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60-662: The Avars ( / ˈ æ v ɑːr z / ), also known as Maharuls' ( Avar : магӀарулал , romanized:  maⱨarulal , lit.   'mountaineers'), are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group . The Avars are the largest of several ethnic groups living in the Russian republic of Dagestan . The Avars reside in the North Caucasus between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea . Alongside other ethnic groups in

120-505: A glottal stop ). In modern Avarian, three words retain the ancient basis of awar . They include awarag , meaning "envoy, prophet, messiah"; awari , meaning "pommel of a saddle"; and awara , meaning "obstacle, opposition". Awara habize means "to make an obstacle, to resist." There is also an Avarian river called авар ʕωr in Avarian and Avar koysu in Russian. All three listed words are found in ancient lexicons of

180-573: A Chinese transfer of a similar-sounding word, war/Uar. Mehmed Tezcan writes that according to a Chinese record, the Hephthalites descended from a Rouran tribe called Hua in the Qeshi region (near Turpan ). This tribe came to Tokharistan and soon settled also in eastern regions of Khorasan at the beginning of the 5th century. About the same time, the name Avars/Awards appears in the sources. Again, in his well-known Atlas of China, A. Herrmann shows

240-523: A Mongol residue in Daghestan". Supporters of the so-called old Turanian nomad horde "infiltrate" point of view (with various clauses) include the following scientists: Josef Markwart , Omeljan Pritsak , Vladimir Minorsky , Vladimir Baileys , Harald Haarmann , Murad Gadjievich Magomedov , Alikber Alikberov , and Timur Aytberov . The Avar language belongs to the Avar-Andi-Tsez subgroup of

300-754: A Northeast Caucasian people who speak Avar , a Northeast Caucasian language . According to Encyclopedia Britannica , the Turanian nomads also share the name Avar. The Encyclopedia Britannica describes the Turanian nomads as "a people of undetermined origin and language." As of 2002, the Avarians numbered about 1.04 million. 912,020 Avarians lived in Russia during the 2010 census; 850,011 of them lived in Dagestan. Only 32% lived in cities. Avarians inhabit most of

360-793: A long time. According to Richard Helli: "By such reasoning, the Ephthalites are thought to have originated at Hsi-mo-ta-lo (southwest of Badakhshan and near the Hindu Kush ), which tantalizingly, stands for Himtala, 'snow plain', which may be the Sanskritized form of Hephthal." In 484, the Hephthalite chief Akhshunwar led his army to attack the Sassanian King Peroz I , who was defeated and killed in Khurasan. After

420-540: A national meaning connected with former statehood. "Avar" is a significant part of the word "Avaria," which refers to the Khunzakh Khanate. The Khanate formed in the 12th century after the disintegration of Sarir . From the middle of the 19th century, this territory was the Avarian District of the Daghestan area. This area is now referred to as Khunzakhsky District of Dagestan. Khunzakhsky District

480-487: A two-segment affricate–fricative sequence [ t͡ɬɬ ] ( /t𐞛ɬ/ = /t ɬ/ ). Avar has five phonemic vowels: /a e i o u/. In Avar, accent is contrastive, free and mobile, independent of the number of syllables in the word. Changes in lexical accent placement indicate different semantic meaning and grammatical meanings of a word: Avar is an agglutinative language, of SOV order. Adverbs do not inflect, outside of inflection for noun class in some adverbs of place: e.g.

540-497: Is Rasul Gamzatov (died November 3, 2003), the People's Poet of Dagestan. Translations of his works into Russian have gained him a wide audience all over the former Soviet Union . Shirvan Shirvan (from Persian : شیروان , romanized :  Shirvān ; Azerbaijani : Şirvan ; Tat : Şirvan ) is a historical region in the eastern Caucasus , as known in both pre-Islamic Sasanian and Islamic times. Today,

600-536: Is based on the болмацӏ ( bolmacʼ ) — bo = "army" or "country", and macʼ = "language"—the common language used between speakers of different dialects and languages. The bolmacʼ in turn was mainly derived from the dialect of Khunzakh , the capital and cultural centre of the Avar region, with some influence from the southern dialects. Nowadays the literary language is influencing the dialects, levelling out their differences. The most famous figure of modern Avar literature

660-401: Is no longer an "impure abjad " unlike its parent systems ( Arabic , Persian , and Ottoman ), it now resembles a proper " alphabet ". While this was not the case for most of the several centuries during which Arabic alphabet has been used for Avar, this has become the case in the latest and most common conventions. This was indeed not the case at the time of writing of a linguistic article for

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720-533: Is now western Georgia fell under Ottoman Turkish control. Although the Ottoman Turks briefly gained Dagestan during the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578–1590 , Dagestan and many of its Avar inhabitants stayed under Safavid suzerainty for many centuries. Despite Safavid rule, many ethnic groups in Dagestan, including many Avars, retained relatively high amounts of freedom and self-governance. After

780-473: Is one of six literary languages of Dagestan, where it is spoken not only by the Avar, but also serves as the language of communication between different ethnic and linguistic groups. Glottolog lists 14 dialects of Avar, some of which correspond to the villages where they are spoken. The dialects are listed in alphabetical order based on their name in Glottolog: There are competing analyses of

840-404: Is referred to as χunzaχ in literary Avarian and χwnzaa in a local dialect. The modern literary language of Avarias ( Awar mac' ), both in the past and today, is known among Avarians as the language of boʔ ( bolmac' ). The Avarian word bo means "army, armed people." According to reconstructions, this word descends from * ʔωar in the proto-Avarian language ("ʔ" represents

900-647: Is still in use in Azerbaijan to designate the people of Shirvan region, as it was historically. In ancient times, the bulk of the population of Shirvan were Caucasian-speaking groups. Later on Iranization of this native population and subsequent Turkification since the Seljuq era occurred. The bulk of the population today are Turkic-speaking Azerbaijanis , although there are also smaller Caucasian-speaking and Iranian-speaking minorities. The original population were Paleo-Caucasians and spoke Caucasian languages, like

960-620: Is used. Second diacritic in use in Avar Arabic script is ḍammah (ـُـ). In Arabic, Persian, and historically in Ottoman Turkish, this diacritic is used to represent [o] or [u]. But in Avar, this diacritic is used for labialization [◌ʷ] and not for any sort of vowel. So, it is the case that this diacritic is used in conjunction with a follow-up vowel. For example, the sound "зва" [zʷa] is written as "زُا". This diacritic can optionally be used in conjunction with shadda. For example,

1020-605: Is usually written in the Cyrillic script . The letters of the alphabet are (with their pronunciation given below in IPA transcription): Compiled according to: One feature of Avar Arabic script is that similar to alphabets such as Uyghur and Kurdish , the script does not omit vowels and does not rely on diacritics to represent vowels when need be. Instead, modified letters with dot placement and accents have been standardized to represent vowels. Thus, Avar Arabic script

1080-456: The /b/ in /ʒani-b/ "inside" and /t͡se-b-e/ "in front". Adverbs of place also distinguish locative , allative , and ablative forms suffixally, such as /ʒani-b/ "inside", /ʒani-b-e/ "to the inside", and /ʒani-sa/ "from the inside". /-go/ is an emphatic suffix taken by underived adjectives. There were some attempts to write the Avar language in the Georgian alphabet as early as

1140-581: The Avarian District . Some Avars refused to collaborate with Russians and migrated to Turkey, where their descendants live to this day. Despite war and emigration, the Avars retained their position as the dominant ethnic group in Dagestan during the Soviet period. After World War II , many Avars left the barren highlands for the fertile plains closer to the shores of the Caspian Sea . The Avarians are

1200-586: The Balaken , Zaqatala regions of north-western Azerbaijan . Some Avars live in other regions of Russia. There are also small communities of speakers living in the Russian republics of Chechnya and Kalmykia ; in Georgia , Kazakhstan , Ukraine , Jordan , and the Marmara Sea region of Turkey . It is spoken by about 1,200,000 people worldwide. UNESCO classifies Avar as vulnerable to extinction. It

1260-760: The Caucasian Albanians . Today, other Daghestani Caucasian languages such as Udi , Lezgian and Avar are still spoken in the region. Iranian penetration started since the Achaemenid era and continued in the Parthian era. However it was during the Sassanid era that the influence really increased and Persian colonies were set up in the region. According to Vladimir Minorsky: "The presence of Iranian settlers in Transcaucasia , and especially in

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1320-596: The Iranian languages . The Parthian word apar and the Middle Persian word abar/aβar both mean "up, on, over" and "higher, superior." The Middle Persian word abraz means "acclivity," or uphill slope. Similar Middle Persian words include abarag/aβarag , meaning "superior"; abargar/aβargar , meaning "god, divinity"; abarmanig/aβarmanig , meaning "noble"; apar amatan , meaning "to surpass", and apar kardan/apar handaχtan , meaning "to attack". At

1380-711: The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society in 1881. As an example, in Avar Arabic Script, four varieties of the letter yāʼ ("ی") have been developed, each with a distinct function. Nevertheless, Avar Arabic script does retain two diacritics. First is " shadda " (ـّـ), used for gemination . While in Cyrillic, two back to back letters, including digraphs are written, in Arabic script, shadda

1440-674: The Northeast Caucasian (or Nakh–Dagestanian) language family. The writing is based on the Cyrillic script , which replaced the Arabic script used before 1927 and the Latin script used between 1927 and 1938. More than 60% of the Avars living in Dagestan speak Russian as their second language. Avar language It is spoken mainly in the western and southern parts of the Russian Caucasus republic of Dagestan , and

1500-595: The Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723 , Russia briefly took Dagestan from the Safavids. The Afsharids reestablished full control over the Caucasus again in the early 18th century under Nader Shah 's Caucasus campaign and Dagestan campaign . During that same time, the Avars routed one of Nader Shah's armies at Andalal during the later stages of his Dagestan campaign. In the wake of this triumph, Umma Khan of

1560-780: The Sulak River : the Andiyskoe Koisu and Avarskoye Koisu. Between the 5th and 12th centuries, Georgian Orthodox Christianity was introduced to the Avar valleys. During the Islamic conquests , Arabs invaded the Caucasus , conquering Azerbaijan in 639 and Derbent in 643. They also founded the Emirate of Tbilisi in 736. Later, the Christian kingdom of Sarir governed much of modern-day Dagestan. The Kingdom of Georgia

1620-403: The exonym Tavlins ( tavlintsy ). Vasily Potto wrote, "The words in different languages have the same meaning... [of] mountain dwellers [or] highlanders." Potto claimed that members of Avarian tribe also often referred to themselves by the alternate endonym maarulal , also meaning "mountaineer". Most of those known as Tavlins trace their lineage to the upper parts of two tributaries of

1680-705: The 14th century. The use of Arabic script for representing Avar in marginal glosses began in the 15th century. The use of Arabic, which is known as ajam , is still known today. Peter von Uslar developed a Cyrillic-based alphabet, published in 1889, that also used some Georgian-based letters. Many of its letters have not been encoded in Unicode. The alphabet takes the following form: а б в г ӷ д е ж һ [REDACTED] [REDACTED] і ј к қ [REDACTED] л м н о п ԛ [REDACTED] р с ҫ т ҭ у х х̓ хّ ц [REDACTED] ц̓ ꚑ ч ч̍ чّ [REDACTED] /ч̓ ш ƞ ƞ̓ ɳّ ດ As part of Soviet language re-education policies in 1928

1740-497: The 9th century, the urban population of Shirwan increasingly spoke Persian , while the rural population seems to mostly have retained their old Caucasian languages. Up to the nineteenth century, there was still a large number of Tat people (who claim to be descendants of Sassanid era Persian settlers), however due to their similar culture and religion with the Turkic-speaking Azerbaijanis, this population

1800-468: The Ajam was replaced by a Latin alphabet, which in 1938 was in turn replaced by the current Cyrillic script . Essentially, it is the Russian alphabet plus one additional letter called palochka ( stick , Ӏ). As that letter cannot be typed with common keyboard layouts , it is often replaced with a capital Latin letter i ( I ), small Latin letter L ( l ), or the numerical digit 1 . The Avar language

1860-784: The Avar territory, and the alliance with the Golden Horde enabled the Avar khans to increase their prosperity. In the 15th century the Horde declined, and the Shamkhalate of Kazi-Kumukh rose to power. The Shamkhalate absorbed the Avar Khanate. From the 16th century onwards, the Safavids and Ottomans began expanding their territory in the Caucasus. By the mid-16th century, what is now Dagestan , eastern Georgia , Azerbaijan , and Armenia were under Safavid rule. The area that

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1920-679: The Avars (reigned 1774–1801) managed to extract tribute from most states of the Caucasus, including Shirvan and Georgia. Umma Khan died in 1801. Two years later, the khanate voluntarily submitted to Russian authority following the Russian annexation of Georgia and the Treaty of Georgievsk . This was only confirmed after considerable Russian successes and the victory in the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813 , after which Persia lost southern Dagestan and many of its other Caucasian territories to Russia. The 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay indefinitely consolidated Russian control over Dagestan and other areas where

1980-528: The Avars lived. The Russians instituted heavy taxes, expropriated estates, and constructed fortresses in the Avar region. The Avar population revolted under the flag of the Muslim Imamate of Dagestan . Ghazi Mohammed (1828–1832), Hamzat Bek (1832–1834), and Shamil (1834–1859) led the revolts. This Caucasian War raged until 1864, when the Avarian Khanate was abolished and replaced by

2040-419: The Caucasus comprising what is now Armenia , and southern parts of the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan. The Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828 officially ratified the forced ceding of these Iranian territories to Imperial Russia, while it would also mark the official end of millennia long intertwined Iranian hegemony, rule, and influence over the Caucasus region, including Shirvan. The term Shirvani/Shirvanli

2100-533: The North Caucasus region, the Avars live in ancient villages located approximately 2,000 meters above sea level. The Avar language spoken by the Caucasian Avars belongs to the family of Northeast Caucasian languages . Sunni Islam has been the prevailing religion of the Avars since the 14th century. According to 19th-century Russian historians, the Avars' neighbors usually referred to them with

2160-699: The Russians in 1805, who occupied the Persian cities of Derbend and Baku the next year (1806) during the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) , but soon afterwards he made overtures to the Persians and sought help from them. By the Treaty of Gulistan (12/24 October 1813) following the end of the 1804–1813 war, Persia was forced to cede its territories and regions comprising Darband , Quba , Shirwan and Baku , while giving up all claims on them as well. Nevertheless, Mustafa continued to have secret dealings with Persia. It

2220-575: The area became part of the Afsharid Empire, by which century long Iranian rule was restored. When the Qajars had succeeded in restoring the unity of Persia, the sons of the Khan were no more able to maintain their independence like the other Caucasian chiefs and had to choose between Russia and Persia. The Khan of Shirwan, Mustafa, who had already entered into negotiations with Zubov, submitted to

2280-552: The banks of the Kur river . But its rulers strove continuously to control also the western shores of the Caspian Sea from Ḳuba (the modern town of Quba ) in the district of Maskat in the north, to Baku in the south. To the north of all these lands lay Bab al-Abwab or Derbend, and to the west, beyond the modern Goychay , the region of Shaki . In mediaeval Islamic times, and apparently in pre-Islamic Sāsānid ones also, Shirwan included

2340-463: The census. This makes it difficult to know exactly how many Avarians live in Turkey. According to Ataev B.M., who referenced A.M. Magomeddadaev's research, the Avarian population there should have been around 53,000 in 2005. Avarian is a collective term; among the Avarians there are around 15 sub-ethnic groups, including the Avar, Andi , and Tsez (Dido) peoples. According to genetic studies in 2023,

2400-561: The coast of the territory of Baku , which was occupied by the Russians, was separated from the rest of Shirvan, which was left to the Ottomans. It was only when Nader Shah defeated the Ottomans (1735) that the Russians ceded back the coastal land and the other areas in the North and South Caucasus as conquered in 1722–1723 from Safavid Iran conform the Treaties of Resht and Ganja , and

2460-463: The distinction transcribed in the table with the length sign ⟨ ː ⟩. Length is part of the distinction, but so is articulatory strength, so they have been analyzed as fortis and lenis . The fortis affricates are long in the fricative part of the contour, e.g. [ tsː ] (tss), not in the stop part as in geminate affricates in languages such as Japanese and Italian [ tːs ] (tts). Laver (1994) analyzes e.g. [ t͡ɬː ] as

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2520-533: The district of Layzan, which probably corresponds to modern Lahidj, often ruled as a separate fief by a collateral branch of the Yazidi Shirwan Shahs. The 19th century native historian and writer Abbasgulu Bakikhanov defines it as: "The country of Shirvan to the east borders on the Caspian Sea, and to the south on the river Kur, which separates it from the provinces of Moghan and Armenia". Shirvanshah also spelled as Shīrwān Shāh or Sharwān Shāh,

2580-405: The eastern regions of Khorasan, Tokharistan, etc. as the dominions of Afu/Hua/Awards/Hephthalites between ca. 440 and 500 A.D., relying on the identification Hua = Uar = Awar. The German researcher Karl Heinrich Menges considered Eurasian Avars to be one of the ancient Mongol peoples, who "were the first to use the title ga gan (later qān, ḵān) for their supreme ruler." He describes the "traces of

2640-414: The following haplogroups are found to predominate among Avars: МагIарулал , transliterated as Ma'arulal means "inhabitants of the top grounds, mountaineers." Another group of Avarians is described as belonging to a different category, Хьиндалал ( X'indalal with a soft "χ"). This term means "inhabitants of plains (warm valleys) and gardeners". The name "Avarians" has a narrower meaning; it has

2700-665: The mountainous part of Dagestan as well the plains ( Buynaksk , Khasavyurt , Kizilyurt and other regions). Outside of Dagestan, Russian Avars also live in Chechnya and Kalmykia . As of 1999, 50,900 Avarians lived in the Balakan and Zakatala rayons of Azerbaijan. The Avarian population of Azerbaijan had decreased to 49,800 by 2009. In 2002, 1,996 Kvareli Avars lived in Georgia. In Turkey , Avarians are considered "ethnic Turks", and so aren't counted as their own ethnic group on

2760-550: The original and correct pronunciation of the name was Sharvān. So all etymologies relating this name to sher/shir (lion in Persian) or Anushiravan are most probably folk etymology and not based on historical facts. The form Shervān or Shirvān are from later centuries. According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, Shirwan proper comprised the easternmost spurs of the Caucasus range and the lands which sloped down from these mountains to

2820-667: The proximity of the passes, must have played an important role in absorbing and pushing back the aboriginal inhabitants. Such names as Sharvan, Layzan, Baylaqan, etc., suggest that the Iranian immigration proceeded chiefly from Gilan and other regions on the southern coast of the Caspian." Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn Al-Masudi (896–956), the Arab historian states Persian presence in Aran, Bayleqan, Darband, Shabaran, Masqat and Jorjan. From

2880-581: The region is an industrially and agriculturally developed part of the Republic of Azerbaijan that stretches between the western shores of the Caspian Sea and the Kura River , centered on the Shirvan Plain . Vladimir Minorsky believes that names such as Sharvān (Shirwān), Lāyzān and Baylaqān are Iranian names from the Iranian languages of the coast of the Caspian Sea . There are several explanations about this name: However, Said Nafisi points out that according to Khaqani 's poems, where Khaqani contrasts his home town with kheyrvān (Persian: خیروان ),

2940-433: The same time, according to the morphology of the Middle Persian language, the word Aβarag , meaning "superior" can also be translated as "Aβarian", "Khurasanian", and "Parthian" as seen, for example, in a Middle Persian word, Eranag , meaning "Iranian". The first known use of the term "Avar" was in the 10th century. According to Persian author Ibn Rustah , a so-called governor of Sarir , Johannes de Galonifontibus

3000-1260: The sound "ссвa" [sːʷa] is written as "سُّا". If a word starts with a vowel, if it's an [a] sound, it is written with alif "ا". Otherwise, the vowel needs to be preceded by a "vowel carrier", which is hamza-ya' (ئـ). No need for such a carrier in the middle of words. Below table demonstrates vowels in Avar Arabic Script. نۈڸ ماڨێڸ وێڮانا، ڨالدا ڸۇق - ڸۇقۇن، ڨۇردا كُېر ڃُان ئۇنېو، بێدا وېضّۇن دۇن؛ ڨۇرۇڬێ باطاڸۇن صېوې ئۇناڬۈ، صۈ ڸارال راعالدا عۈدۈو كّۈلېو دۇن. ڸار چُاخّۇلېب بۇڬۈ چابخێل گّالاڅان، ڸێن گانضۇلېب بۇڬۈ ڬانڃازدا طاسان؛ طاراماغادێسېب قُال بالېب بۇڬۈ، قۈ ڸێگێلان دێصا سۈعاب راڨالدا ‎ Нолъ макьилъ вихьана, кьалда лъукъ-лъукъун, Кьурда квер чIван унев, бида вецIцIун дун; Кьуруги батIалъун цеве унаго, Цо лъарал рагIалда гIодов кколев дун. Лъар чваххулеб буго чабхил кIкIалахъан, Лъин кIанцIулеб буго ганчIазда тIасан; ТIарамагъадисеб къвал балеб буго, Къо лъикIилан дица согIаб ракьалда. Noļ maꝗiļ viҳana, ꝗalda ļuq-ļuqun, Ꝗurda кvеr çvan unеv, bida vеⱬⱬun dun; Ꝗuruⱨ baţaļun s̶еvе unago, Co ļaral raⱨalda ⱨodov ккolеv dun. Łar cvaxxulеb bugo cabxil ⱪⱪalax̶an, Łin ⱪanⱬulеb bugo gançazda ţaсan; Ţaramaƣadiсеb qval balеb bugo, Qo ļiⱪilan dis̶a сoⱨab raꝗalda. The literary language

3060-418: The sovereign house.") In summary, Aparšahr/Aβaršahr is very similar to the German word Oberland . According to historian H.W. Haussig, Aβaršahr means Reich der Abar ("Kingdom of the Abar") and should be sought in the south-western territory of the Western Turkic Khaganate . A Dahae tribe, the Aparnak ( Parni ) moved from the south-eastern shore of the Caspian Sea (part of modern Turkmenistan ), into

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3120-533: The territory of Khurasan, where they founded a confederation of Dahae tribes that Avestani texts referred to as "barbarians" and "enemies of Aryans," according to Christian Bartholomae. On the border of Khurasan, the Sassanid Persians built a strong wall, named the " Great Wall of Gorgan " or "The Red Snake." The wall was built to protect Iran from invasion by the White Huns ( Hepthalites ; called Khionites, X'iiaona and Xyôn in Zoroastrian texts). Later another wave of White Huns conquered Khurasan and occupied it for

3180-488: The top, coming from the upper side." Nöldeke, Hübschmann, Frye, Christensen and Enoki identify Aparshahr/Abarshahr/Abharshahr/Abrashahr with Khurasan , a historical region of Iran, or with Nishapur , an Iranian city. The Khurasan ( χwarasan ) in Iranian studies is known as "rise of Sun." The Parthian word apar ( Middle Persian abar/aβar , meaning "up, on, over") and Parthian/Middle Persian šahr are cognate with Old Iranian χšaθra , which means "empire, power,

3240-406: The victory, the Hephthalite empire extended to Merv and Herat . Some of the White Huns drew up a peace treaty with Iran and the two became allies, both fighting against the Byzantine Empire . Thus, Hephthalites lived in the Khurasan/Khorasan area. According to the Chinese classic Liang chih-kung-t'u , 滑 ( pinyin : hua ) was the name the Hephthalites used for themselves, and that is probably

3300-552: Was Agran". The editor of this book, an academician of the Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Z.M. Buniyatov, confirms that this "Agran" corresponds to the Avar Khanate . The word "Agran" is unknown to modern Avars. According to the Altiranisches Wörterbuch, written by Christian Bartholomae, "agra" means erste, oberste; Anfang, Spitze in his language, German. This corresponds to "first, upper, beginning, tip" in English. He also wrote that "agra'va" meant vom Obersten, von der Oberseite stammend in German, which translates to "from

3360-402: Was also Christian. However, when Sarir fell in the early 12th century and Mongol invasions led by Subutai and Jebe weakened Georgia, Christian influence in the area ended. The Avar Khanate , a predominantly Muslim polity, succeeded Sarir. The only extant monument of Sarir architecture is the 10th-century Datuna Church in the village of Datuna. The Mongol invasions seem not to have affected

3420-439: Was not until 1820 that his territory was occupied by Russian troops; the Khan fled to Persia and Shemakha was irrevocably incorporated in Russian territory . Iranian anger while being dissatisfied with losing swaths of its integral territories in the North and South Caucasus subsequently sparked the Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) , which resulted in another Iranian loss, as well as the ceding of its last remaining territories in

3480-403: Was taken by the Ottomans in 1578; however, Safavid rule was restored by 1607. In 1722, during the Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) , the Khan of Quba, Husayn Ali, submitted to Peter the Great and was accepted as his dignitary. The Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723) forced the Iranian king to recognise the Russian annexation. By the treaty between the Russian and Ottoman Empires in the year 1724,

3540-433: Was the first person to write about Avars under the name "Avar." He wrote in 1404 that " Circassians , Leks , Yasses, Alans , Avars, [and] Kazikumukhs" live in the Caucasus. According to Vladimir Minorsky, one account from 1424 called the Daghestanian Avars the Auhar. Azerbaijani writer Abbasgulu Bakikhanov wrote that the "inhabitants of vicinities of Agran have been moved here from Khurasan . A residence of this emir also

3600-426: Was the title in medieval Islamic times of a Persianized dynasty of Arabic origin. They ruled the area independently or as a vassal of larger empires from 809 A.D. up to 1607 A.D. when Safavid rule became firmly established. When the Shirvanshah Shah dynasty was ended by the Safavid Shah Tahmasp I , Shirwan formed a province of the Safavids and was usually governed by a Khan, who is often called Beylerbey . Shirvan

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