Senate ratification. and did not get federal approval. About
2257-424: The U.S. Congress enacted the Catawba Indian Tribe of South Carolina Land Claims Settlement Act of 1993 (Settlement Act), which reversed the "termination", recognized the Catawba Indian Nation and, together with the state of South Carolina, settled the land claims for $ 50 million, to be applied toward economic development for the Nation. On July 21, 2007, the Catawba held their first elections in more than 30 years. Of
2318-527: The activities of the center. The Catawba were electing their chief prior to the start of the 20th century. In 1909 the Catawba sent a petition to the United States government seeking to be given United States citizenship. During President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's administration, the federal government worked to improve conditions for Native Americans. Under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 , tribes were encouraged to renew their governments to exercise more self-determination. The Catawba were not at that time
2379-440: The beginning of the Tennessee River . The river flows through the counties of Transylvania, Buncombe , Henderson , and Madison in North Carolina, and Cocke , Jefferson , Sevier , and Knox in Tennessee. It drains large portions of the Pisgah National Forest and the Cherokee National Forest . The headwaters of the French Broad River are near the town of Rosman in Transylvania County , North Carolina, just northwest of
2440-440: The bingo parlor, located at the former Rock Hill Mall on Cherry Road, was closed. The Catawba filed suit against the state of South Carolina for the right to operate video poker and similar "electronic play" devices on their reservation. They prevailed in the lower courts, but the state appealed the ruling to the South Carolina Supreme Court . The state Supreme Court overturned the lower court ruling. The tribe appealed that ruling to
2501-417: The ethnographer Henry Rowe Schoolcraft theorized that the Catawba had lived in Canada until driven out by the Iroquois (supposedly with French help) and that they had migrated to Kentucky and to Botetourt County, Virginia . He asserted that by 1660 they had migrated south to the Catawba River , competing in this territory with the Cherokee , a Southern Iroquoian language–speaking tribe who were based west of
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2562-421: The federal government to protect their interests. This culminated in South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc. , where the United States Supreme Court ruled that the tribe's land claims were subject to a statute of limitations which had not yet run out. In response, the Catawba prepared to file 60,000 lawsuits against individual landowners in York County to regain ownership of their land. On October 27, 1993,
2623-433: The five members of the former government, only two were reelected. In the 2010 census, 3,370 people identified as having Catawba ancestry. The Catawba Reservation ( 34°54′17″N 80°53′01″W / 34.90472°N 80.88361°W / 34.90472; -80.88361 ) is located in two disjointed sections in York County, South Carolina , east of Rock Hill. Covering a total of 1,012 acres (410 ha), it reported
2684-432: The governor of Virginia offered the tribe payment for their land claim. The peace was probably final for the Iroquois, who had established the Ohio Valley as their preferred hunting ground by right of conquest and pushed other tribes out of it. Tribes located to the west continued warfare against the Catawba, who were so reduced that they could raise little resistance. In 1763, a small party of Algonquian Shawnee killed
2745-483: The infectious disease had been carried by them to North America, where it caused many deaths. The Catawba and other tribes, such as the Sissipahaw, suffered high mortality in these epidemics. In 1759, a smallpox epidemic killed nearly half the Catawba. In 1744 the Treaty of Lancaster , made at Lancaster, Pennsylvania , renewed the Covenant Chain between the Iroquois and the colonists. The governments had not been able to prevent settlers going into Iroquois territory, but
2806-438: The last speaker of the Catawba language. He was promoted by anthropologist Frank Speck , who introduced West to the Catawba community. The Catawba told Speck that West was not Catawba, but Speck ignored them and continued to promote West and include him in his work, even recommending him as an expert to other anthropologists. (Speck is also the source of the theory that Catawba is a Siouan language; at one time he also insisted that
2867-501: The most powerful Southeastern tribes in the Carolina Piedmont, as well as one of the most powerful tribes in the South as a whole, with other, smaller tribes merging into the Catawba as their post-contact numbers dwindled due to the effects of colonization on the region. The Catawba were among the East Coast tribes who made selective alliances with some of the early European colonists , when these colonists agreed to help them in their ongoing conflicts with other tribes. These were primarily
2928-403: The mountains of the headwaters; Zillicoah upriver of the confluence at present-day Asheville; and Tahkeeosteh (racing waters) from Asheville downriver. The river is considered to roughly mark the eastern boundary of the Cherokee homelands in this region, which included areas of present-day northwestern South Carolina, northeastern Georgia, and southeastern Tennessee. The French called the river
2989-408: The northern tribes, not from the Catawba having lived there. In 1721 the colonial governments of Virginia and New York held a council at Albany, New York , attended by delegates from the Six Nations ( Haudenosaunee ) and the Catawba. The colonists asked for peace between the Confederacy and the Catawba. The Six Nations reserved the land west of the Blue Ridge Mountains for themselves, including
3050-440: The noted Catawba chief, King Hagler , near his own village. In 1763, the colonial government of South Carolina confirmed a reservation for the Catawba of 225 square miles (580 km; 144,000 acres), on both sides of the Catawba River, within the present York and Lancaster counties. When British troops approached during the American Revolutionary War in 1780, the Catawba withdrew temporarily into Virginia. They returned after
3111-581: The pact complies with the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act and other provisions of federal law. On April 16, the Catawba Nation received a victory in federal court, as U.S. District Judge James Boasberg found no basis for the Cherokees' claims in the lawsuit. Catawba Two Kings Casino opened on July 1, 2021, with a temporary modular facility containing 500 slot machines in Kings Mountain. 34°54′17″N 80°53′01″W / 34.90472°N 80.88361°W / 34.90472; -80.88361 Catawba language The last native, fluent speaker of Catawba
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#17327830738863172-484: The population of the Catawba as between 15,000 and 25,000 people. When the English first settled South Carolina about 1682, they estimated the Catawba at about 1,500 warriors, or about 4,600 people in total. Their decline was attributed to the mortality of infectious diseases. The English named the Catawba River and Catawba County after this indigenous people. By 1728, the Catawba had been reduced to about 400 warriors, or about 1400 persons in total. In 1738, they suffered from
3233-453: The process of regaining federal recognition. In 1993 they regained federal recognition and won a $ 50 million Indian land claims settlement by the federal government and state of South Carolina. The state of South Carolina also recognized the tribe in 1993. Their headquarters are at Rock Hill, South Carolina . As of 2006, the population of the Catawba Nation has increased to about 2,600, most in South Carolina. The Catawba language , part of
3294-451: The same time, a number of the Catawba, dissatisfied with their condition among the whites, removed to join the remaining eastern Cherokee, who were based in far Western North Carolina . But, finding their position among their former enemies equally unpleasant, all but one or two soon returned to South Carolina. The last survivor of the westward migration, an elderly Catawba woman, died among the Cherokee in 1889. A few Cherokee intermarried with
3355-447: The scheme, and had a history of criminal and civil enforcement actions against him and his companies for illegal gambling. It said that the DOI disregarded early consultation with the EBCI and skipped an Environmental Impact Assessment . The Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma also filed an amended complaint, seeking to protect cultural artifacts on their ancestral land where the casino is planned. On January 24, 2021, Governor Roy Cooper signed
3416-482: The state citizenship, but did not grant them the franchise, or right to vote. Like African Americans since the turn of the 20th century, the Native Americans were largely excluded from the franchise by discriminatory rules and practices associated with voter registration. They were prevented from voting until the late 1960s, after the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed. It provided for federal oversight and enforcement of people's constitutional right to vote. In
3477-548: The terms of the 1993 Settlement Act, the Catawba waived its right to be governed by the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act . Instead, the Catawba agreed to be governed by the terms of the Settlement Agreement and the State Act as pertains to games of chance; which at the time allowed for video poker and bingo . In 1996, the Catawba formed a joint venture partnership with D.T. Collier of SPM Resorts, Inc. of Myrtle Beach , to manage their bingo and casino operations. That partnership, New River Management and Development Company, LLC (of which
3538-488: The tribes of different language families: the Iroquois , who ranged south from the Great Lakes area and New York; the Algonquian Shawnee and Lenape (Delaware); and the Iroquoian Cherokee , who fought for control over the large Ohio Valley (including what is in present-day West Virginia ). During the American Revolutionary War the Catawba supported the American colonists against the British. Decimated by colonial smallpox epidemics , warfare and cultural disruption,
3599-419: The waters of both the Pigeon and the Nolichucky rivers northwest of Newport . The river enters the slack waters of Douglas Lake , which was created by the Tennessee Valley Authority 's Douglas Dam in Sevier County , approximately 32 miles (51 km) upstream from the river's mouth. Near Sevierville , at Kodak , the French Broad River receives the flow of the Little Pigeon River , which drains much of
3660-504: Was Samuel Taylor Blue , who died in 1959. The Catawba people are now working to revitalize and preserve the Catawba language. A Catawba alphabet was created by the Catawba Language Project for the Catawba language, as part of a revitalization effort for the language and the creation of an app for it. Some Catawba lexicon is presented below. Village wátra ye makeruɁre Red Thunder Cloud , an impostor, born Cromwell Ashbie Hawkins West, claimed to be Catawba and
3721-426: Was signed by the former governing body immediately prior to new elections. In addition, the contract was never brought before the General Council (the full tribal membership) as required by their existing constitution. After the state established the South Carolina Education Lottery in 2002, the tribe lost gambling revenue and decided to shut down the Rock Hill bingo operation. They sold the facility in 2007. In 2006,
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