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38-460: Since 2008, Caucasus Online has been the sole owner of a 1,200-kilometre (750 mi) submarine fiber-optic cable constructed by Tyco Electronics (today known as TE Subcom), through which it transits Internet traffic from Europe to the south Caucasus and Caspian region. The FOC was laid on the bottom of the Black Sea to provide a direct, high-quality fiber-optic Internet connection from Europe to

76-420: A history going back to 1902 and had already become well-established in newsrooms and elsewhere by 1920. In reusing them, economy was certainly a consideration, but psychology and the rule of least surprise mattered as well; teleprinters provided a point of interface with the system that was familiar to many engineers and users. The widespread adoption of video-display terminals (VDTs) in the mid-1970s ushered in

114-408: A job to a batch machine involved first preparing a deck of punched cards that described a program and its dataset. The program cards were not punched on the computer itself but on keypunches , specialized, typewriter-like machines that were notoriously bulky, unforgiving, and prone to mechanical failure. The software interface was similarly unforgiving, with very strict syntaxes designed to be parsed by

152-565: A machine in the way which produces the desired result (i.e. maximum usability ). This generally means that the operator needs to provide minimal input to achieve the desired output, and also that the machine minimizes undesired outputs to the user. User interfaces are composed of one or more layers, including a human–machine interface ( HMI ) that typically interfaces machines with physical input hardware (such as keyboards, mice, or game pads) and output hardware (such as computer monitors , speakers, and printers ). A device that implements an HMI

190-438: A relatively heavy mnemonic load on the user, requiring a serious investment of effort and learning time to master. The earliest command-line systems combined teleprinters with computers, adapting a mature technology that had proven effective for mediating the transfer of information over wires between human beings. Teleprinters had originally been invented as devices for automatic telegraph transmission and reception; they had

228-573: A result on magnetic tape or generate some data cards to be used in a later computation. The turnaround time for a single job often spanned entire days. If one was very lucky, it might be hours; there was no real-time response. But there were worse fates than the card queue; some computers required an even more tedious and error-prone process of toggling in programs in binary code using console switches. The very earliest machines had to be partly rewired to incorporate program logic into themselves, using devices known as plugboards . Early batch systems gave

266-425: A wide range of relays and contactors for commercial and defense aerospace markets. Its oil and gas products include cables and electronics used for subsea environments in the offshore oil and gas and civil marine industries and in shipboard, subsea, and sonar applications. TE Connectivity has produced CPU sockets compatible with Intel processors, such as LGA 771 CPU sockets. Human machine interface In

304-418: Is a general principle in the design of all kinds of interfaces. It is based on the idea that human beings can only pay full attention to one thing at one time, leading to the conclusion that novelty should be minimized. If an interface is used persistently, the user will unavoidably develop habits for using the interface. The designer's role can thus be characterized as ensuring the user forms good habits. If

342-418: Is an American-Irish domiciled technology company that designs and manufactures electrical and electronic products for several industries, including automotive , aerospace , defense , medical , and energy . TE Connectivity has a global workforce of 89,000 employees, including more than 8,000 engineers. The company serves customers in approximately 140 countries. In 1941, Aircraft and Marine Products (AMP)

380-400: Is better described as a direct neural interface . However, this latter usage is seeing increasing application in the real-life use of (medical) prostheses —the artificial extension that replaces a missing body part (e.g., cochlear implants ). In some circumstances, computers might observe the user and react according to their actions without specific commands. A means of tracking parts of

418-406: Is called a human interface device (HID). User interfaces that dispense with the physical movement of body parts as an intermediary step between the brain and the machine use no input or output devices except electrodes alone; they are called brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) or brain–machine interfaces (BMIs). Other terms for human–machine interfaces are man–machine interface ( MMI ) and, when

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456-449: Is composed of a tactile UI and a visual UI capable of displaying graphics . When sound is added to a GUI, it becomes a multimedia user interface (MUI). There are three broad categories of CUI: standard , virtual and augmented . Standard CUI use standard human interface devices like keyboards, mice, and computer monitors. When the CUI blocks out the real world to create a virtual reality ,

494-449: Is the number of senses interfaced with. For example, a Smell-O-Vision is a 3-sense (3S) Standard CUI with visual display, sound and smells; when virtual reality interfaces interface with smells and touch it is said to be a 4-sense (4S) virtual reality interface; and when augmented reality interfaces interface with smells and touch it is said to be a 4-sense (4S) augmented reality interface. The user interface or human–machine interface

532-502: Is the part of the machine that handles the human–machine interaction. Membrane switches, rubber keypads and touchscreens are examples of the physical part of the Human Machine Interface which we can see and touch. In complex systems, the human–machine interface is typically computerized. The term human–computer interface refers to this kind of system. In the context of computing, the term typically extends as well to

570-429: The industrial design field of human–computer interaction , a user interface ( UI ) is the space where interactions between humans and machines occur. The goal of this interaction is to allow effective operation and control of the machine from the human end, while the machine simultaneously feeds back information that aids the operators' decision-making process. Examples of this broad concept of user interfaces include

608-475: The CUI is virtual and uses a virtual reality interface . When the CUI does not block out the real world and creates augmented reality , the CUI is augmented and uses an augmented reality interface . When a UI interacts with all human senses, it is called a qualia interface, named after the theory of qualia . CUI may also be classified by how many senses they interact with as either an X-sense virtual reality interface or X-sense augmented reality interface, where X

646-587: The Caucasus region and Middle East. In September 2016, Caucasus Online sold its retail business to Magticom , and now Caucasus Online is a major wholesale operator in the region. In 2019, Azerbaijan's Neqsol Holding acquired 49% of the Caucasus Online for $ 61 million. Neqsol acquired the remainder on 24 March 2021. This Georgia -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tyco Electronics TE Connectivity plc

684-1198: The automotive industry for body and chassis systems, convenience applications, driver information, infotainment , miniaturization , motor and powertrain applications, and safety and security systems. Hybrid and electronic mobility include in-vehicle technologies, battery technologies, and charging. In addition, TE's products are used for on-highway vehicles, off-highway vehicles and recreational transportation, including construction, agriculture, buses, and other vehicles. TE offers sensors for industries including automotive, industrial equipment, commercial transportation, medical, aerospace and defense, and consumer applications. The industrial segment supplies products that connect and distribute power, data, and signals. Products are used in factory automation and process control systems such as industrial controls, robotics, human machine interface , industrial communication, and power distribution. TE's intelligent building products are used to connect lighting, HVAC, elevators/escalators, and security. Its rail products are used in high-speed trains, metros, light rail vehicles, locomotives , and signaling switching equipment. Also, its products are used by

722-464: The body is required, and sensors noting the position of the head, direction of gaze and so on have been used experimentally. This is particularly relevant to immersive interfaces . The history of user interfaces can be divided into the following phases according to the dominant type of user interface: In the batch era, computing power was extremely scarce and expensive. User interfaces were rudimentary. Users had to accommodate computers rather than

760-434: The company's Tyco Telecommunications division, which provided and installed submarine communications cables , was renamed to Tyco Electronics Subsea Communications. On March 10, 2011, Tyco Electronics Ltd changed its name to TE Connectivity Ltd., which the company said felt more relevant to its position as a connectivity and sensor component manufacturer. On August 28, 2015, TE Connectivity announced that it has completed

798-402: The computer pioneers of the 1940s. Just as importantly, the existence of an accessible screen—a two-dimensional display of text that could be rapidly and reversibly modified—made it economical for software designers to deploy interfaces that could be described as visual rather than textual. The pioneering applications of this kind were computer games and text editors; close descendants of some of

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836-423: The currently running job the entire computer; program decks and tapes had to include what we would now think of as operating system code to talk to I/O devices and do whatever other housekeeping was needed. Midway through the batch period, after 1957, various groups began to experiment with so-called " load-and-go " systems. These used a monitor program which was always resident on the computer. Programs could call

874-523: The designer is experienced with other interfaces, they will similarly develop habits, and often make unconscious assumptions regarding how the user will interact with the interface. Peter Morville of Google designed the User Experience Honeycomb framework in 2004 when leading operations in user interface design. The framework was created to guide user interface design. It would act as a guideline for many web development students for

912-615: The earliest specimens, such as rogue (6), and vi (1), are still a live part of Unix tradition. In 1985, with the beginning of Microsoft Windows and other graphical user interfaces , IBM created what is called the Systems Application Architecture (SAA) standard which include the Common User Access (CUA) derivative. CUA successfully created what we know and use today in Windows, and most of

950-401: The expression graphical user interface for human–machine interface on computers, as nearly all of them are now using graphics. Multimodal interfaces allow users to interact using more than one modality of user input. There is a difference between a user interface and an operator interface or a human–machine interface (HMI). In science fiction , HMI is sometimes used to refer to what

988-428: The interactive aspects of computer operating systems , hand tools , heavy machinery operator controls and process controls. The design considerations applicable when creating user interfaces are related to, or involve such disciplines as, ergonomics and psychology . Generally, the goal of user interface design is to produce a user interface that makes it easy, efficient, and enjoyable (user-friendly) to operate

1026-482: The interface design include prototyping and simulation. Typical human–machine interface design consists of the following stages: interaction specification, interface software specification and prototyping: In broad terms, interfaces generally regarded as user friendly, efficient, intuitive, etc. are typified by one or more particular qualities. For the purpose of example, a non-exhaustive list of such characteristics follows: The principle of least astonishment (POLA)

1064-440: The machine in question is a computer, human–computer interface . Additional UI layers may interact with one or more human senses, including: tactile UI ( touch ), visual UI ( sight ), auditory UI ( sound ), olfactory UI ( smell ), equilibria UI ( balance ), and gustatory UI ( taste ). Composite user interfaces ( CUIs ) are UIs that interact with two or more senses. The most common CUI is a graphical user interface (GUI), which

1102-441: The monitor for services. Another function of the monitor was to do better error checking on submitted jobs, catching errors earlier and more intelligently and generating more useful feedback to the users. Thus, monitors represented the first step towards both operating systems and explicitly designed user interfaces. Command-line interfaces ( CLIs ) evolved from batch monitors connected to the system console. Their interaction model

1140-545: The more recent DOS or Windows Console Applications will use that standard as well. This defined that a pulldown menu system should be at the top of the screen, status bar at the bottom, shortcut keys should stay the same for all common functionality (F2 to Open for example would work in all applications that followed the SAA standard). This greatly helped the speed at which users could learn an application so it caught on quick and became an industry standard. Primary methods used in

1178-497: The other way around; user interfaces were considered overhead, and software was designed to keep the processor at maximum utilization with as little overhead as possible. The input side of the user interfaces for batch machines was mainly punched cards or equivalent media like paper tape . The output side added line printers to these media. With the limited exception of the system operator's console , human beings did not interact with batch machines in real time at all. Submitting

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1216-688: The sale of its broadband-networks business to CommScope Holding Co. for about US$ 3 billion. TE Connectivity's product portfolio is focused on connectors and sensors that are made to withstand harsh environments. The company operates three primary segments. TE Connectivity's communications segment supplies electronic components for home appliances, including products for washers, dryers, refrigerators, air conditioners, dishwashers, cooking appliances, water heaters, and microwaves. TE Connectivity's transportation segment includes four business units: automotive , industrial and commercial transportation, application tooling, and sensors. TE's products are used by

1254-447: The second phase of command-line systems. These cut latency further, because characters could be thrown on the phosphor dots of a screen more quickly than a printer head or carriage can move. They helped quell conservative resistance to interactive programming by cutting ink and paper consumables out of the cost picture, and were to the first TV generation of the late 1950s and 60s even more iconic and comfortable than teleprinters had been to

1292-404: The smallest possible compilers and interpreters. Once the cards were punched, one would drop them in a job queue and wait. Eventually, operators would feed the deck to the computer, perhaps mounting magnetic tapes to supply another dataset or helper software. The job would generate a printout, containing final results or an abort notice with an attached error log. Successful runs might also write

1330-557: The software dedicated to control the physical elements used for human–computer interaction . The engineering of human–machine interfaces is enhanced by considering ergonomics ( human factors ). The corresponding disciplines are human factors engineering (HFE) and usability engineering (UE) which is part of systems engineering . Tools used for incorporating human factors in the interface design are developed based on knowledge of computer science , such as computer graphics , operating systems , programming languages . Nowadays, we use

1368-531: The solar and lighting industry. TE's products are used by the medical industry in imaging, diagnostic, therapeutic, surgical, tubing, and minimally invasive interventional applications. TE Connectivity provides components for the commercial aerospace industry from the initial stages of aircraft design to aftermarket support. TE's defense products include ruggedized electronic interconnects serving military aviation, marine, and ground vehicles including electronic warfare and space systems. The segment also provides

1406-496: Was a series of request-response transactions, with requests expressed as textual commands in a specialized vocabulary. Latency was far lower than for batch systems, dropping from days or hours to seconds. Accordingly, command-line systems allowed the user to change their mind about later stages of the transaction in response to real-time or near-real-time feedback on earlier results. Software could be exploratory and interactive in ways not possible before. But these interfaces still placed

1444-924: Was founded with electrical connections lacking solder for quick and removable wire connection used for aircraft and ships. After the war time boom, the company had to adapt to the post-war economy, and in 1956, the name of the company was changed to AMP Incorporated when it incorporated. In 1999, Tyco International acquired AMP Incorporated. In September 2002, the CEO ( L. Dennis Kozlowski ) and CFO (Mark H. Swartz) of Tyco International Ltd. were indicted on charges including fraud, racketeering , stock manipulation , and more, amounting to more than 600 million dollars of theft. In July 2007, Tyco separated into three publicly independent companies, Covidien Ltd (formerly Tyco Healthcare), Tyco Electronics Ltd, and Tyco International Ltd (formerly Tyco Fire & Security and Tyco Engineered Products & Services (TFS/TEPS)). In 2010,

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