77-690: Cato Street is a play by the British actor and writer Robert Shaw . The play's subject matter is the Cato Street Conspiracy of 1820. It was first produced in London in November 1971 at the Young Vic , with a cast including Vanessa Redgrave , John Arnatt , James Hazeldine , Bob Hoskins , George Innes , Malcolm Tierney and Norman Beaton . This article on a play from the 1970s
154-582: A Broadway production of Harold Pinter 's The Caretaker alongside Donald Pleasence and Alan Bates . Shaw replaced Peter Woodthorpe , who had performed with the others on stage in London. It ran for 165 performances. He had good roles in The Valiant , a war film, and Tomorrow at Ten (both 1962), a thriller. Shaw played the leads in TV versions of The Winter's Tale and The Father (both 1962). He, Pleasence, and Bates reprised their performances in
231-583: A Lecocq -inspired company based out of Santa Fe, New Mexico, created a modern version of the play from the point of view of the servants working for Duke Orsino and Lady Olivia, entitled Grottesco's 12 th Night (2008). The adaptation takes a much deeper look at the issues of classism, and society without leadership. In New York City, Turn to Flesh Productions, a theatre company that specializes in creating "new Shakespeare shows", developed two plays focused on Malvolio : A Comedy of Heirors, or The Imposters by verse playwright, Emily C. A. Snyder , which imagined
308-548: A Twelfth Night entertainment for the close of the Christmas season. The play centres on the twins Viola and Sebastian , who are separated in a shipwreck. Viola (disguised as Cesario) falls in love with the Duke Orsino, who in turn is in love with Countess Olivia. Upon meeting Viola, Countess Olivia falls in love with her, thinking she is a man. The play expanded on the musical interludes and riotous disorder expected of
385-896: A West End production of The Long and the Short and the Tall . Shaw was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe for his role as Henry VIII in the drama film A Man for All Seasons (1966). His other film roles included the mobster Doyle Lonnegan in The Sting (1973) and the shark hunter Quint in Jaws (1975). He also played roles in From Russia with Love (1963), Battle of Britain (1969), Young Winston (1972), The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974), Robin and Marian (1976), and Black Sunday and The Deep , both of which were released in 1977. Robert Archibald Shaw
462-641: A Wetherspoons pub named after him in his birthplace of Westhoughton. Villain Sebastian Shaw from the X-Men comics is named and modelled after Shaw. Film director Ridley Scott , in the DVD commentary for Gladiator (2000) when discussing the casting of Próximo and Marcus Aurelius, said "We have very few Robert Shaws now", implying he had wanted to cast a certain type of rugged actor that Shaw typified, in this case Oliver Reed and Richard Harris . At
539-413: A 1980s-inspired twist on the play at Royal Court Theatre, Liverpool , swapping lords and ladies of stately homes for rowdy Benidorm bars and booze-fuelled escapades, as an introduction to Shakespeare for audiences unfamiliar with his work. Due to its themes such as young women seeking independence in a "man's world", "gender bending" and "same sex attraction", there have been a number of re-workings for
616-595: A Landscape (1970); his fee for the latter was reportedly $ 500,000. In 1970, Shaw returned to Broadway playing the title role in Gantry , a musical adaptation of Elmer Gantry , which ran for just one performance, despite co-starring Rita Moreno . His play Cato Street , about the 1820 Cato Street Conspiracy , was produced for the first time in 1971 in London. He appeared in Old Times on Broadway in 1971. As an actor he appeared in A Town Called Bastard (1971),
693-675: A big stage success with The Long and the Short and the Tall on the West End in 1959, directed by Lindsay Anderson , a performance that was filmed for television (though Shaw did not appear in the feature film version). Shaw had small roles in Sea Fury (1958) and Libel (1959) and guest-starred on William Tell , ITV Television Playhouse , The Four Just Men , and Danger Man . He also appeared in TV plays including The Dark Man , Misfire and The Train Set . In 1961, he appeared in
770-535: A boring life." In 1964, Shaw returned to Broadway in a production of The Physicists directed by Peter Brook but it ran for only 55 performances. "I want very much to avoid doing bad commercial pictures for lots of money", he said. "It's difficult to avoid with six kids and two wives." Shaw then embarked on a trilogy of novels – The Flag (1965), The Man in the Glass Booth (1967) and A Card from Morocco (1969). He also adapted The Hiding Place into
847-776: A captain's help. She has lost contact with her twin brother, Sebastian, who she believes has drowned, and with the aid of the Captain, she disguises herself as a young man named Cesario and enters the service of Duke Orsino. Orsino has convinced himself he is in love with Olivia, who is mourning her brother's recent death. Olivia refuses to see entertainments, be in the company of men, or accept love or marriage proposals from anyone, including Orsino, until seven years have passed. Orsino then uses 'Cesario' as an intermediary to profess his passionate love for Olivia. But Olivia falls in love with 'Cesario', setting her at odds with her professed duty. Meanwhile, Viola has fallen in love with Orsino, creating
SECTION 10
#1732790855955924-456: A church. Finally, when 'Cesario' and Sebastian appear in the presence of both Olivia and Orsino, there is more wonder and confusion at their physical similarity. At this point, Viola reveals her identity and is reunited with her brother. Sebastian and Viola reunite, and the cases of mistaken identity are resolved. Orsino and Viola marry (Orsino to Viola: "But when in other habits you are seen, Orsino's mistress, and his fancy's queen" ), and Antonio
1001-765: A disgraced Malvolio chasing down two pairs of female twins in Syracuse and Ephesus, and Malvolio's Revenge by verse playwright, Duncan Pflaster , a queer sequel to Twelfth Night . Both plays were originally written for submission to the American Shakespeare Center 's call for plays in conversation with the Bard through the Shakespeare's New Contemporaries program. On 14 May 1937, the BBC Television Service in London broadcast
1078-463: A duel, knowing that neither of them can fight. Their initial duel is interrupted by Antonio, who believes Cesario to be Sebastian. Orsino's officers then arrest Antonio. Emboldened by this, Sir Andrew mistakes Sebastian for Cesario and slaps him, prompting Sebastian to beat up Sir Andrew. Olivia witnesses the skirmish and chastises Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, and Fabian. Taking Sebastian for 'Cesario', Olivia asks him to marry her, and they are secretly married in
1155-589: A film version of The Caretaker (1963); Shaw was part of the consortium who helped finance the latter. Shaw's first novel, The Hiding Place , published in 1960, received positive reviews. His second novel The Sun Doctor (1961), was awarded the Hawthornden Prize in 1962. Shaw became well known as a film actor when cast as assassin Donald "Red" Grant in the second James Bond film, From Russia with Love (1963). For TV he adapted and appeared in
1232-536: A highlight of their 2002 season was Twelfth Night , with the Globe's artistic director Mark Rylance playing Olivia. This season was preceded, in February, by a performance of the play by the same company at Middle Temple Hall, to celebrate the 400th anniversary of the play's première, at the same venue. Stephen Fry played Malvolio when the same production was revived in 2012–13, later transferring to sell-out runs in
1309-499: A love triangle: Viola loves Orsino, Orsino loves Olivia, and Olivia loves Viola disguised as Cesario. In the comic subplot, several characters conspire to make Olivia's pompous steward, Malvolio, believe that she has fallen for him. This involves Olivia's riotous uncle, Sir Toby Belch; another would-be suitor, the silly squire Sir Andrew Aguecheek; Olivia's servants Maria and Fabian; and Olivia's witty fool, Feste. Sir Toby and Sir Andrew engage themselves in drinking and revelry, disrupting
1386-534: A militant socialist, and I couldn't even now vote Tory under pain of death," he elaborated in an interview later the same year, adding that "I still think I am a socialist in a way." Shaw died in Ireland at the age of 51 from a heart attack on 28 August 1978, while driving from Castlebar , County Mayo, to his home in Tourmakeady . He was accompanied by his wife and his son. He suddenly became ill, stopped
1463-638: A play called "Twelve Night, or What You Will", much like " The Comedy of Errors " or " Menaechmi " in Plautus , but most like and near to that in Italian called " Inganni ". A good practice in it to make the steward believe his lady-widow was in love with him, by counterfeiting a letter as from his lady, in general terms telling him what she liked best in him and prescribing his gesture in smiling, his apparel, etc. and then, when he came to practice, making him believe they took him for mad. Clearly, Manningham enjoyed
1540-575: A production of A Florentine Tragedy (1963), and was Claudius in Hamlet at Elsinore (1964) with Christopher Plummer . He played the title role in The Luck of Ginger Coffey (1964), shot in Canada alongside Mary Ure , who became his second wife. He had a role in A Carol for Another Christmas (1964). Shaw later said of his early career, "I could have been a straight leading man but that struck me as
1617-471: A production of Dance of Death , in 1974. The Man in the Glass Booth was further developed for the screen, but Shaw disapproved of the resulting screenplay and had his name removed from the credits. However, he viewed the completed film before its release and asked to have his name reinstated. In 2002, director Arthur Hiller related Shaw's initial objection to the screenplay and his subsequent change of heart: When we decided that we needed more emotions in
SECTION 20
#17327908559551694-743: A screenplay for the film Situation Hopeless ... But Not Serious starring Sir Alec Guinness . Shaw was the relentless Wehrmacht panzer commander Colonel Hessler in Battle of the Bulge (1965), produced by Philip Yordan ; a young Henry VIII in A Man for All Seasons (1966), which earned him a nomination for the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor ; General George Armstrong Custer in Custer of
1771-454: A sense of unification; for example, a 1947 production concentrated on showing a post-World War II community reuniting at the end of the play, led by a robust hero / heroine in Viola, played by Beatrix Lehmann , then 44 years old. The 1966 Royal Shakespeare Company production played on gender transgressions more obviously, with Diana Rigg as Viola showing much more physical attraction towards
1848-737: A small part in The Lavender Hill Mob (1951), playing a police laboratory technician towards the end of the film; the following year he made his London debut, in the West End , at the Embassy Theatre in Caro William . That year he appeared on TV in A Time to Be Born (1952). He returned to Stratford in 1953. Shaw had small roles in The Dam Busters (1955), a TV version of The Scarlet Pimpernel (1956),
1925-533: A spaghetti Western; Young Winston (1972), as Lord Randolph Churchill ; A Reflection of Fear (1972); The Hireling (1973); he had a cameo in The Golden Voyage of Sinbad (1973); played mobster Doyle Lonnegan in The Sting (1973), a huge hit; was the subway-hijacker and hostage-taker "Mr. Blue" in The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974). He made his final appearance on Broadway, in
2002-814: A stage now, I could condemn it as an improbable fiction". In Act IV, Scene ii, Feste (The Fool) plays both parts in the "play" for Malvolio's benefit, alternating between adopting the voice of the local curate , Sir Topas, and his own voice. He finishes by likening himself to "the old Vice" of English Morality plays. Other influences of the English folk tradition can be seen in Feste's songs and dialogue, such as his final song in Act V. The last line of this song, "And we'll strive to please you every day", echoes similar lines from several English folk plays. Some scholars argue that Twelfth Night, or What You Will (the play's full title)
2079-505: A story by Matteo Bandello . "Twelfth Night" is a reference to the twelfth night after Christmas Day , also called the Eve of the Feast of Epiphany . It was originally a Catholic holiday, and these were sometimes occasions for revelry, like other Christian feast days. Servants often dressed up as their masters, men as women, and so forth. This history of festive ritual and carnivalesque reversal
2156-504: A thirty-minute excerpt of the play, the first known instance of a work of Shakespeare being performed on television. Produced for the new medium by George More O'Ferrall , the production is also notable for having featured a young actress who would later go on to win an Academy Award – Greer Garson . As the performance was transmitted live from the BBC's studios at Alexandra Palace and the technology to record television programmes did not at
2233-573: A typical cry of 16th-century London boatmen, and Antonio's recommendation to Sebastian of "The Elephant" as the best place to lodge in Illyria ( The Elephant was a pub not far from the Globe Theatre). The play is believed to have drawn extensively on the Italian production Gl'ingannati ( The Deceived Ones ), collectively written by the Accademia degli Intronati of Siena in 1531. It
2310-793: A wonderfully elegant Englishman"; Robin and Marian (1976) as the Sheriff of Nottingham opposite Audrey Hepburn (Maid Marian) and Sean Connery (Robin Hood); Swashbuckler (1976); playing the lighthouse keeper and treasure-hunter Romer Treece in The Deep (1977), for which his fee was $ 650,000; and as Israeli Mossad agent David Kabakov in Black Sunday (1977). During filming Force 10 from Navarone (1978) Shaw said "I'm seriously thinking that this might be my last film ... I no longer have anything real to say. I'm appalled at some of
2387-762: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Robert Shaw (actor) Robert Archibald Shaw (9 August 1927 – 28 August 1978) was an English actor and writer. Beginning his career in theatre, Shaw joined the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre after the Second World War and appeared in productions of Macbeth , Henry VIII , Cymbeline , and other Shakespeare plays . With the Old Vic company (1951–52), he continued primarily in Shakespearean roles. In 1959 he starred in
Cato Street - Misplaced Pages Continue
2464-472: Is conjectured that the name of its male lead, Orsino, was suggested by Virginio Orsini, Duke of Bracciano , an Italian nobleman who visited London in the winter of 1600–01. Another source story, "Of Apollonius and Silla", appeared in Barnabe Riche 's collection Riche his Farewell to Militarie Profession conteining verie pleasaunt discourses fit for a peaceable tyme (1581), which in turn derives from
2541-494: Is released. Fabian confesses the plot against Malvolio, and reveals that Sir Toby has married Maria. Malvolio swears revenge on his tormentors and stalks off, but Orsino sends Fabian to placate him. The plays end with a song sung by Feste. Illyria , the exotic setting of Twelfth Night , is important to the play's romantic atmosphere. Illyria was an ancient region of the Western Balkans whose coast (the eastern coast of
2618-484: Is the cultural origin of the play's gender-confusion-driven plot. Puritans often opposed Epiphany celebrations, much as Malvolio opposes the revelry in the play. The actual Elizabethan festival of Twelfth Night involved the antics of a Lord of Misrule , who, before leaving his temporary position of authority, called for entertainment, songs, and mummery ; the play has been regarded as preserving this festive and traditional atmosphere of licensed disorder. This leads to
2695-444: The 39th Academy Awards in 1967, Shaw became the second actor – after Charles Laughton – to receive an Oscar nomination for portraying Henry VIII of England , in the film A Man for All Seasons (1966). He was also nominated to the 24th Golden Globe Awards for the same role. Twelfth Night Twelfth Night, or What You Will is a romantic comedy by William Shakespeare , believed to have been written around 1601–1602 as
2772-467: The Elizabethan era , and though some editors place The Merchant of Venice ' s alternative title, The Jew of Venice , as a subtitle, this is the only Shakespeare play to bear one when first published. The play was probably finished between 1600 and 1601, a period suggested by the play's referencing of events that happened during that time. A law student, John Manningham , who was studying in
2849-585: The Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis in 1984 was set in the context of an archetypal circus world, emphasising the play's convivial, carnivalesque tone. When the play was first performed, all female parts were played by men or boys, but it has been the practice for some centuries now to cast women or girls in the female parts in all plays. The company of Shakespeare's Globe , London, has produced many notable, highly popular all-male performances, and
2926-614: The London Blitz in 1941) with a memorable production starring Peggy Ashcroft as Viola. Gielgud directed a production at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre with Laurence Olivier as Malvolio and Vivien Leigh playing both Viola and Sebastian in 1955. The longest-running Broadway production by far was Margaret Webster 's 1940 staging starring Maurice Evans as Malvolio and Helen Hayes as Viola. It ran for 129 performances, more than twice as long as any other Broadway production. A memorable production directed by Liviu Ciulei at
3003-732: The Public Theatre workshopped and premiered a musical adaptation of Twelfth Night with original music by Shaina Taub , who also played the role of Feste . In 1999, the play was adapted as Epiphany by the Takarazuka Revue , adding more overt commentary on the role of theatre and actors, as well as gender as applied to the stage (made more layered by the fact that all roles in this production were played by women). There are many new modern plays but mostly still played in Early Modern English. Theatre Grottesco,
3080-542: The Royal Air Force during the Second World War . Shaw began his acting career in theatre, appearing in regional theatre throughout England. He played Angus in a production of Macbeth at Stratford in 1946. He played at Stratford for two seasons. In 1947, he appeared in The Cherry Orchard on British TV; also for that medium, he performed scenes from Twelfth Night and Macbeth . He had
3157-764: The Royal National Theatre 's production of Twelfth Night changed some of the roles from male to female, including Feste, Fabian (who became Fabia), and, most notably, Malvolio – who became Malvolia – played by Tamsin Greig to largely positive reviews. As a result, the production played with sexuality as well as gender. In 2017–18, the Royal Shakespeare Company staged a production directed by Christopher Luscombe; Adrian Edmondson played Malvolio, Kara Tointon Olivia, and Dinita Gohil Viola. In 2022, Old Fruit Jar Productions staged
Cato Street - Misplaced Pages Continue
3234-402: The West End and Broadway ; it ran in repertory with Richard III . Many renowned actresses have played Viola in the latter half of the 20th century, and their performances been interpreted in the light of how far they allow the audience to experience the transgression of stereotypical gender roles. This has sometimes correlated with how far productions of the play go towards reaffirming
3311-445: The "occasional small film". Shaw was married three times and had 10 children, two of whom were adopted. His first wife was Jennifer Bourke from 1952 to 1963, with whom he had four daughters. His second wife was actress Mary Ure from 1963 to 1975, with whom he had four children. He adopted a son from his wife's previous marriage to playwright John Osborne . This marriage ended with Ure's death from an overdose. His third and final wife
3388-591: The Adriatic Sea, the only part of ancient Illyria relevant to the play) covered (from north to south) the coasts of modern-day Slovenia , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , and Albania . It included the city-state of the Republic of Ragusa , which has been proposed as the setting, and which is today known as Dubrovnik , Croatia . Illyria may have been suggested by the Roman comedy Menaechmi ,
3465-611: The Malvolio story most of all, and noted the play's similarity to Shakespeare's earlier play, as well as its relationship with one of its sources, the Inganni plays. The play was one of the earliest Shakespearean works acted at the start of the Restoration ; Sir William Davenant 's adaptation was staged in 1661, with Thomas Betterton as Sir Toby Belch. Samuel Pepys thought it "a silly play", but saw it three times anyway during
3542-728: The Middle Temple in London, described the performance on 2 February 1602 ( Candlemas ) which took place in the hall of the Middle Temple at the formal end of Christmastide in the year's calendar, and to which students were invited. This was the first recorded public performance of the play. The play was not published until its inclusion in the First Folio in 1623. Viola is not alone among Shakespeare's cross-dressing heroines; in Shakespeare's theatre, convention dictated that adolescent boys play female characters, creating humour in
3619-560: The West (1967), again for Yordan; Martin Luther in Luther (a 1968 film made for television); he was top billed in another film version of Pinter's The Birthday Party (1968), directed by William Friedkin . His play The Man in the Glass Booth was a success in London in 1967. It transferred to Broadway the following year and was a hit, running for 264 performances. His adaptation for
3696-606: The almost indistinguishable differences between the sexes reflected in the play's casting and characters. At Olivia's first meeting with "Cesario" (Viola) in Act I, Scene v she asks her "Are you a comedian?" (an Elizabethan term for "actor"). Viola's reply, "I am not that I play", epitomising her adoption of the role of "Cesario" (Viola), is regarded as one of the play's several references to theatricality and "playing". The plot against Malvolio revolves around these ideas, and Fabian remarks in Act III, Scene iv: "If this were play'd upon
3773-526: The car, stepped out, then collapsed and lost consciousness on the roadside. He was taken to Castlebar General Hospital , where he was pronounced dead. He had just completed acting in the film Avalanche Express . His body was cremated and his ashes scattered near his home in Tourmakeady. A stone memorial to him was unveiled there in his honour in August 2008, nearly 30 years after his death. Shaw has
3850-689: The duke than previously seen, and the court in general being a more physically demonstrative place, particularly between males. John Barton 's 1969 production starred Donald Sinden as Malvolio and Judi Dench as Viola; their performances were highly acclaimed and the production as a whole was said to show a society crumbling into decay. Malvolio is a popular character choice among stage actors; he has been portrayed by Ian Holm many times, Simon Russell Beale ( Donmar Warehouse , 2002), Richard Cordery (2005), Patrick Stewart , ( Chichester , 2007), Derek Jacobi (Donmar Warehouse, 2009), Richard Wilson (2009), and Stephen Fry (The Globe, 2012). In 2017,
3927-703: The family moved to Scotland, settling in Stromness , Orkney . His father killed himself when Shaw was 12, and the family then relocated to Cornwall , where Shaw attended the independent Truro School . For a brief period, he was a teacher at Glenhow Preparatory School in Saltburn-by-the-Sea in the North Riding of Yorkshire , before attending the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, graduating in 1948. Shaw served as an aircrewman with
SECTION 50
#17327908559554004-463: The film and leaned it towards that, we tried, obviously, to be honest to Robert Shaw, to keep that intellectual game-playing, but to create more of an emotional environment. And Robert Shaw became very disturbed. He did not like the idea and indeed, if you will watch the film, you will see that his name does not appear in the credits, nor does it even say, "based on the play, The Man in the Glass Booth " because he wouldn't let us do it. He just didn't like
4081-446: The films Doublecross (1956) and A Hill in Korea (1956) (alongside other young actors like Michael Caine ), and a TV version of Hindle Wakes (1957). Shaw became a TV star in the UK when he starred as Captain Dan Tempest in The Buccaneers (1956–57) which ran for 39 episodes. He was by this time a TV leading man, having lead roles in TV films such as Success (1957) and a TV version of Rupert of Hentzau (1957). He had
4158-475: The general inversion of the order of things, most notably gender roles. The embittered and isolated Malvolio can be regarded as an adversary of festive enjoyment and community. That community is led by Sir Toby Belch, "the vice-regent spokesman for cakes and ale", and his partner in a comic stock duo, the simple and constantly exploited Sir Andrew Aguecheek. The full title of the play is Twelfth Night, or What You Will . Subtitles for plays were fashionable in
4235-459: The idea until he saw the film. Then he phoned Eddie Anhalt, the screenwriter, and congratulated him because he thought it was—just kept the tone he wanted and did it so well. And he phoned Mort Abrahams the Executive Producer to see if he could get his name put on the final credits. But it was too late to restore his name, all the prints were all made. Arthur Hiller's account is uncorroborated. Shaw achieved his greatest film stardom after playing
4312-419: The lines ... I'm not at ease in film. I can't remember the last film I enjoyed making." He made one more film, Avalanche Express (1979). Shaw and director/producer Mark Robson both died of heart attacks during post-production within months of each other; Robson in June 1978 and Shaw in August 1978. Shaw said he would use the proceeds from the film to pay off his taxes, then focus on writing and making
4389-544: The moral issues of nationality and identity", others sharply critical of Shaw's treatment of such a sensitive subject. The play, but not the movie, presents the question: "Given the chance, would Jews behave like Nazis?" Shaw was one of many stars in Battle of Britain (1969), with the role of Sailor Malan written specifically for him. He had the lead in The Royal Hunt of the Sun (1969) where he played Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro, alongside Christopher Plummer who played Incan Emperor Atahualpa, and Figures in
4466-484: The multiplicity of disguise found in a female character who for a while pretended at masculinity. Her cross-dressing enables Viola to fulfil usually male roles, such as acting as a messenger between Orsino and Olivia or serving as Orsino's confidant. But she does not use her disguise to intervene directly in the plot (unlike other Shakespearean heroines, such as Rosalind in As You Like It and Portia in The Merchant of Venice ), remaining someone who allows "Time" to untangle
4543-422: The occasion, with plot elements drawn from Barnabe Rich 's short story "Of Apollonius and Silla", based on a story by Matteo Bandello . The first documented public performance was on 2 February 1602, at Candlemas , the formal end of Christmastide in the year's calendar. The play was not published until its inclusion in the 1623 First Folio . Viola is shipwrecked on the coast of Illyria and comes ashore with
4620-432: The peace of Olivia's household until late into the night, prompting Malvolio to chastise them. Sir Toby famously retorts, Maria suggests taking revenge on Malvolio by convincing him that Olivia is secretly in love with him. She forges a love letter, mimicking Olivia's handwriting, and plants it in the garden. The letter asks Malvolio to wear yellow stockings cross-gartered—a colour and fashion that Olivia hates, to be rude to
4697-455: The period of his diary on 11 September 1661, 6 January 1663, and 20 January 1669. Another adaptation, Love Betray'd, or, The Agreeable Disappointment , was acted at Lincoln's Inn Fields in 1703. After holding the stage only in the adaptations in the late 17th century and early 18th century, the original Shakespearean text of Twelfth Night was revived in 1741, in a production at Drury Lane . In 1820 an operatic version by Frederic Reynolds
SECTION 60
#17327908559554774-451: The plot of which also involves twins who are mistaken for each other. Illyria is also referred to as a site of pirates in Shakespeare's earlier play, Henry VI, Part 2 . Most of the characters' names are Italian but some of the comic characters have English names. Oddly, the "Illyrian" lady Olivia has an English uncle, Sir Toby Belch. It has been noted that the play's setting has other English allusions, such as Viola's use of "Westward ho!",
4851-497: The plot. As Twelfth Night explores gender identity and sexual attraction, having a male actor play Viola enhanced the impression of androgyny and sexual ambiguity. Some modern scholars believe that Twelfth Night , with the added confusion of male actors and Viola's deception, addresses gender issues "with particular immediacy". They also accept that its depiction of gender stems from the era's prevalent scientific theory that females are simply imperfect males. This belief explains
4928-404: The rest of the servants, and to smile constantly in Olivia's presence. Watched by Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, and Fabian, Malvolio finds the letter and is surprised and delighted. He starts following the letter's instructions to show Olivia his feelings. Olivia is shocked by the changes in him and, agreeing that he seems mad, leaves him to be cared for by his tormentors. Pretending that Malvolio is insane,
5005-427: The shark-obsessed fisherman Quint in Jaws (1975), although he was at first reluctant to take the role since he did not like the book, but decided to accept at the urging of both his wife, actress Mary Ure , and his secretary: "The last time they were that enthusiastic was From Russia with Love . And they were right." Shaw then appeared in End of the Game (1975); Diamonds (1975), because "I wanted to play
5082-464: The stage of The Man in the Glass Booth gained him the most attention for his writing. The book and play present a complex and morally ambiguous tale of a man who, at various times in the story, is either a Jewish businessman pretending to be a Nazi war criminal, or a Nazi war criminal pretending to be a Jewish businessman. The play was quite controversial when performed in the UK and the US, some critics praising Shaw's "sly, deft and complex examination of
5159-402: The stage, particularly in musical theatre, among them Your Own Thing (1968), Music Is (1977), All Shook Up (2005), and Play On ! (1997), the last two jukebox musicals featuring the music of Elvis Presley and Duke Ellington , respectively. Another adaptation is Illyria (2002) by composer Pete Mills , which continues to perform regularly throughout the United States. In 2018,
5236-462: The time exist, no visual record survives other than still photographs. The entire play was produced for television in 1939, directed by Michel Saint-Denis and starring another future Oscar-winner, Peggy Ashcroft . The part of Sir Toby Belch was taken by a young George Devine . In 1957, another adaptation of the play was presented by NBC on U.S. television's Hallmark Hall of Fame , with Maurice Evans recreating his performance as Malvolio. This
5313-463: The tormentors lock him in a dark chamber. Feste visits Malvolio to mock Malvolio's professed insanity, both as himself and disguised as a priest. Meanwhile, Viola's twin, Sebastian, has been rescued by Antonio, a sea captain who previously fought Orsino, yet who accompanies Sebastian to Illyria, despite the danger, because of his admiration for Sebastian. With their love for practical jokes, Sir Toby and Fabian convince Sir Andrew to challenge Cesario to
5390-488: The very diplomat attending the performance, and that it is more likely that Shakespeare used the name from the 1601 diplomatic visit when writing his play, which premiered the next winter. It was again performed at Court on Easter Monday in 1618 and on Candlemas night in 1623. The earliest public performance took place at Middle Temple Hall , one of the Inns of Court , on 2 February (Candlemas night) 1602. The lawyer John Manningham wrote in his diary: At our feast we had
5467-420: Was Virginia Jansen from 1976 until his death in 1978, with whom he had one son; he also adopted her son from a previous relationship. For the last seven years of his life, Shaw lived at Drimbawn House in Tourmakeady , County Mayo , Ireland. Like his father, Shaw was an alcoholic for most of his life. Shaw referred to himself as a socialist during the 1976 Cork International Film Festival . "I started as
5544-479: Was born on 9 August 1927 at 51 King Street in Westhoughton , Lancashire , the son of Thomas Archibald Shaw and Doreen Nora, née Avery. His father, a doctor and former Royal Field Artillery Lieutenant, was of Scottish descent; his mother, a former nurse, was born at Piggs Peak , Swaziland . He had three sisters named Elisabeth, Joanna, and Wendy, and one brother named Alexander. When he was seven years old,
5621-547: Was broadcast on PBS Live From Lincoln Center. It starred Helen Hunt as Viola, Paul Rudd as Orsino, Kyra Sedgwick as Olivia, Philip Bosco as Malvolio, Brian Murray as Sir Toby, Max Wright as Sir Andrew, and David Patrick Kelly as Feste. A 2003 tele-movie adapted and directed by Tim Supple is set in the present day. It features David Troughton as Sir Toby, and is notable for its multi-ethnic cast including Parminder Nagra as Viola and Chiwetel Ejiofor as Orsino. Its portrayal of Viola and Sebastian's arrival in Illyria
5698-599: Was part of the BBC Television Shakespeare series and featured Felicity Kendal in the role of Viola, Sinéad Cusack as Olivia, Alec McCowen as Malvolio, and Robert Hardy as Sir Toby Belch. In 1988, Kenneth Branagh 's stage production of the play, starring Frances Barber as Viola and Richard Briers as Malvolio, was adapted for Thames Television . In 1998 the Lincoln Center Theater production directed by Nicholas Hytner
5775-514: Was probably commissioned for performance as part of the Twelfth Night celebrations held by Queen Elizabeth I at Whitehall Palace on 6 January 1601 to mark the end of the embassy of the Italian diplomat, the Duke of Orsino. Others dispute this, arguing that the "rigid etiquette of Queen Elizabeth's court" would have made it "impossible" for Shakespeare to name a main character in a comedy for
5852-413: Was staged, with music by Henry Bishop . Influential productions were staged in 1912, by Harley Granville-Barker , and in 1916, at the Old Vic . Lilian Baylis reopened the long-dormant Sadler's Wells Theatre in 1931 with a notable production of the play starring Ralph Richardson as Sir Toby and John Gielgud as Malvolio. The Old Vic Theatre was reopened in 1950 (after suffering severe damage in
5929-621: Was the first colour version ever produced on TV. Dennis King , Rosemary Harris , and Frances Hyland co-starred. In 1964, there was a Canadian TV version directed by George McCowan with Martha Henry as Viola , then in 1966 there was an Australian TV version . Another version for UK television was produced in 1969, directed by John Sichel and John Dexter . The production featured Joan Plowright as Viola and Sebastian, Alec Guinness as Malvolio, Ralph Richardson as Sir Toby Belch, and Tommy Steele as an unusually prominent Feste. Yet another TV adaptation followed in 1980. This version
#954045