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46-586: The Union included women's and juvenile societies as well as the Priest's Total Abstinence League . Its monthly publication was The C.T.A.U. Advocate . The Reverend Thomas J. Conaty, then the president of the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America, advocated for teetotalism in the May 1887 edition of Catholic World : The saloon has fastened itself upon society as an ulcer living upon

92-472: A capital T". The teetotalism movement first started in Preston , England, in the early 19th century. The Preston Temperance Society was founded in 1833 by Joseph Livesey , who was to become a leader of the temperance movement and the author of The Pledge : "We agree to abstain from all liquors of an intoxicating quality whether ale , porter , wine, or ardent spirits , except as medicine ." Today,

138-459: A decision not to drink before social interactions. A 2015 study by the Office for National Statistics showed that young Britons were more likely to be teetotallers than their parents. According to Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health, published by WHO in 2011, close to half of the world's adult population (45 percent) are lifetime abstainers. The Eastern Mediterranean Region, consisting of

184-400: A new '-ish' adjective form is derived from other words by suffixing the reduplicated first consonant of the base followed by the segment [oχ] . This can be written succinctly as -Coχ . Below are some examples: Somali has a similar suffix that is used in forming the plural of some nouns: -aC (where C is the last consonant of the base): This combination of reduplication and affixation

230-531: A number of temperance organisations exist that promote teetotalism as a virtue. Richard Turner, a member of the Preston Temperance Society, is credited with using the existing slang word, "teetotally", for abstinence from all intoxicating liquors. One anecdote describes a meeting of the society in 1833, at which Turner in giving a speech said, "I'll be reet down out-and-out t-t-total for ever and ever." Walter William Skeat noted that

276-734: A policy of Prohibition . Additionally, the majority of Muslims do not drink and believe consuming alcohol is forbidden ( haram ). Ibn Majah and al-Tirmidhi narrated an authentic Hadith that if a Muslim drinks alcohol and does not repent, he would enter Hell after death and be "made to drink from the pus of the people of Jahannum ." Dominic Conroy and Richard de Visser published research in Psychology and Health that studied strategies used by college students who would like to resist peer pressure to drink alcohol in social settings. The research hinted that students are less likely to give in to peer pressure if they have strong friendships and make

322-412: A reduplication of linguistic constituents (i.e. words , stems , roots ). As a result, reduplication is interesting theoretically as it involves the interface between phonology and morphology. The base is the word (or part of the word) that is to be copied. The reduplicated element is called the reduplicant , often abbreviated as RED or sometimes just R . In reduplication, the reduplicant

368-802: A reduplication of only part of the word. For example, Marshallese forms words meaning 'to wear X' by reduplicating the last consonant-vowel-consonant ( CVC ) sequence of a base, i.e. base + CVC : Many languages often use both full and partial reduplication, as in the Motu example below: Reduplication may be initial (i.e. prefixal ), final (i.e. suffixal ), or internal (i.e. infixal ), e.g. Initial reduplication in Agta (CV- prefix) : Final reduplication in Dakota (-CCV suffix) : Internal reduplication in Samoan (-CV- infix) : Internal reduplication

414-611: A special written iteration mark 々 to indicate reduplication, although in Chinese the iteration mark is no longer used in standard writing and is often found only in calligraphy . Indo-European languages formerly used reduplication to form a number of verb forms, especially in the preterite or perfect . In the older Indo-European languages, many such verbs survive: Those forms do not survive in Modern English but existed in its parent Germanic languages . Many verbs in

460-505: Is abstaining from intoxicating substances that disturb the peace and self-control of the mind, but it is formulated as a training rule to be assumed voluntarily by laypeople rather than as a commandment. Buddhist monks and nuns who hold traditional vows are forbidden from consuming alcohol. In Islam , the Arabic word " Khamr " (Arabic: خمر) refers to any intoxicant. Muslim countries have low rates of alcohol consumption, with many enforcing

506-481: Is called a teetotaler (US) or teetotaller (UK), or said to be teetotal . Globally, almost half of adults do not drink alcohol (excluding those who used to drink but have stopped). A number of temperance organisations have been founded in order to promote teetotalism and provide spaces for non-drinkers to socialise. According to the Online Etymology Dictionary , the tee- in teetotal

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552-502: Is commonly referred to as fixed-segment reduplication . In Tohono O'odham initial reduplication also involves gemination of the first consonant in the distributive plural and in repetitive verbs: Sometimes gemination can be analyzed as a type of reduplication. In the Malayo-Polynesian family, reduplication is used to form plurals (among many other functions): In pre-1972 Indonesian and Malaysian orthography, 2

598-459: Is contrasted to "junk-food". One may say, "En ollut eilen koulussa, koska olin kipeä. Siis kipeäkipeä" ("I wasn't at school yesterday because I was sick. Sick-sick, that is"); that means that one was actually suffering from an illness instead of making up excuses, as usual. Words can be reduplicated with their case morphemes, as in lomalla lomalla ("away, on vacation, on leave"), where the adessive morpheme - -lla appears twice. In Swiss German ,

644-780: Is copied and inserted before the medial consonant of the root. Internal R → L copying in Temiar (an Austroasiatic language of Malaysia ): A rare type of reduplication is found in Semai (an Austroasiatic language of Malaysia). "Expressive minor reduplication" is formed with an initial reduplicant that copies the first and last segment of the base: All of the examples above consist of only reduplication. However, reduplication often occurs with other phonological and morphological process, such as vowel alternation , deletion , affixation of non-reduplicating material, etc. For instance, in Tz'utujil

690-567: Is inconsistent with the Christian lifestyle and testimony. Members of the Dunkard Brethren Church who do so should be counseled in love and forbearance. If they manifest an unwilling or arbitrary spirit, they subject themselves to the discipline of the church, even to expulsion in extreme cases. We implore members to accept the advice and counsel of the church and abstain from all of the above. Since members are to be examples to

736-545: Is most often repeated only once. However, in some languages, reduplication can occur more than once, resulting in a tripled form, and not a duple as in most reduplication. Triplication is the term for this phenomenon of copying two times. Pingelapese has both forms. In this article, English translations of words are shown in apostrophes: Triplication occurs in other languages, e.g. Ewe , Shipibo , Twi , Mokilese , Min Nan ( Hokkien ), Stau . Sometimes gemination (i.e.

782-577: Is much less common than the initial and final types. A reduplicant can copy from either the left edge of a word ( left-to-right copying) or from the right edge ( right-to-left copying). There is a tendency for prefixing reduplicants to copy left-to-right and for suffixing reduplicants to copy right-to-left: Initial L → R copying in Oykangand Kunjen (a Pama–Nyungan language of Australia ): Final R → L copying in Sirionó : Copying from

828-594: Is not a defining characteristic or feature of their notability are intentionally excluded. Reduplication In linguistics , reduplication is a morphological process in which the root or the stem of a word (or part of it), or even the whole word, is repeated exactly or with a slight change. The classic observation on the semantics of reduplication is Edward Sapir's : "generally employed, with self-evident symbolism, to indicate such concepts as distribution, plurality, repetition, customary activity, increase of size, added intensity, continuance." Reduplication

874-472: Is the letter T, so it is actually t-total , though it was never spelled that way. The word is first recorded in 1832 in a general sense in an American source, and in 1833 in England in the context of abstinence. Since at first it was used in other contexts as an emphasised form of total , the tee- is presumably a reduplication of the first letter of total , much as contemporary idiom might say "total with

920-511: Is used in inflections to convey a grammatical function, such as plurality, intensification, etc., and in lexical derivation to create new words. It is often used when a speaker adopts a tone more "expressive" or figurative than ordinary speech and is also often, but not exclusively, iconic in meaning. Reduplication is found in a wide range of languages and language groups, though its level of linguistic productivity varies. Examples of it can be found at least as far back as Sumerian , where it

966-699: The Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection and Evangelical Wesleyan Church , practice temperance and teetotalism, thus abstaining from alcohol and other drugs. The Book of Discipline of the Immanuel Missionary Church , a Methodist denomination, states: Temperance is the moderate use of that which is beneficial, and a total abstinence from that which is harmful. Therefore no member shall be permitted to use or sell intoxicating liquors, tobacco, or harmful drugs, or to be guilty of things which are only for

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1012-807: The Christian Science movement abstain from the consumption of alcohol. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints rejects alcohol based upon the Word of Wisdom . Eastern Orthodox Church , the Roman Catholic Church , the Lutheran Churches , Oriental Orthodox Churches , and the Anglican Communion all require wine in their central religious rite of the Eucharist (Holy Communion). In contrast, churches in

1058-701: The New Testament , the Purified Translation of the Bible (2000), translates in a way that promotes teetotalism. However, the term 'wine' (and similar terms) being consumed by God's people occurs over two hundred times in both the Old and New Testament. Some Christians choose to practice teetotalism throughout the Lent season, giving up alcoholic beverages as their Lenten sacrifice . Jainism forbids

1104-616: The Indo-European languages exhibit reduplication in the present stem, rather than the perfect stem, often with a different vowel from that used for the perfect: Latin gigno, genui ("I beget, I begat") and Greek τίθημι, ἔθηκα, τέθηκα (I place, I placed, I have placed). Other Indo-European verbs used reduplication as a derivational process: compare Latin sto ("I stand") and sisto ("I remain"). All of those Indo-European inherited reduplicating forms are subject to reduction by other phonological laws. Reduplication can be used to refer to

1150-511: The Landmark, with a man named Turner, a member of the Preston Temperance Society, who, having an impediment of speech, in addressing a meeting remarked, that partial abstinence from intoxicating liquors would not do; they must insist upon tee-tee-(stammering) tee total abstinence. Hence total abstainers have been called teetotalers. According to historian Daniel Walker Howe ( What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 , 2007)

1196-733: The Methodist tradition (which traditionally upholds teetotalism) require that "pure, unfermented juice of the grape" be used in the sacrament of Holy Communion. In the Gospel of Luke (1:13–15), the angel that announces the birth of John the Baptist foretells that "he shall be great in the sight of the Lord, and shall drink neither wine nor strong drink; and he shall be filled with the Holy Ghost, even from his mother's womb". A free translation of

1242-652: The Muslim countries in the Middle East and North Africa, is by far the lowest alcohol-consuming region in the world, both in terms of total adult per-capita consumption and prevalence of non-drinkers, i.e., 87.8 percent lifetime abstainers. This is a list of notable figures who practiced teetotalism and were public advocates for temperance, teetotalism, or both. To be included in this list, individuals must be well-known for their abstention from alcohol, their advocacy efforts, or both. Individuals whose abstention from alcohol

1288-622: The Turner anecdote had been recorded by temperance advocate Joseph Livesey , and posited that the term may have been inspired by the teetotum ; however, James B. Greenough stated that "nobody ever thought teetotum and teetotaler were etymologically connected." A variation on the above account is found on the pages of The Charleston Observer : Teetotalers .—The origin of this convenient word, (as convenient almost, although not so general in its application as loafer ,) is, we imagine, known but to few who use it. It originated, as we learn from

1334-509: The confraternity of 'The Sacred Thirst,' laboring as they are, by prayer and good works, for the promotion of temperance, and relying as they do more on the grace of God, the efficacy of prayer and the sacraments, than on the strength of the human will alone. We commend these associations, enjoying as they do the blessing of the Holy Father [Pope], to the paternal care of the clergy, so that they may flourish more and more, and always adhere to

1380-412: The consumption of alcohol, in addition to trade in alcohol. In Hinduism , the consumption of alcohol and other intoxicants, called surāpāna , is considered the second mahāpātaka , or great sin. Hindus are prohibited from drinking alcohol "as it has a direct impact on the nervous system, leading to actions that a sound person normally would not." Similarly, one of the five precepts of Buddhism

1426-1206: The consumption of alcohol, or recommend the non-consumption thereof, including certain Anabaptist denominations such as the Mennonites (both Old Order Mennonites and Conservative Mennonites ), Church of the Brethren , Beachy Amish and New Order Amish . Many Christian groups, such as Methodists (especially those aligned with the Holiness movement ) and Quakers (particularly the Conservative Friends and Holiness Friends ), are often associated with teetotalism due to their traditionally strong support for temperance movements, as well as prohibition . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , Seventh-day Adventists , and Holiness Pentecostals also preach abstinence from alcohol and other drugs. Many members of these Christian religious groups are also required to refrain from selling such products. Conservative Anabaptist denominations of Christianity proscribe

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1472-486: The doubling of consonants or vowels) is considered to be a form of reduplication. The term dupleme has been used (after morpheme ) to refer to different types of reduplication that have the same meaning. Full reduplication involves a reduplication of the entire word. For example, Kham derives reciprocal forms from reflexive forms by total reduplication: Another example is from Musqueam Halkomelem "dispositional" aspect formation: Partial reduplication involves

1518-573: The gratification of the depraved appetite, and are unbecoming and inconsistent with our Christian profession (I Cor. 10:31). —General Standards, Immanuel Missionary Church Uniformed members of the Salvation Army ("soldiers" and "officers") make a promise on joining the movement to observe lifelong abstinence from alcohol. This dates back to the early years of the organisation, and the missionary work among alcoholics. With respect to Restorationist Christianity , members of certain groups within

1564-407: The issue of National Prohibition, the Catholic Total Abstinence Union passed a resolution in the 1870s resolving "That this convention, though not deeming it expedient to take part in any political of legislative action in reference to prohibitory liquor laws, recognizes, however, the great good that would accrue from the suppression of public drinking-places, and from such legislation as would restrain

1610-404: The life-blood of the people. The saloon, building itself upon the ruin of broken lives and shattered homes, spreads desolation every where, respecting no class or sex. The union recalls the countless boys ruined, the fathers changed into destroyers of their little ones, the industry paralyzed, the prisons filled, and it asks each saloon how much of this is its work. It calls on the law to place about

1656-438: The manufacture of intoxicating liquors within the bounds consistent with public morality, and will gladly hail such legislation whenever the proper authorities may grant it." The Plenary Councils of Baltimore declared: We approve as highly commendable, in our times, the practice of those who abstain entirely from the use of intoxicating liquors. We also recognize as worthy of great praise the Catholic Total Abstinence Union and

1702-505: The most prototypical instance of a word's meaning. In such a case, it is called contrastive focus reduplication . Finnish colloquial speech uses the process; nouns can be reduplicated to indicate genuinity, completeness, originality and being uncomplicated, as opposed to being fake, incomplete, complicated or fussy. It can be thought as compound word formation. For example, Söin jäätelöä ja karkkia, sekä tietysti ruokaruokaa. "I ate ice cream and candy, and of course food-food". Here, "food-food"

1748-571: The other direction is possible although less common: Initial R → L copying in Tillamook : Final L → R copying in Chukchi : Internal reduplication can also involve copying the beginning or end of the base. In Quileute, the first consonant of the base is copied and inserted after the first vowel of the base. Internal L → R copying in Quileute : In Temiar, the last consonant of the root

1794-423: The saloon such reasonable restrictions as will remove as far as possible the evils that spring up from it. It demands the enforcement of those laws for the protection of home. The arrogance of the saloon and the power it wields in political affairs, all for its own interests and against those of society, have awakened a stronger interest in the cause of total abstinence organized on Catholic principles. With regard to

1840-856: The term was derived from the practice of American preacher and temperance advocate Lyman Beecher . He would take names at his meetings of people who pledged alcoholic temperance and noted those who pledged total abstinence with a T. Such persons became known as Teetotallers . When at drinking establishments , teetotallers either abstain from drinking totally or consume non-alcoholic beverages such as water, juice, tea, coffee, non-alcoholic soft drinks, virgin drinks, mocktails , and alcohol-free beer . Most teetotaller organisations also demand from their members that they do not promote or produce alcoholic intoxicants. Some common reasons for choosing teetotalism are psychological, religious, health, medical, philosophical, social, political, past alcoholism, or simply preference. A number of Christian denominations forbid

1886-493: The truly Catholic methods they now follow. Pope Leo XIII , on 27 March 1887, commended the work of the temperance movement , especially the Catholic Total Abstinence Union , "esteem[ing] worthy of all commendation the noble resolve of your pious associations, by which they pledge themselves to abstain totally from every kind of intoxicating drinks." President Theodore Roosevelt positively cited

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1932-487: The use of alcohol and other drugs. The following teaching of the Dunkard Brethren Church is reflective of Conservative Anabaptism: Members of the Dunkard Brethren Church shall abstain from the use of intoxicating or addictive substances, such as narcotics, nicotine, marijuana, or alcoholic beverages (except as directed by a physician). Using, raising, manufacturing, buying or selling them by Christians

1978-548: The work of the Union in an August 1905 address. This organization-related article on the Catholic Church or a Catholic institution is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Teetotalism Teetotalism is the practice or promotion of total personal abstinence from the consumption of alcohol , specifically in alcoholic drinks . A person who practices (and possibly advocates) teetotalism

2024-596: The world (Romans 14:20–21) indulgence in any of these activities disqualifies then for Church or Sunday School work or as delegates to District or General Conference. With respect to Methodism, the Church of the Nazarene and Wesleyan Methodist Church , both denominations in the Wesleyan-Arminian tradition, teach abstinence from alcohol. Members of denominations in the conservative holiness movement , such as

2070-548: Was shorthand for the reduplication that forms plurals: orang "person", orang-orang or orang2 "people". This orthography has resurfaced widely in text messaging and other forms of electronic communication. The Nama language uses reduplication to increase the force of a verb : go , "look;", go-go "examine with attention". Chinese also uses reduplication: 人 rén for "person", 人人 rénrén for "everybody". Japanese does it too: 時 toki "time", tokidoki 時々 "sometimes, from time to time". Both languages can use

2116-680: Was used in forming some color terms , e.g. babbar "white", kukku "black". Reduplication is the standard term for this phenomenon in the linguistics literature. Other terms that are occasionally used include cloning , doubling , duplication , repetition , and tautonym when it is used in biological taxonomies , such as Bison bison . Reduplication is often described phonologically in one of two ways: either (1) as reduplicated segments (sequences of consonants / vowels ) or (2) as reduplicated prosodic units ( syllables or moras ). In addition to phonological description, reduplication often needs to be described morphologically as

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