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86-548: The Caterham Seven CSR is the latest model from sports car manufacturer Caterham Cars . The CSR is the most heavily modified Caterham, though it still retains the basic look of the Super Seven . The CSR has two engine options based on the same Duratec block, though modifications and power output differ. The entry level engine produces 200 bhp (149 kW), with a 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) time of 3.7 seconds. The upgraded engine produces 260 bhp (194 kW), with

172-482: A l 2 ) {\textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}m({r_{\mathrm {external} }}^{2}+{r_{\mathrm {internal} }}^{2})} . For a given flywheel design, the kinetic energy is proportional to the ratio of the hoop stress to the material density and to the mass. The specific tensile strength of a flywheel can be defined as σ t ρ {\textstyle {\frac {\sigma _{t}}{\rho }}} . The flywheel material with

258-462: A 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) time of 3.1 seconds and a top speed of 155 mph (249 km/h). The CSR represents the most radical redesign of the car since the introduction of the Seven in its 48-year history. The CSR is the subject of numerous improvements over previous models ( see below ), though it still retains the main aesthetics of Caterhams. While slightly heavier than other Caterhams

344-487: A Quaife six-speed sequential gearbox replacing the standard Caterham unit used in the R300. As with all series above Academy, it runs on Avon CR500 tyres. The Superlight R500 series is the latest of Caterham Motorsport's Superlight series of RSA Racing cars. Powered by a 2.0-litre Ford Duratec engine producing maximum horsepower (bhp/rpm) of 263 bhp @ 8500rpm and maximum torque (lb.ft/rpm) of 177 lb.ft @ 7200rpm. With

430-662: A complete stop, the CSR took 140 feet (43 m). The 997 Turbo, stopping from 60 mph took 99 feet (30 m). The Ferrari F50 performed well, stopping from 60 mph (97 km/h) in 119 feet (36 m). For comparison, an average 2011 road car (2011 Chevrolet Cruze LS) takes 167 feet (51 m) to completely stop from 70 mph (110 km/h) and Formula One cars can stop in 56 feet (17 m) from 62 mph (100 km/h). The CSR has excellent low-end acceleration because of its high power-to-weight ratio of 410 bhp (310 kW) per ton (260 model). It can accelerate from

516-510: A donor car, fabrication or any special skills. Although the Seven has always been popular with enthusiasts outside of the UK marketplace, export of the Seven to other markets has increasingly been limited by homologation , safety and emissions regulations in the modern era. As a result, the chassis/engine combinations, specifications, pricing and kit-form availability vary widely between countries. In

602-490: A drop in power input and will conversely absorb any excess power input (system-generated power) in the form of rotational energy. Common uses of a flywheel include smoothing a power output in reciprocating engines , energy storage , delivering energy at higher rates than the source, controlling the orientation of a mechanical system using gyroscope and reaction wheel , etc. Flywheels are typically made of steel and rotate on conventional bearings; these are generally limited to

688-488: A fixed roof, doors, radio, air-conditioning, airbags, traction/stability control, ABS , satellite navigation or cruise control. As a result, the Seven is somewhat limited in its practicality for everyday usage and is instead recognised by driving enthusiasts for its focus on driving enjoyment, making it an ideal track/race car or 'Sunday' car. Chapman and Lotus helped to pioneer the British kit car industry. The Lotus Seven

774-432: A flywheel in a child's toy is not efficient; however, the flywheel velocity never approaches its burst velocity because the limit in this case is the pulling-power of the child. In other applications, such as an automobile, the flywheel operates at a specified angular velocity and is constrained by the space it must fit in, so the goal is to maximize the stored energy per unit volume. The material selection therefore depends on

860-416: A flywheel is determined by E M = K σ ρ {\textstyle {\frac {E}{M}}=K{\frac {\sigma }{\rho }}} , in which K {\displaystyle K} is the shape factor, σ {\displaystyle \sigma } the material's tensile strength and ρ {\displaystyle \rho } the density. While

946-433: A flywheel is determined by the maximum amount of energy it can store per unit weight. As the flywheel's rotational speed or angular velocity is increased, the stored energy increases; however, the stresses also increase. If the hoop stress surpass the tensile strength of the material, the flywheel will break apart. Thus, the tensile strength limits the amount of energy that a flywheel can store. In this context, using lead for

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1032-436: A fresh charge of air and fuel. Another example is the friction motor which powers devices such as toy cars . In unstressed and inexpensive cases, to save on cost, the bulk of the mass of the flywheel is toward the rim of the wheel. Pushing the mass away from the axis of rotation heightens rotational inertia for a given total mass. A flywheel may also be used to supply intermittent pulses of energy at power levels that exceed

1118-625: A major Lotus 7 dealer during the 1960s, and its founder, Graham Nearn, purchased the rights to continue manufacture of the Seven design from Chapman in 1973, after Lotus announced its intention to discontinue the model. Caterham initially restarted manufacture of the Lotus Seven Series 4; however, when this proved unpopular, production switched to a Series 3 model in 1974. In 1974, under the name of Seven Cars Limited, Caterham built 20 production cars with chassis numbers 1 to 20 and one prototype, with chassis number 0 (CS3 3550 – CS3 3570). Of

1204-481: A maximum revolution rate of a few thousand RPM . High energy density flywheels can be made of carbon fiber composites and employ magnetic bearings , enabling them to revolve at speeds up to 60,000 RPM (1  kHz ). The principle of the flywheel is found in the Neolithic spindle and the potter's wheel , as well as circular sharpening stones in antiquity. In the early 11th century, Ibn Bassal pioneered

1290-494: A much softer version came out called the Seven Clubsport 1.8. The range continued to be developed in the years as a great alternative to someone who wanted a little bit more than a Classic, but less than a Superlight. Roadsport A cars are ex-Academy cars, with no engine upgrades. However a number of performance upgrades such removing the windscreens and lights, widetrack front suspension and uprated dampers are allowed, as

1376-474: A percentage of the flywheel's moment of inertia, with the majority from the rim, so that I r i m = K I f l y w h e e l {\displaystyle I_{\mathrm {rim} }=KI_{\mathrm {flywheel} }} . For example, if the moments of inertia of hub, spokes and shaft are deemed negligible, and the rim's thickness is very small compared to its mean radius ( R {\displaystyle R} ),

1462-533: A power-weight ratio of 568 bhp-per-tonne and a top speed of 155 mph. The CSR chassis comes in two basic trims which mirror those of the S3/SV cars. The 'basic' CSR has a road and touring oriented spec with full windscreen and weather equipment. This is available as the CSR200 (200 bhp) or CSR260 (260 bhp). The CSR Superlight (also 260 bhp) is the current Caterham performance flagship strips away

1548-467: A solid cylinder it is 1 2 m r 2 {\textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}mr^{2}} , for a thin-walled empty cylinder it is approximately m r 2 {\textstyle mr^{2}} , and for a thick-walled empty cylinder with constant density it is 1 2 m ( r e x t e r n a l 2 + r i n t e r n

1634-565: A stop to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 3.1 seconds (estimated), though during trials, Car and Driver magazine could only achieve 3.6 seconds. This discrepancy is due to the close gear ratios of the transmission and the rev limiter. The CSR that they tested could not reach 60 mph (97 km/h) in first gear, and required the extra 0.5 seconds to shift. Car and Driver explains: It’s also wickedly quick, blowing past 60 mph (97 km/h) in 3.6 seconds... The Caterham had an improperly set rev limiter that cut fuel at 7,700 rpm, 300 rpm short of

1720-568: A supercharged model for a race-series above the R300-class was released, including slick tyres and a sequential gearbox. In September 2013 Caterham made a car called the 620R. It was based on the R500, but was supercharged . This increased the power output to 315 PS (311 hp; 232 kW) at 7,700 rpm and the torque to 219 lb⋅ft (297 N⋅m) at 7,350 rpm. It also reduced the 0–60 mph (97 km/h) time to 2.79 seconds. It has

1806-482: A superflywheel does not explode or burst into large shards like a regular flywheel, but instead splits into layers. The separated layers then slow a superflywheel down by sliding against the inner walls of the enclosure, thus preventing any further destruction. Although the exact value of energy density of a superflywheel would depend on the material used, it could theoretically be as high as 1200 Wh (4.4 MJ) per kg of mass for graphene superflywheels. The first superflywheel

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1892-497: A tubular steel chassis. Nose cone and wings are either GRP or carbon fibre depending on specification. All Sevens are front-engined with rear-wheel drive and two seats. Their extremely high performance is achieved through light weight (less than 500 kg (1,102 lb) on some versions) rather than particularly powerful engines. As well as a lightweight chassis and bodywork, Caterham Sevens achieve their very low mass through their lack of comfort and safety oriented features such as

1978-467: A typical flywheel has a shape factor of 0.3, the shaftless flywheel has a shape factor close to 0.6, out of a theoretical limit of about 1. A superflywheel consists of a solid core (hub) and multiple thin layers of high-strength flexible materials (such as special steels, carbon fiber composites, glass fiber, or graphene) wound around it. Compared to conventional flywheels, superflywheels can store more energy and are safer to operate. In case of failure,

2064-518: A weight of 506 kg (516 kg) and a sequential gearbox, it is capable of 0–60 mph in 2.88 seconds and a power-to-weight ratio of 520 bhp-per-tonne. Advertised top speed 150 mph. The R500 has been made Top Gear car of the year 2008. In another appearance earlier in the series, it placed fifth on the Power Lap board with a 1:17.9. This time beat the €1,100,000 (£899,000/$ 1,550,000), 1001 hp Bugatti Veyron . In October 2012

2150-416: A wide range of applications: gyroscopes for instrumentation, ship stability , satellite stabilization ( reaction wheel ), keeping a toy spin spinning ( friction motor ), stabilizing magnetically-levitated objects ( Spin-stabilized magnetic levitation ). Flywheels may also be used as an electric compensator, like a synchronous compensator , that can either produce or sink reactive power but would not affect

2236-566: Is a legal production vehicle under the Individual Vehicle Approval scheme pending a vehicle inspection. The CSR may be purchased from Caterham directly as they are manufactured in the UK. The CSR was released in the United States in the summer of 2006 in very limited quantities. As a production vehicle, the CSR is illegal because of lack of safety features and failure to meet emissions standards. US law states that

2322-504: Is a limited edition with limited production to 25 per annum. In 2010 Caterham offered three different chassis variants in the UK. The most popular variant retains the dimensions and layout of the Lotus 7 Series 3. Caterham introduced this variant in 2000 to accommodate larger drivers (space is restricted in the S3 for drivers over 6 ft (1.8 m) tall.) Although visually very similar to

2408-529: Is a mostly-carbon-fibre bodied Caterham, with Kevlar seats, combined with an "over 500bhp" 2.4-litre, 40-valve supercharged V8 and a reduced body weight of 520 kg (1,146 lb), boasts almost 1,000 bhp (746 kW; 1,014 PS) per tonne (initial announced specifications were 550 bhp (410 kW; 558 PS) and 530 kg (1,168 lb), but the RS website specifies "in excess of 500bhp," and 520 kg (1,146 lb) or 530 kg (1,168 lb);

2494-466: Is based on the larger dimensions of the SV but with a substantially revised and stiffer chassis, inboard 'pushrod' front suspensions, fully independent rear suspension, improved aerodynamics, potent Cosworth engines and a new 'integrated' dashboard layout. The most basic version of the 7 was traditionally offered with a 'live' rear axle but now comes with De Dion tube rear suspension found in other models of

2580-497: Is cheap and durable, but has gear ratios meant for a much heavier car. The six-speed gearbox is expensive and had early 'teething' problems, but its ratios are considered the perfect match for the Seven. Independent companies such as Quaife do offer replacement gear kits for the T9 as well as sequential boxes for those with a racing fever and the need for a more robust transmission. The most extreme engine/chassis combination available from

2666-717: Is currently not a part of the US lineup available through Superformance. As such, the CSR is not a kit car. It is a production vehicle built in England. Licensing depends on individual state, county, and city regulations. 2.3-litre Ford Duratec tuned by Cosworth inline four Caterham Cars Caterham Cars Ltd. is a British manufacturer of specialist lightweight sports cars established in Caterham , England, with their headquarters in Dartford , England. Their current model,

Caterham 7 CSR - Misplaced Pages Continue

2752-413: Is described in the generalized concept of an accumulator . As with other types of accumulators, a flywheel inherently smooths sufficiently small deviations in the power output of a system, thereby effectively playing the role of a low-pass filter with respect to the mechanical velocity (angular, or otherwise) of the system. More precisely, a flywheel's stored energy will donate a surge in power output upon

2838-424: Is heavily modified from the stock 2.3 litre Duratec. The cylinder head, block, crankshaft, connecting rods and pistons are upgraded by Cosworth. Cosworth also integrates an advanced dry-sump with an extra internal scavenge pump to distribute the oil. While a dry-sump system requires more oil (more weight), a dry-sump will keep the engine lubricated under hard cornering unlike a wet-sump system. Cosworth also radicalizes

2924-472: Is professional team support. RSA races at the same events as RSB, but has longer 30-minute races. Roadsport B is largely for drivers that have come through the previous season's Academy. Some minor modifications are permitted to the car, including fitting a rear anti-roll bar and sticky Avon CR500 tyres. Technical support is still provided by the factory, and professional team support is not permitted. RSB has 20-minute races at 7 or 8 'double-header' meetings over

3010-437: Is the angular velocity of the cylinder. A rimmed flywheel has a rim , a hub, and spokes . Calculation of the flywheel's moment of inertia can be more easily analysed by applying various simplifications. One method is to assume the spokes, shaft and hub have zero moments of inertia, and the flywheel's moment of inertia is from the rim alone. Another is to lump moments of inertia of spokes, hub and shaft may be estimated as

3096-525: Is the angular velocity , and I {\displaystyle I} is the moment of inertia of the flywheel about its axis of symmetry. The moment of inertia is a measure of resistance to torque applied on a spinning object (i.e. the higher the moment of inertia, the slower it will accelerate when a given torque is applied). The moment of inertia can be calculated for cylindrical shapes using mass ( m {\textstyle m} ) and radius ( r {\displaystyle r} ). For

3182-427: Is the purest and most honest street car I've ever driven. Period. No power steering. No power brakes. No drive-by-wire. Just a direct connection between you and the contact patch. The responses to steering, throttle, brake, and gearshift inputs are so nearly instantaneous that they verge on the telepathic. And I can see exactly what's happening, at least at the front end of the car, as the wheels turn and judder. The CSR

3268-407: Is the voltage of rotor winding, V t {\displaystyle V_{t}} is stator voltage, and δ {\displaystyle \delta } is the angle between two voltages. Increasing amounts of rotation energy can be stored in the flywheel until the rotor shatters. This happens when the hoop stress within the rotor exceeds the ultimate tensile strength of

3354-408: The 2012 and 2014 seasons . In 1994 Caterham produced a model called the '21' . Mechanically the 21 was very similar to the 7, using a modified 7 spaceframe chassis with a new GRP roadster-style body, including a wrap-around windscreen and fold-away fabric hood (convertible top) manufactured by Oxted Trimming Company. The 21 benefited from a considerably stiffer setup than a 7, due to the work on

3440-651: The Caterham 7 (or Seven), originally launched in 1973, is a direct evolution of the Series 3 Lotus Seven designed by Colin Chapman . In the 1990s the company made the Caterham 21 , a two-seater soft top alternative to the MG F and Lotus Elise , (which both sold many more units). A track-only car, the SP/300.R , a joint project with Lola was released for customer testing in 2010 and was scheduled for release in 2013. Caterham

3526-912: The Caterham Midlands showroom operates outside Leicester . In 2012 elements of Caterham Cars moved into a new facility in Leafield , Oxfordshire, where it is expected the new models of cars to be produced in the future will be developed and built. This new facility was formerly used by the Arrows F1 team and the Super Aguri F1 team. The Leafield site also accommodated the Caterham F1 team, which moved from its original base in Hingham, Norfolk and competed in Formula One between

Caterham 7 CSR - Misplaced Pages Continue

3612-460: The K series and carried the 'Xpower' branding. However, the partnership evidently came to an end with the collapse of MG Rover, with the 2005 model introducing a Ford Duratec engine. Typical powerplant output ranges from 140 bhp (104 kW; 142 PS) to over 300 bhp (224 kW; 304 PS), depending on specifications and modifications. The gearbox is either the classic Ford T9 five-speed or Caterham's own six-speed box. The T9

3698-411: The 200 model is upgraded, albeit not as heavily. The CSR, has a variety of other features which enhance its performance. There are no power brakes or power steering, making the CSR extremely responsive and extremely agile. The clutch also engages extremely high, allowing for quick shifts while racing. In addition, the flywheel is very light. This makes heel-and-toe shifting extremely quick and easy as

3784-496: The 21 cars produced in the first year, all were fitted with the Ford Lotus Twin Cam 1557cc engine, with the exception of chassis number 7 which, intended for racing, was fitted with a 1962cc twin cam engine sourced from Alfa Romeo. The Lotus/ Caterham 7 is widely regarded by car enthusiasts and the media as one of the signature sports cars of the 20th century. With 2007 marking the 50th year of continuous production,

3870-432: The CSR has several features that reduce lift by 50%. The front cycle wings are fitted closer to the tires to reduce turbulence. In addition, they have a small lip that angles air upward and creates a small amount of down force. Also, the new front suspension scheme reduces turbulence and drag formerly caused by the spring and damper units. The biggest enhancement is the vent added on top of the nose cone. On previous Caterhams,

3956-417: The CSR still has 50 lb (23 kg) of lift at 100 mph (161 km/h). These factors hinder both high-end acceleration, top speed, and handling. With such strong wind resistance, it requires much more power to overcome that force and increase top speed. Lift reduces contact force on the tires, causing the car to feel "loose" and not handle as well. The 260 bhp (194 kW) Cosworth-tuned engine

4042-627: The CSR still upholds Colin Chapman's philosophy of "add lightness." Weighing only 575 kg (1,268 lb), the CSR has excellent handling, making it extremely agile. On the skidpad , the Caterham outperforms many supercars . Its 1.05 lateral g -force beats the 2007 Porsche 997 Turbo's 0.94 G, the Ferrari F50's 1.03 G, and the Ferrari Enzo's 1.01 G. In braking tests, the CSR performs well. From 70 mph (113 km/h) to

4128-454: The CSR, has a power-to-weight ratio of only 269 bhp (201 kW) per ton , but has a 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) time of 3.4 seconds. The CSR, as with all Caterhams, has worse performance at higher speeds with respect to both acceleration and handling because of the poor aerodynamics. Caterhams suffer not only from a high drag coefficient of  C d =0.7, but also from lift . Though there have been improvements in aerodynamics,

4214-466: The CSR. The front suspension has double wishbone, fully adjustable, inboard springs and dampers, improving aerodynamics . The rear suspension is also upgraded to a double wishbone, fully independent system, replacing the De Dion tube design. Caterhams have very poor aerodynamics due to the blunt windscreen, open-wheel design, and open cockpit. At very high speeds, lift becomes a problem. To combat this,

4300-568: The Formula 1 team. Caterham Racing was used by the company to act as a feeder team towards developing racing drivers for the Caterham F1 Team , until the company had to cease operations in both series. Flywheel Since a flywheel serves to store mechanical energy for later use, it is natural to consider it as a kinetic energy analogue of an electrical capacitor . Once suitably abstracted, this shared principle of energy storage

4386-651: The Mazda Rotary engine. Since 2017, several cars have been built with the direct injection turbo Ford Ecoboost 1.6.litre version of this engine which with a hybrid turbo provides more horsepower than Caterham's own supercharged Duratec, and more torque than any factory car including the V8 Levante. In 2001, Caterham designated MG Rover the sole engine supplier for factory-built Sevens, with Ford Zetec, Honda Fireblade, Yamaha R1 and Suzuki Hayabusa engines still available for kit assembly. The Rover engines were based on

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4472-403: The S3, the SV is longer, taller and wider and has significantly more space for taller and broader drivers with the added benefits of more luggage space, a larger fuel tank and more stability. The SV chassis is 25 kg (55 lb) heavier than the S3. The CSR was launched in 2005 following extensive research and development by Caterham with the objective of creating an improved Seven. The CSR

4558-419: The Seven still enjoys strong support and success in clubman-style racing. Since 2006 Caterham Cars has been run by an ex-Lotus management team led by Ansar Ali (CEO) and Mark Edwards (COO). In June 2012 Ansar Ali announced he was to leave Caterham Cars and Graham Mcdonald (the company's former CFO) became the new CEO. As with its Lotus Seven precursors, Caterhams are constructed of aluminium sheet attached to

4644-445: The UK, the vehicles can be obtained as kits or entirely assembled by Caterham and registered for the road under IVA (Individual Vehicle Approval) regulations. In the '60s, the original Lotus Seven was sold only in kit form in both the UK and the US, in order to evade the very high taxes on complete new cars that were not assessed on automobile parts. As of 2014, however, Caterham has named Superformance their official distributor in

4730-463: The US in part-built form and sold as rolling chassis via Superformance's nationwide dealer network for customers to then complete the build personally or through the Superformance dealership. The initial US line-up includes several Caterham Sevens: 280, 360, 480, and the 620R. Until 1987 the offices, factory and showroom of Caterham Cars were located in the town of Caterham, Surrey. In 1987,

4816-437: The United States. International demand has increased dramatically in part due to the addition of a F1 Race team and the changes in Caterham's structure focusing on the distribution of the Seven worldwide. Caterham has since introduced a new model line up and focused on their production and production times to better suit their new international market, making their partnership with Superformance possible. Sevens will be shipped to

4902-444: The abilities of its energy source. This is achieved by accumulating energy in the flywheel over a period of time, at a rate that is compatible with the energy source, and then releasing energy at a much higher rate over a relatively short time when it is needed. For example, flywheels are used in power hammers and riveting machines . Flywheels can be used to control direction and oppose unwanted motions. Flywheels in this context have

4988-418: The air from the radiator caused turbulence by knocking against the engine and other parts on the underside. A plastic panel behind the radiator now directs air straight out through the vent, creating down force and reducing turbulence. Overall, the reviews of the CSR have been positive. Most magazines have only reviewed the 260 model. The main criticisms relate to the ease of driving and cost. The Caterham

5074-416: The application. Flywheels are often used to provide continuous power output in systems where the energy source is not continuous. For example, a flywheel is used to smooth the fast angular velocity fluctuations of the crankshaft in a reciprocating engine. In this case, a crankshaft flywheel stores energy when torque is exerted on it by a firing piston and then returns that energy to the piston to compress

5160-469: The cam shafts and upgrades the exhaust system. This may cause the engine to run a little more "rough" at low RPMs, but it drastically increases performance. The inlet system is also replaced with an advanced, custom roller-barrel system. This increases airflow at full throttle compared to a butterfly inlet, boosting performance. The engine also has a custom chip designed by Cosworth for a further increase in performance. The 200 bhp (150 kW) model uses

5246-437: The car's 400 bhp-per-tonne power-to-weight ratio. The Superlight R300 was introduced for 2009, designed to bridge the gap between RSA and the existing Superlight R400 class. It is expected to be popular with experienced RSA racers wanting to move on to the next level in speed. The Superlight R400 series is Caterham Motorsport's premier British championship. The R400 is a 220 bhp Cosworth powered dedicated race car with

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5332-495: The car. A 250 bhp (186 kW; 253 PS) Caterham JPE (Jonathan Palmer Evolution) briefly held the world record for production car 0–60 mph times (at 3.4 seconds) until it was bettered by the $ 1.2M McLaren F1 (Nowadays , you can buy one for about 18-20 million dollars). The many aftermarket tuning companies for these cars have also offered the Ford Zetec , Honda Fireblade, Honda Blackbird, Suzuki Hayabusa and even

5418-573: The chassis and having a full body. Comfort was introduced in the same minimalist style as the 7, adding just enough to make it a proper roadster without adding too much weight. Caterham, however, underestimated the effort involved in creating a completely new car and took far too long from its inception to deliver the first customer cars, seeing many people who had placed deposits defect to the Lotus Elise and other vehicles. Early ones were used as "prototypes", leaving customers to help iron out some of

5504-426: The course of the season, usually all in the UK. The Superlight is intended for track and fast road usage. Superlight spec includes performance options such as carbon bodywork and a close ratio 6-speed gearbox. A wind deflector in place of the windscreen makes a helmet more or less mandatory. The Superlight R400 uses a 2.0 litre Ford Duratec engine tuned to 210 bhp (157 kW; 213 PS). The R400 name indicates

5590-421: The development of the flywheel in the steam engine , and his contemporary James Pickard used a flywheel combined with a crank to transform reciprocating motion into rotary motion. The kinetic energy (or more specifically rotational energy ) stored by the flywheel's rotor can be calculated by 1 2 I ω 2 {\textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}I\omega ^{2}} . ω

5676-579: The early '90s, Caterham started using powerplants from other sources, with the least expensive models using 1.4-litre K series engines from MG Rover for the base model, and Vauxhall engines including full race versions of the 16 valve 2.0XE "red top" as fitted to 1990 Vauxhall Works Touring Cars. Rover engines span a power output of 110–250 bhp in the R500 Evolution, Vauxhall engines 165 bhp (123 kW; 167 PS) to 320 bhp (239 kW; 324 PS) in some factory built versions of

5762-399: The engine and transmission must be purchased separately from the chassis. Chassis may be purchased from Superformance , Caterham's official distributor in the United States, and their network of dealerships nationwide. While many previous models of Caterhams are sold as kit cars to customers in the US, the complexity of the CSR makes this much more difficult, and is discouraged by dealers. It

5848-512: The engine revs up very quickly with little momentum. The overall strength of the chassis is improved with the addition of new tubular steel to the frame. The weight of the car increases, but the torsional stiffness is improved by somewhere between 25% and 100%. The added reinforcement was necessary in order for the CSR to support the heavy 2.3 litre Duratec engine. The CSR is also wider than previous models, which increases handling ability. Both rear and front suspension were completely redesigned for

5934-418: The factory as of 2013 was the 620r with the 310bhp / 297Nm engine, bringing the car's 610 kg (1,345 lb) from zero to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 2.79 seconds. The previous model also held a production car world record for zero to 100 mph (160 km/h) back to zero at 10.73 seconds (faster than many modern family saloons can reach 60), set on 27 April 2004. For the 2012 season , Team Lotus

6020-595: The foibles of the new car. The 21 never sold particularly well, with only 48 ever made. It had moderate racing success in the Belcar 24-hour series in Europe and is credited with helping Caterham develop the widetrack setup used in SVs (amongst other developments) and the CSR's sweeping interior is reminiscent of the original 21 design. The SP/300.R is a new track-only model designed by Caterham alongside Lola Cars . The SP/300.R

6106-726: The highest specific tensile strength will yield the highest energy storage per unit mass. This is one reason why carbon fiber is a material of interest. For a given design the stored energy is proportional to the hoop stress and the volume. An electric motor-powered flywheel is common in practice. The output power of the electric motor is approximately equal to the output power of the flywheel. It can be calculated by ( V i ) ( V t ) ( sin ⁡ ( δ ) X S ) {\textstyle (V_{i})(V_{t})\left({\frac {\sin(\delta )}{X_{S}}}\right)} , where V i {\displaystyle V_{i}}

6192-615: The math may or may not achieve "over 1,000 bhp (746 kW; 1,014 PS) per tonne"). The eight cars, costing £115,000, sold out and only eight will be produced to celebrate more than 50 years in production. Two days' of mandatory "driver training" are included in the price of the car. All of the 2008 model line-up is available as a 'CKD' complete kit for build by the owner, with the exception of CSR models. Historically, engines have been supplied by Ford, specifically Ford Kent engines or Cosworth -derived race-prepared BDA/R units, enlarged to 1.7 litres and generating 150–170 bhp. In

6278-634: The past in the United States Caterhams were sold as kits only, lacking some modern safety features required of manufacturers, but which are not required for individually assembled vehicles. Buyers could either choose to construct the cars themselves or pay their regional dealers or local builders to assemble them. Typically the engine and transmission are sourced separately as a unit – often from Caterham – but all other components (including frame, suspension, differential, driveshaft, interior, wiring and instruments) were provided in kit form. In

6364-455: The production and administration of the company moved to a new factory in Dartford, Kent . Caterham Cars retained a Caterham South showroom and servicing facility in the town of Caterham adjacent to the railway station until February 2013. The Caterham dealership closed after the premises were sold for development and the showroom relocated to temporary facilities in Crawley. Additionally

6450-450: The radius of rotation of the rim is equal to its mean radius and thus I r i m = M r i m R 2 {\textstyle I_{\mathrm {rim} }=M_{\mathrm {rim} }R^{2}} . A shaftless flywheel eliminates the annulus holes, shaft or hub. It has higher energy density than conventional design but requires a specialized magnetic bearing and control system. The specific energy of

6536-428: The real power. The purposes for that application are to improve the power factor of the system or adjust the grid voltage. Typically, the flywheels used in this field are similar in structure and installation as the synchronous motor (but it is called synchronous compensator or synchronous condenser in this context). There are also some other kinds of compensator using flywheels, like the single phase induction machine. But

6622-460: The redline and 2 mph (3.2 km/h) short of 60 mph (97 km/h). At 7,700 rpm, the Caterham is going 58 mph (93 km/h), so we had to do a time-consuming shift before hitting 60 mph... With the correct fuel cutoff, at 8,000 rpm... it would likely hit 60 mph (97 km/h) in the low threes. For comparison the Porsche 997 Turbo, which has AWD and weighs over twice as much as

6708-405: The rotor material. Tensile stress can be calculated by ρ r 2 ω 2 {\displaystyle \rho r^{2}\omega ^{2}} , where ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the density of the cylinder, r {\displaystyle r} is the radius of the cylinder, and ω {\displaystyle \omega }

6794-406: The same Duratec block, but is not as heavily modified. The connecting rods and pistons are not upgraded significantly, though it does have the dry-sump system. The cam shafts are slightly radicalized, and the exhaust system is upgraded. The inlet system is enlarged, but not replaced with the roller-barrel system. The computer chip is upgraded, but not to the extent of the 260 model. Generally speaking,

6880-458: The same range. This trim level strips away all non-essential equipment and comforts. Roadsport is the trim level intended for general usage, different weather conditions and touring. The spec includes a full windscreen and weather equipment to increase practicality. A large range of performance options are available. The Roadsport dates back to 1996 when it was called the Superlight R, in 1998

6966-662: The use of flywheel in noria and saqiyah . The use of the flywheel as a general mechanical device to equalize the speed of rotation is, according to the American medievalist Lynn White , recorded in the De diversibus artibus (On various arts) of the German artisan Theophilus Presbyter (ca. 1070–1125) who records applying the device in several of his machines. In the Industrial Revolution , James Watt contributed to

7052-497: The windscreen, integrated dash and other comfort-oriented components for maximum performance, with specialist 'Dynamic dampers' added to improve its already phenomenal grip. The 'basic' CSR set an unofficial time of 1.17.4 on the BBC Top Gear test track at Dunsfold, placing it ahead of many of the world's most expensive performance cars. The 'Caterham Levante', built by RS Performance Engine Developments Ltd. (RS=Russell Savory),

7138-620: Was an independent company until their acquisition by Team Lotus in 2011, leading to the formation of Caterham Group . In 2021, Caterham Cars was acquired by VT Holdings, Japanese importer for the Caterham Seven since 2009. Colin Chapman 's Lotus Cars launched the Series 1 Lotus Seven in 1957. The car was immediately embraced by enthusiasts as a low-cost, lightweight sports car and successful race car. Revised Series 2, Series 3 and Series 4 versions were subsequently launched in 1960, 1968 and 1970 respectively. Caterham Cars had been

7224-468: Was offered in kit form to allow buyers to avoid new car tax in the UK. Subsequently, Caterham continued offering cars in 'complete knock down' (CKD) kit form as the tradition of hand building your own Seven was well established amongst enthusiasts. Today, all Caterham Sevens are still offered in kit form in the UK except the CSR (Series 6) model. Modern Caterham kits differ from the majority of kit cars as all parts are supplied ready to assemble, not requiring

7310-522: Was officially renamed Caterham F1 Team . The team continued to compete under this name in the 2013 and 2014 seasons , before financial problems caused it to fold. Between 2012 and 2014, Caterham raced in the GP2 series, under the guise Caterham Racing , which was rebranded from the Caterham Air Asia team that raced in the 2011 season. The team raced under the same Green and Yellow livery as

7396-581: Was patented in 1964 by the Soviet-Russian scientist Nurbei Guilia . Flywheels are made from many different materials; the application determines the choice of material. Small flywheels made of lead are found in children's toys. Cast iron flywheels are used in old steam engines. Flywheels used in car engines are made of cast or nodular iron, steel or aluminum. Flywheels made from high-strength steel or composites have been proposed for use in vehicle energy storage and braking systems. The efficiency of

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