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51-817: The group united various rebel Jamaat groups across the North Caucasus , including the Ingush Jamaat , Shariat Jamaat , Yarmuk Jamaat and Kataib al-Khoul , to fight the Russian rule not only in Chechnya but also in the rest of the Caucasus. It was led by a Chechen commander Shamil Basayev until his death in July 2006 and since then by Ali Taziev . In October 2007 the Caucasian Front later became

102-414: A factory producing automotive electrical equipment, a large-panel construction complex, and companies in the food industry. The Sadonsky industrial center has grown around the mining and forest industries. Despite the proximity to Chechnya, North Ossetia is making efforts to develop its tourist industry. Projects under a program for spa, resort, and tourism development have been successfully implemented in

153-592: A new role as the official ideological, logistical and, probably, financial hub of the new insurgency in the North Caucasus. Increasingly frequent clashes between federal forces and local rebels continued in Dagestan and Ingushetia , while sporadic fighting erupts in the other southern Russia regions. Before the declaration of the Caucasus Emirate , the movement had conducted two-large scale attacks,

204-782: A nonviolent annexation in January 1921. It was reformed into the Mountainous ASSR , which was later dissolved in October 1924, replaced by a series of autonomous Okrugs and Oblasts. The outer border of the Soviet Union's North Caucasus Krai was the same as that of present-day North Caucasus Economic Region (Raion) which includes an oblast ( Rostov Oblast ), two krais ( Krasnodar Krai and Stavropol Krai ), and seven republics. The former North Caucasus Military District (Okrug) also included Astrakhan Oblast , Volgograd Oblast , and

255-447: A part of the Caucasus. Mount Kazbek is the highest point (5,033 m), with Mount Jimara being the second-highest (4,780 m). Natural resources include minerals ( copper , silver , zinc ), timber , mineral waters , hydroelectric power , and untapped reserves of oil and gas . The climate is moderately continental . The territory of North Ossetia was first inhabited by Caucasian tribes. Some Nomadic Alans settled in

306-601: A result, some 70,000 South Ossetian refugees were resettled in North Ossetia. Additionally, North Ossetia provoked the predominantly Ingush population in the Prigorodny District , which sparked the Ossetian–Ingush conflict . The results of the conflict were that 7,000 Ossetians and 64,000 Ingush refugees had to flee their homes. On 23 March 1995, North Ossetia–Alania signed a power-sharing agreement with

357-637: Is a subregion in Eastern Europe governed by Russia . It constitutes the northern part of the wider Caucasus region, which separates Europe and Asia . The North Caucasus is bordered by the Sea of Azov and Black Sea to the west, the Caspian Sea to the east, and the Caucasus Mountains to the south. The region shares land borders with the countries of Georgia and Azerbaijan in

408-526: Is a sizable Muslim minority. Ethnic Russians and Ingush , who form a majority in neighboring Ingushetia , form substantial minorities in the republic. The Ossetia region traces its history back to the ancient Alans , who founded the Kingdom of Alania in the 8th century and adopted Christianity in the 9th century. The kingdom would fall to the Mongols in the 13th century. From 1774 to 1806, Ossetia

459-574: Is also a large availability of construction materials, such as clay , sand , and gravel . The local oil deposit reserves are estimated at 10 million metric tons. The agricultural sector is varied and specializes in the cultivation of wheat, corn, and sunflowers; horticulture; viticulture; and cattle and sheep breeding. North Ossetia’s industry is mainly concentrated in Vladikavkaz . Major companies located here include Elektrotsink, Gazoapparat, an instrument-making plant, Elektrokontraktor,

510-782: Is bounded by the Sea of Azov on the west, and the Caspian Sea on the east. According to the Concise Atlas of the World, Second Edition (2008), the Ciscaucasus region lies on the European side of the "commonly-accepted division" that separates Europe from Asia. Russia completed the conquest of the North Caucasus by 1864. Between the 1850s and World War I, about a million North Caucasian Muslims, including Circassians , Chechens , Ingush, Ossetians, and others, became refugees in

561-530: Is divided between a number of republics and krais . It is administered as part of the North Caucasian and Southern Federal Districts and consists of Krasnodar Krai , Stavropol Krai , and the constituent republics, approximately from west to east: the Republic of Adygea , Karachay-Cherkessia , Kabardino-Balkaria , North Ossetia–Alania , Ingushetia , Chechnya , and Republic of Dagestan and to

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612-662: The 2004 Nazran raid in Ingushetia and the 2005 Nalchik raid in Kabardino-Balkaria. The movement also launched many smaller attacks such as the 2006 Avtury ambush & 2007 Zhani-Vedeno ambush . In October 2006, Dokka Umarov established two new fronts beyond the North Caucasus region. The Caucasian Front was also divided into several sectors ( wilayat ). [REDACTED] Media related to Caucasian Front (militant group) at Wikimedia Commons North Caucasus The North Caucasus , or Ciscaucasia ,

663-505: The Caucasus Emirate and, from June 2015, the Islamic State . The insurgency became relatively dormant in its later years. During its peak, the violence was mostly concentrated in the North Caucasus republics of Chechnya , Dagestan , Ingushetia and Kabardino-Balkaria . Occasional incidents happened in surrounding regions, such as North Ossetia–Alania , Karachay-Cherkessia , Stavropol Krai , and Volgograd Oblast . While

714-432: The Caucasus Emirate , a self proclaimed emirate . While the anti-Russian local insurgencies in North Caucasus started even before the formal creation of the Caucasian Front, two months after Aslan Maskhadov 's death, the new Chechen leader Abdul-Halim Sadulayev officially announced that they had formed a Caucasus Front within the framework of "reforming the system of military-political power." The movement had taken on

765-607: The East Iranian group. Ossetian is the only Iranic language spoken natively in Europe that survives to this day. Russian, acting as a lingua franca in the region, is an East Slavic language and as such also belongs to the Indo-European family, which means the two languages are related, albeit distantly. According to a 2012 survey which interviewed 56,900 people, 49% of the population of North Ossetia–Alania adheres to

816-601: The Georgian SSR . Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the republic experienced internal conflict like in much of the North Caucasus. In 1992, a brief ethnic war between Ossetians and the predominantly Muslim Ingush population in the Prigorodny District took place. The republic has experienced spillover from the Chechen conflict , most notably in the form of the 2004 Beslan school siege . Proposals for Russia to annex South Ossetia in order to incorporate

867-641: The Manych River . Owing to its mild climate compared to much of Russia, the region has been described as Russia's " sunbelt ". Ancient cultures of the Northern Caucasus are known as Klin-Yar community, with one of the most notable cultures being the ancient Koban culture . Ciscaucasus was historically covered by the Pontic–Caspian steppe , mostly on fertile calcareous chernozyom soils, which has been almost completely tilled and grazed. It

918-726: The North Caucasus region and in Russia . It ranks first in terms of its telecom network installations in the Southern Federal District. The republic ranks fourth in Russia in terms of its paved roads, and its expanding transport and logistics complex provides communication networks between Russia and the South Caucasus, as well as Central Asia. The complex includes two federal highways ( Georgian Military Road connects Vladikavkaz with Transcaucasia ) running across

969-606: The Ottoman Empire . The Ottoman government settled North Caucasian refugees in territories of modern-day Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, Georgia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Kosovo, Greece, Cyprus, and North Macedonia, creating a large North Caucasian diaspora. Much of the Northern Caucasus seceded from Russia in March 1917 as the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus , taking advantage of

1020-417: The Republic of Kalmykia . Its administrative center was Rostov-on-Don until 10 January 1934, Pyatigorsk until January 1936, then Ordzhonikidze (today Vladikavkaz) and, from 15 December 1936, Voroshilovsk (today Stavropol). The North Caucasus region experienced widespread unrest and insurgency after the fall of the Soviet Union, including a low-level armed conflict between Russia and militants associated with

1071-545: The Russian Orthodox Church , 10% declare to be unaffiliated Christian believers, 2% are either Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to churches or members of non-Russian Orthodox bodies. The second-largest religion is Ossetian ethnic religion , generally called Uatsdin (Уацдин, "True Faith"), a Scythian religion organized into movements such as the Atsata Church, comprising 29% of

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1122-590: The South Caucasus . Located in the south of the region, Mount Elbrus is the tallest peak in Europe. Krasnodar is the most populous among the urban centres in the region. The North Caucasus came under Russian control in the 19th century, following the Caucasian War between the Russian Empire and the various regional powers. The territory is the southernmost portion of Russia and

1173-675: The Soviet period, the high authority in the republic was shared between three people; the first secretary of the North Ossetia Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the Republic Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and

1224-560: The 17th century by Kabardians . Conflicts between the Khanate of Crimea and the Ottoman Empire eventually pushed Ossetia into an alliance with Imperial Russia in the 18th century. Soon, Russia established a military base in the capital, Vladikavkaz , making it the first Russian-controlled area in the northern Caucasus. By 1806, Ossetia was under complete Russian control. The Russians’ rule led to rapid development of industry and railways which overcame its isolation. The first books from

1275-576: The Caucasus, many intellectuals in the North Ossetian ASSR called for the revival of the name of Alania , a medieval kingdom of the Alans . The term "Alania" quickly became popular in Ossetian daily life through the names of various enterprises, TV channels, political and civic organizations, publishing house, football team, etc. In November 1994, the name "Alania" was officially added to

1326-477: The Greater Caucasus Range , two customs checkpoints for cars, a developed railway network, Vladikavkaz international airport, and well-equipped transport terminals. Population : 687,357 ( 2021 Census ) ; 712,980 ( 2010 Census ) ; 710,275 ( 2002 Census ) ; 634,009 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Number of refugees : 12,570 Life expectancy: The majority of

1377-666: The actual cash earnings increased by 42.5 percent. In terms of the average monthly wage growth, the Republic ranks first in the North Caucasus. The regional government’s economic priorities include industrial growth, development of small enterprise, spas, and resorts, and strengthening the budgetary and tax discipline. The largest companies in the region include Elektrozinc, Sevkavkazenergo, Pobedit (tungsten and molybdenum producer). The most widespread resources are zinc - and lead -containing complex ores. There are deposits of limestone , dolomites , marble , and touchstone . There

1428-812: The area came during the late 18th century, and became part of the Terskaya Region of Russia in the mid-19th century. The Russian Revolution of 1917 resulted in North Ossetia being merged into the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1921. It then became the North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast on 7 July 1924, then merged into the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 5 December 1936. In World War II , it

1479-485: The basis for health spas, these mineral waters also have the potential to be bottled and sold. North Ossetian mineral waters are known for their unique qualities, as well as special mineral composition. In terms of its infrastructure, North Ossetia–Alania ranks second in the Southern Federal District and 10th in the nation. The republic has some of the most extensive telecommunication networks in

1530-479: The federal government, granting it autonomy. However, this agreement was abolished on 2 September 2002. Following the de facto independence of South Ossetia, there have been proposals in this state of joining Russia and uniting with North Ossetia. As well as dealing with the effects of the conflict in South Ossetia, North Ossetia has had to deal with refugees and the occasional spillover of fighting from

1581-456: The head of the Republic administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament . The Charter of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania is the fundamental law of the region. The Parliament of North Ossetia–Alania is the republic’s regional standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising

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1632-558: The implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Republic’s Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of

1683-670: The instability caused by the February Revolution and becoming a minor participant in the Russian Civil War . Mountainous Republic troops engaged in fierce clashes against the invading White General Anton Denikin 's Volunteer Army , before the latter's defeat at the hands of the Red Army . The region was informally occupied by the Soviet Union shortly afterwards, and the republic was forced into accepting

1734-554: The insurgency was officially declared over on 19 December 2017 when FSB Director Alexander Bortnikov announced the final elimination of the insurgent underground in the North Caucasus, counter-terrorism operations in the North Caucasus have not ended. In June 2022, the US State Department advised citizens not to travel to the North Caucasus, including Chechnya and Mount Elbrus , due to terrorism, kidnapping and risk of civil unrest. Other paramilitaries active in

1785-521: The mountainous part of the republic, according to the head of the regional government. There are nearly 3,000 historical monuments in the Republic and more than half of its area is occupied by Alania National Park , the North Ossetia National Preserve, and game preserves. There are more than 250 therapeutic, mineral, and freshwater springs in the republic with estimated daily reserves of 15,000 cubic meters. Besides providing

1836-595: The north: Kalmykia . Geographically, the term North Caucasus also refers to the northern slope and western extremity of the Greater Caucasus mountain range, as well as a part of its southern slope to the West. The Pontic–Caspian steppe area is often also encompassed under the notion of a Ciscaucasus region, thus the northern boundary of the Forecaucasus steppe or Nogai steppe is generally considered to be

1887-445: The population of North Ossetia are Christians who belong to the Russian Orthodox Church , although there is also a Muslim minority who are of Ossetian -speaking origin. According to the 2021 Census , Ossetians make up 68.1% of the republic’s population. Other groups include Russians (18.9%), Ingush (3.8%), Kumyks (2.8%), Armenians (1.8%), Georgians (1.0%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 1% of

1938-590: The population. Muslims constitute 4% of the population, and Protestants the 1%. In addition, 1% of the population declares to be " spiritual but not religious " and 3% to be atheist . The most important facilities of higher education include North Caucasus State Technological University , North Ossetian State University , North Ossetian State Medical Academy , and Mountain State Agrarian University  – all in Vladikavkaz. During

1989-665: The region have included the Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus , an anti-Georgian organization and a participant in the 1992–1993 Abkhaz conflict that based its flag and political agenda directly on those of the Mountainous Republic. The North Caucasus, especially in its mountainous territories, has the highest life expectancy in Russia. The region is known for a large number of centenarians . Russian political subdivisions associated with

2040-626: The region in the 7th century, forming the Kingdom of Alania . It was eventually converted to Christianity by missionaries from Byzantium . Alania greatly profited from the Silk Road which passed through its territory. After the Middle Ages , the Mongols ’ and Tartars ’ repeated invasions decimated the population, now known as the Ossetians . Islam was introduced to the region in

2091-414: The region include: North Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania North Ossetia ( Russian : Северная Осетия , romanized :  Severnaya Osetiya ; Ossetian : Цæгат Ирыстон/Иристон , romanized:  Cægat Iryston/Iriston ), officially the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania , is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe . It borders the country of Georgia to

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2142-412: The republic and neighboring South Ossetia . Ossetian is an east Iranian language descended from the medieval Alanic and ancient Sarmatian languages. Unlike many ethnic groups in the North Caucasus, the majority of Ossetians are Christians, predominantly Eastern Orthodox . Almost 30% of the population adheres to Ossetian ethnic religion , generally called Uatsdin (Уацдин, "True Faith"), and there

2193-463: The republic contribute to the successful development of various economic sectors, which is compounded by the abundance of natural resources. Gross regional product pro capita of the region in 2006 was 61,000 rubles ($ 2,596) and increased 30% in the 2005–2007 time period. GRP pro capita in 2007 was 76,455 rubles. From 2005 to 2007, the average monthly wage in North Ossetia–Alania doubled, with

2244-532: The republic’s title (Republic of North Ossetia–Alania). The republic is located in the North Caucasus . The northern part of the republic is situated in the Stavropol Plain . 22% of the republic’s territory is covered by forests. All of the republic’s rivers belong to the drainage basin of the Terek River . Major rivers include: All of the mountains located on the territory of the republic are

2295-520: The south, and the Russian federal subjects of Kabardino-Balkaria to the west, Stavropol Krai to the north, Chechnya to the east and Ingushetia to the southeast. Its population according to the 2021 Census was 687,357. The republic’s capital city is Vladikavkaz , located on the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains. The majority of the republic's population (68.1% as of 2021) are Ossetians , an Iranian ethnic group native to

2346-488: The total population. 41,062 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group. There are two official languages in North Ossetia: Russian , which is official in all Russian territory, and Ossetian . Ossetian is an Indo-European language, belonging to

2397-469: The two as one entity exist to this day. Ossetian cuisine is distinguished as an integral aspect of Ossetian culture. Ossetian-style pies such as Fydzhin (a meat pie ) are a quintessential component of Ossetian cuisine. The "three pies" concept holds special symbolic significance, and representing the Sun, Earth, and water. In the last years of the Soviet Union , as nationalist movements swept throughout

2448-408: The wars around them. This notably manifested in the form of the 2004 Beslan school siege by Chechen terrorists. In recent years, North Ossetia–Alania’s economic development has been successful; the indicators of the republic’s social and economic development between 2005 and 2007 revealed a stable growth of all sectors of the economy and major social parameters. The nature and climatic conditions of

2499-607: Was part of the Russian SFSR , and South Ossetia , part of the Georgian SSR . In December 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Georgian SSR abolished the autonomous Ossetian enclave amid the rising ethnic tensions in the region , which was further fanned by Moscow; a lot of the conflict zone population, faced with the ethnic cleansing, was forced to flee across the border to either North Ossetia or Georgia proper. As

2550-539: Was slowly incorporated into the Russian Empire , which would split the region into a northern part included in the Terek Oblast , and a southern one included in the Tiflis and Kutaisi governorates. This partition would persist in the Soviet period , where North Ossetia was made into the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Russian SFSR , while South Ossetia became an autonomous oblast within

2601-424: Was subject to a number of attacks by Nazi German invaders unsuccessfully trying to seize Vladikavkaz in 1942. The North Ossetian ASSR declared itself the autonomous republic of the Soviet Union on 20 June 1990. Its name was changed to the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania in 1994. The dissolution of the Soviet Union posed particular problems for the Ossetian people, who were divided between North Ossetia, which

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