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63-497: Cayor (also spelled Kayor, Kadior, Cadior, Kadjoor, Nkadyur, Kadyoor, Encalhor, among others) comes from the Wolof endonym for the inhabitants "Waadyor" meaning "people of the joor ", a fertile soil found in northern Cayor. This distinguishes the people of Cayor from their neighbors, who to the present day refer to themselves by doubling the name of their native region (Waalo-Waalo, Saloum-Saloum e.g.). There are no written sources for

126-526: A civil war where Giran Buri Jeleen defeated and killed him. With Jolof weakened, the Deniankes of Futa Toro made Jolof and Waalo their vassals, although this was largely nominal. The burbas of Jolof tried several times in the late 16th and early 17th century to reconquer Cayor , but were not successful, although they retained some of their imperial cachet and influence with their former vassals. Biram Penda Tabara succeeded his uncle Giran, leading to

189-569: A decree, as the effort by the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi-national standardization effort. This alphabet has been used since pre-colonial times, as the first writing system to be adopted for Wolof, and is still used by many people, mainly Imams and their students in Quranic and Islamic schools. Additionally, another script exists: Garay , an alphabetic script invented by Assane Faye 1961, which has been adopted by

252-652: A faint epenthetic schwa vowel. Of the consonants in the chart above, p d c k do not occur in the intermediate or final position, being replaced by f r s and zero, though geminate pp dd cc kk are common. Phonetic p c k do occur finally, but only as allophones of b j g due to final devoicing . Minimal pairs : Unlike most sub-Saharan African languages, Wolof has no tones . Other non-tonal languages of sub-Saharan Africa include Amharic , Swahili and Fula . In Wolof, verbs are unchangeable stems that cannot be conjugated. To express different tenses or aspects of an action, personal pronouns are conjugated – not

315-508: A few months later to deal with a revolt and French invasion in his base in Saloum, and the buurba returned, moving the capital to Yang-Yang , but was not able to fully restore order. In 1870 another reformer, Shaikh Amadou Ba of the Imamate of Futa Toro , again tried to convince the buurba to convert. Ultimately, he succeeded in cowing the political leadership of the kingdom, Islamizing

378-671: A long period of civil war in Jolof. The electoral college chose his maternal half-brother Biram Mbaakure as Buurba, but a rival claimant, Bakar Penda Xole, exiled himself in Cayor with his supporters. With the support of the Damel and teigne (king) Lat Sukabe Fall , he marched on Jolof and killed Biram Mbaakure at the battle of Batal in 1693. Biram Penda Tabara's son, Bakar Kor Njaare, resisted this perceived outside invasion, however. He also exiled himself with his supporters, but upon his return he

441-454: A long way to creating unrest and promoting Islam among the population. Cayor peasants tended to deliberately produce less food than they could, as wealth was an invitation to raiders; when colonial rule ended the raiding, food production and exports rose dramatically. In addition to Cayor, the damel also ruled over the Lebou area of Cap-Vert (where modern Dakar is), and they often ruled as

504-475: A marabout patron in Maba (sometimes referred to as his conversion to Islam) prompted a rapid shift away from more syncreticized Islamic practices among the inhabitants of Cayor generally. Names and dates taken from John Stewart's African States and Rulers (1989). Wolof language Wolof ( / ˈ w oʊ l ɒ f / WOH -lof ; Wolof làkk , وࣷلࣷفْ لࣵکّ ) is a Niger–Congo language spoken by

567-474: A new, more centrally located capital at Mboul. In the years after his accession Jolof invaded several times attempting to re-assert their hegemony but were defeated. They would not dare to attack Cayor again until Amary's death, after a 44-year reign. During the height of the Tubenaan movement in the late 17th century, marabouts across the region began to aspire to political power for the first time, advocating

630-526: A period of succession conflicts. During his reign, in 1670, a regional rebellion against the Wolof rulers of Senegambia broke out, led by Muslim clerics from Mauretania . He reputedly fought ten battles against the Muslims before finally driving them out of Jolof. The Mauritanians still remained a problem, however; Waalo in particular suffered from their constant raids. Biram Penda Tabara's death inaugurated

693-589: A railroad across Cayor, so in 1861 the French invaded and replaced him with Ma-Dyodyo. Lat Jor and the nobility resented both the harsh rule of Ma-Dyodyo and the external intervention. After some initial military success in 1863, he was forced to take refuge with the almaami of Saloum , Maba Diakhou Ba , early the next year. The French attempted to annex the country, but this ultimately proved unworkable. In 1868 Lat Jor and his troops returned to Cayor to regain independence. He allied with Shaikh Amadou Ba and defeated

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756-559: A restoration of traditional Islamic values. Futa Toro was the first to fall. In Cayor, the powerful marabout Ndiaye Sall allied with Yacine Bubu, who had recently and controversially been removed from her position as lingeer by her nephew, the Damel Detye Maram. They joined forces to overthrow him, enthroning another nephew of Yacine Bubu's, Ma Faly Gueye. Six months later, however, Gueye was caught drinking alcohol by Sall's talibes and killed. Yacine Bubu, determined to protect

819-561: A small number of Wolof speakers. The first syllable of words is stressed ; long vowels are pronounced with more time but are not automatically stressed, as they are in English. The vowels are as follows: There may be an additional low vowel, or this may be confused with orthographic à . All vowels may be long (written double) or short. /aː/ is written ⟨à⟩ before a long (prenasalized or geminate) consonant (example làmbi "arena"). When é and ó are written double,

882-467: A treaty promising to inform the French before making war. Alboury attacked while Fall's exhausted troops were trying to set up camp, routing the Waadjor forced and wounding Fall. The French pressured the damel to pay reparations, but he refused. At the ensuing negotiations at Tivaouane on October 6, 1886, a fight ensued and he was killed by a French lieutenant. Lat Jor died in battle soon afterwards, and

945-452: A year. In 1776, inspired by the rise of the Imamate of Futa Toro , the marabouts of Cayor again began to agitate for political power under the leadership of Malamin Sarr. Damel Amari Ngoone Ndela Kumba pre-emptively attacked, capturing Sarr's son and selling him into slavery. In response, some clerics did the same to agents of the crown. In a climactic showdown the marabouts were defeated, Sarr

1008-703: A −ATR root, any further suffixes harmonize with the root. That is, the +ATR suffix/clitic is "transparent" to vowel harmony. An example is the negative -u- in, Door-u-ma-leen-fa /dɔːrumalɛːnfa/ begin- NEG - 1SG - 3PL - LOC Door-u-ma-leen-fa /dɔːrumalɛːnfa/ begin-NEG-1SG-3PL-LOC 'I did not begin them there.' where harmony would predict *door-u-më-léén-fë . That is, I or U behave as if they are their own −ATR analogs. Authors differ in whether they indicate vowel harmony in writing, as well as whether they write clitics as separate words. Consonants in word-initial position are as follows: All simple nasals, oral stops apart from q and glottal, and

1071-488: Is most often written in this orthography, in which phonemes have a clear one-to-one correspondence to graphemes . Table below is the Wolof Latin alphabet and the corresponding phoneme. Highlighted letters are only used for loanwords and are not included in native Wolof words. The Arabic -based script of Wolof, referred to as Wolofal , was set by the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted by

1134-716: Is one of the Senegambian languages , which are characterized by consonant mutation . It is often said to be closely related to the Fula language because of a misreading by Wilson (1989) of the data in Sapir (1971) that have long been used to classify the Atlantic languages. Senegalese/Mauritanian Wolof and Gambian Wolof are distinct national standards: they use different orthographies and use different languages (French vs. English) as their source for technical loanwords. However, both

1197-461: Is spoken by more than 10 million people and about 40 percent (approximately 5 million people) of Senegal's population speak Wolof as their native language. Increased mobility, and especially the growth of the capital Dakar, created the need for a common language: today, an additional 40 percent of the population speak Wolof as a second or acquired language . In the whole region from Dakar to Saint-Louis , and also west and southwest of Kaolack , Wolof

1260-568: Is spoken by the vast majority of people. Typically when various ethnic groups in Senegal come together in cities and towns, they speak Wolof. It is therefore spoken in almost every regional and departmental capital in Senegal. Nevertheless, the official language of Senegal is French . In The Gambia , although about 20–25 percent of the population speak Wolof as a first language, it has a disproportionate influence because of its prevalence in Banjul ,

1323-574: The Buurba Léléfoulifak for several years, sent his son Amary Ngone Sobel Fall to do so. Amary, aided by his uncle the Teigne of Baol , led an army to a lake called Danki, and left them there to go to the Buurba' s court with a small escort. Poorly received by Léléfoulifak, he announced that his country had no need of a leader such as that. The Jolof-Jolof pursued them back to Danki, where

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1386-657: The Dakar to Saint-Louis railway across Cayor. Dior is reported to have told the French Governor Servatius: " As long as I live, be assured, I shall oppose, with all my might the construction of this railway ." In 1883 Lat Jor tried to replace the powerful Farba Demba War Sall, who defected to Samba Laobe Fall, Lat Jor's nephew and rival claimant to the throne. With French support, Samba soon took over Cayor. He ruled for 3 years, before quarreling with Alboury Ndiaye , Bourba of Jolof, and invading despite

1449-525: The Damel-Teigne , imposing the hegemony of his maternal line, the Geej, over the previously dominant Dorobe and Guelwaar matriclans. He also strengthened central power, coopted the marabouts with royal appointments, and frequently clashed with the French over their attempts to impose a trade monopoly on the kingdom. During the 18th century, under the leadershup of Damel Maïsa Teindde Ouédji, Cayor annexed

1512-571: The Jolof Empire or to jollof rice , a common West African rice dish. Now-archaic forms include Volof and Olof . English is believed to have adopted some Wolof loanwords , such as banana , via Spanish or Portuguese , and nyam , used also in Spanish: 'ñam' as an onomatopoeia for eating or chewing, in several Caribbean English Creoles meaning "to eat" (compare Seychellois Creole nyanmnyanm , also meaning "to eat"). Wolof

1575-536: The Kingdom of Baol but was then embroiled in a succession dispute after his death. Baol regained its independence in 1756. During the 1750s and 60s, Cayor was repeatedly involved in wars against Waalo and Jolof , with the Buurba ruling as Damel 1759-60. The forces of the Trarza Emirate helped Maissa Bigué Ngoné Fall regain the throne, in return for yearly tribute and permission to raid in Cayor one month

1638-546: The Wolof people in much of the West African subregion of Senegambia that is split between the countries of Senegal , The Gambia and Mauritania . Like the neighbouring languages Serer and Fula , it belongs to the Senegambian branch of the Niger–Congo language family. Unlike most other languages of its family, Wolof is not a tonal language . Wolof is the most widely spoken language in Senegal, spoken natively by

1701-476: The " Teignes " (rulers) of the neighboring kingdom of Baol . In 1445, Venetian traveler Alvise Cadamosto reported that the king's entourage included Berber and Arab clerics. The Khali advised the king and was the official representation of the clerical class at the court. Traditionally the damel himself was not purely hereditary, but was designated by a 4-member council consisting of: The damel nominated several other important political positions. The lingeer

1764-447: The 1860s. The buurba , or king, was the head of state. He appointed from the royal family the tuube , who served as regent in the king's absence, and the buumi , who commanded a province and was the burba' s presumed successor. The Lingeer , often the king's mother but sometimes his sister, ran the royal household and was the most powerful woman in the kingdom. Nobles with territorial commands were known as kangaame , and among these

1827-459: The Baol-Baol army and Makodou Koumba was reinstalled as teigne . Latir died soon after, however, and Makodou left Baol to succeed his son as damel . Makodou faced resistance from his son's maternal side, who wanted Birima Ngoné's half-brother Lat Jor enthroned instead. Makodou defeated the opposition at Béri-Ngaraf, and Lat Jor submitted. He reneged on a treaty signed with the French to build

1890-463: The Cayor forces routed them and killed Léléfoulifak. The battle of Danki marked the end of the Jolof Empire's hold over Cayor. In the ensuing celebrations Dece Fu Njogu was killed in an accident, and Amary Ngone became damel. His uncle died soon afterwards, and he thus became the first Damel-Teigne ruling over both Cayor and Baol. He proclaimed a new constitution for the kingdom and founded

1953-417: The French in the battle of Mekhe on July 8th, 1869. By 1871 the French accepted his restoration to the position of damel . Amadou Ba's meddling in Cayor, however, soon ended their partnership. Over the next few years Lat Jor tried to exert his authority over Baol and helped the French defeat and kill Amadou in 1875. This alliance was broken in 1881 when Lat Jor began a rebellion to resist the construction of

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2016-622: The Gambian capital, where 75 percent of the population use it as a first language. Furthermore, in Serekunda , The Gambia's largest town, although only a tiny minority are ethnic Wolofs, approximately 70 percent of the population speaks or understands Wolof. In Mauritania , about seven percent of the population (approximately 185,000 people) speak Wolof. Most live near or along the Senegal River that Mauritania shares with Senegal. Wolof

2079-472: The Wolof people (40% of the population) but also by most other Senegalese as a second language. Wolof dialects vary geographically and between rural and urban areas. The principal dialect of Dakar , for instance, is an urban mixture of Wolof, French , and Arabic . Wolof is the standard spelling and may also refer to the Wolof ethnicity or culture. Variants include the older French Ouolof , Jollof , or Jolof , which now typically refers either to

2142-522: The accent mark is often only on the first letter. Vowels fall into two harmonizing sets according to ATR : i u é ó ë are +ATR, e o a are the −ATR analogues of é ó ë . For example, Lekk-oon-ngeen /lɛkːɔːnŋɡɛːn/ eat- PAST - FIN . 2PL Lekk-oon-ngeen /lɛkːɔːnŋɡɛːn/ eat-PAST-FIN.2PL 'You (plural) ate.' Dóor-óon-ngéen /doːroːnŋɡeːn/ hit- PAST - FIN . 2PL Dóor-óon-ngéen /doːroːnŋɡeːn/ hit-PAST-FIN.2PL 'You (plural) hit.' There are no −ATR analogs of

2205-472: The capital from Ceng, which had supported his rival, to the more loyal Warkhokh. Only two years into his reign, however, his rule was contested by his nephew Bira Yamb Majigeen Ndaw. Two battles, one at Warkhokh and one at Njabakundam, were indecisive. Alboury Jaxeer allied with the Damel of Cayor, but was nevertheless defeated in a third battle at Ndipa and forced into exile. The accession of Bira Yamb Ndaw marked

2268-495: The clerics and the nobility. During this period, contemporary writers began to refer to the ruling class as 'pagan' for the first time, although they still self-identified as Muslim. Birima Ngoné Latir was crowned damel in 1855, succeeding his uncle who had raised him after his father Makodou Koumba, the Teigne of Baol , had been driven into exile. The French governor Louis Faidherbe , based in Saint-Louis , encouraged

2331-517: The clerics to rebel again. In 1859 the marabouts of the province of Ndiambour took advantage of the rumoured death of the young, weak damel to do so. Makodou Koumba returned from exile to help crush the rebellion. A brutal war resulted, with the reigning teigne Thié Yasin Ngoné Déguèn coming to support the marabouts with the promise of becoming damel . After winning battles at Mboul and Mekhe, and 2 years of conflict, Birima Ngoné Latir defeated

2394-637: The confederacy. At the 1549 Battle of Danki , however, the Buurba Jolof was defeated by the lord of Kayor , resulting in the rapid disintegration of the empire. Jolof survived as a rump state, unable to access the Atlantic trade between its former vassal territories and the Portuguese . The last Buurba of a united Jolof Empire, Leele Fuli Fak , was killed at Danki in 1549. His sons were children, and so their uncle Alboury became regent. He refused to yield power when they came of age, however, leading to

2457-556: The damel for permission to prosyletize in 1848, he refused, saying that as Muslims the Wajoor already knew God; he sent them to convert the Serer instead. Most of the marabouts in Cayor were Fulas from Futa Toro , but integrated into the Wolof population over time. There was a clear separation between the clerical and noble classes, although nobles and freemen could join the marabout class as talibe (disciples). Lat Jor 's acceptance of

2520-428: The early history of Cayor, and even oral traditions are sparse. The legend of Ndiadiane Ndiaye , the first Buurba Jolof , claims that the ruler of Cayor voluntarily submitted to him, but this is likely a later invention to celebrate the unity of the empire. Cayor certainly existed before its integration into the empire, as the kings lists preserved in oral history goes back as far as Jolof's. Under Jolof hegemony, Cayor

2583-465: The end of the period of civil war. In the early 19th century, the Trarza Moors dominated the Senegal river valley through their monopoly on the lucrative trade in gum arabic . They frequently raided Jolof for slaves and booty until buurba Mba Buuri began paying an annual tribute around 1820, though raids restarted, and conflict intensified in the 1830s and 40s. During this period central rule

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2646-541: The exhausted Torodbe could not replenish their supplies. At the battle of Bunxoy, Amari Ngoone Ndela destroyed the Futanke force and captured Abdul Kader himself. He treated him well, as a respected religious leader, then sent him home laden with gifts after the Torodbe had elected a new almamy. In the aftermath of this decisive victory of the old, secular order over reformist Islamists, tension continued to increase between

2709-405: The freeborn (including both nobles and peasants), the artisan castes, and slaves, which were around 15% of the population. Most slaves were captured in war or raids, and those born into slavery could not be sold. The economy was fundamentally agricultural, and Jolof was isolated from the growing commercial exchanges with European merchants on the coast. For much of Jolof's history Islamic practice

2772-537: The frequent raiding, promoted trade and agricultural production, and continued the Islamization of the country. He supported his cousin Lat Jor in a dispute with the French over the construction of a railroad, creating tension temporarily resolved by a favorable treaty in 1885. In 1886 he defeated an invasion from Cayor by the damel installed by the French in place of Lat Jor in the battle of Gile. By 1890 Jolof

2835-557: The hierarchy consisted of Dyaam , or slaves. Slaves were generally treated well and those that were owned by the kingdom often exercised military and political power, such as the Farba Demba War Sall. The Tyeddo class were warriors generally recruited among the slaves of the damel . Fiercely opposed to the strict practice of Islam advocated by the marabouts, they were renowned drinkers, brave fighters, and inveterate raiders, including within Cayor. Their depredations went

2898-426: The high vowels i u . They trigger +ATR harmony in suffixes when they occur in the root, but in a suffix, they may be transparent to vowel harmony. The vowels of some suffixes or enclitics do not harmonize with preceding vowels. In most cases following vowels harmonize with them. That is, they reset the harmony, as if they were a separate word. However, when a suffix/clitic contains a high vowel (+ATR) that occurs after

2961-524: The kingdom of Cayor ceased to exist as an independent, united state. Cayor society was highly stratified. The damel and nobles ( Garmi ) were at the top of the hierarchy followed by free men (including villagers and marabouts ) who were known as Jambur . Below the Jambur were the Nyenoo , members of hereditary and endogamous castes such as metalworkers, tailors, griots , woodcarvers, etc. The lowest group of

3024-411: The most powerful and influential were the belep and bergel , each of whom ruled an important province on Jolof's borders and whose titles were hereditary. The jaraaf jambuure was the council of nobles who elected new kings and advised them on all matters. Each caste and minority ethnicity also had a representative who served as an intermediary between them and the buurba . The ruler also controlled

3087-524: The power of the royal family and prevent Sall from establishing a theocracy, convened a secret assembly of notables to reach out to Makhoredia Diouf, Buur of Saloum , for support against the marabouts. They were successful in defeating Sall, but instability continued for years afterwards. In 1693 the aristocracy, now threatened by the Buur of Saloum, appealed to the Teigne of neighboring Baol , Lat Sukaabe Fall for help. He took over Cayor and declared himself

3150-483: The same way that Christianity was adapted to an underlying pagan context in Europe. This has led to debate among scholars, some of whom characterize the nobility of Cayor and other Senegambian kingdoms as 'pagan' (despite their self-identification as Muslims) in opposition to a more stringently Muslim marabout class. Islam was the official religion of the state and of the entire population. When Christian missionaries asked

3213-414: The sonorants l r y w may be geminated (doubled), though geminate r only occurs in ideophones . (Geminate consonants are written double.) Q is inherently geminate and may occur in an initial position; otherwise, geminate consonants and consonant clusters, including nt, nc, nk, nq ( [ɴq] ), are restricted to word-medial and -final position. In the final place, geminate consonants may be followed by

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3276-569: The spoken and written languages are mutually intelligible. Lebu Wolof , on the other hand, is incomprehensible to standard Wolof speakers, a distinction that has been obscured because all Lebu speakers are bilingual in standard Wolof. Note: Phonetic transcriptions are printed between square brackets [] following the rules of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The Latin orthography of Wolof in Senegal

3339-472: The state, and he settled there with his numerous followers. Resistance remained, however, led by the tuube Sanor Ndiaye and Alboury Ndiaye . After many setbacks, an alliance of Ndiaye, Lat Jor , Ibra Almaami of Futa Toro , and the French defeated and killed Amadou Ba in the battle of Samba Sadio on February 11, 1875. Alboury Ndiaye then became de facto buurba , with an elder uncle as a figurehead. Ndiaye re-established firm royal control in Jolof, ended

3402-471: The verbs. Therefore, the term temporal pronoun has become established for this part of speech. It is also referred to as a focus form. Kingdom of Jolof The Kingdom of Jolof ( Arabic : جولوف ), also known as Wolof and Wollof , was a West African rump state located in what is today the nation of Senegal . For nearly two hundred years, the Wolof rulers of the Jolof Empire collected tribute from vassal kings' states who voluntarily agreed to

3465-417: Was a garmi and close kin to the damel . Some villages were designated as being run by princesses called dye . Trans-Saharan traders brought Islam to the region in the 8th century, and it rapidly became the dominant tradition among the Wolof , to the point where historians can find no traces of a pre-Islamic organized religion. The practice of Islam, however, was syncreticized with local customs in much

3528-421: Was deeply syncretized with pre-Islamic and animistic practices and the rulers and nobility were nominal Muslims at best. The marabout class was generally set apart, serving as providers of magical amulets and gri-gris as well as secretaries and priests for the nobility. The distinction between observant Muslim marabouts and quasi-pagan ceddo s deepened over time and was at the heart of the religious conflicts of

3591-464: Was defeated. An attack on Cayor also ended in defeat, and he died in exile in Waalo soon afterwards. Another claimant, Bakantam Ngaan, assassinated Bakar Penda Xole and was in turn crowned Buurba. His rule was short-lived, however. Alboury Jaxeer Lodo, a supporter of Bakar Kor Njaare, besieged Bakantam Ngaan in the capital of Ceng, captured the town, and killed him. After his victory, Alboury Jaxeer moved

3654-404: Was generally the oldest woman of the ruling matrilineage, frequently the king's mother, sister, or cousin. Yacine Bubu's replacement as lingeer by her younger sister was an important catalyst for her rebellion. She controlled her own army of slave soldiers and clients, and received the tax income of a province. The kangam were provincial governors and ministers. The dyambor served as viceroy, and

3717-638: Was killed, and many were again sold into slavery. The surviving marabouts played an important role in founding the Lebou republic on the Cap-Vert peninsula. Soon after, the Almamy of Futa Toro Abdul Kader joined with the Buurba of Jolof to avenge the clerics and re-establish his influence over Cayor. As the invading army crossed the Ferlo Desert , the damel removed food stores and poisoned wells so that

3780-506: Was ruled by a Great Lamane traditionally elected by the other Lamanes from the Fall family of Palene Ded, who claimed descend from Ousmane Boune Afal, a companion of Mohammed, by means of Wagadou . Every year this Great Lamane would lead a large delegation to Jolof to pay tribute to the Buurba there. In 1549, the damel ( dammeel in Wolof , often translated into European languages as "king") Dece Fu Njogu , having failed to send tribute to

3843-434: Was set by government decrees between 1971 and 1985. The language institute " Centre de linguistique appliquée de Dakar " (CLAD) is widely acknowledged as an authority when it comes to spelling rules for Wolof. The complete alphabet is A, À, B, C, D, E, É, Ë, F, G, I, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, Ŋ, O, Ó, P, Q, R, S, T, U, W, X, Y. The letters H, V, and Z are not included in native Wolof words. They are only used in foreign words. Wolof

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3906-550: Was the only remaining independent kingdom in western Senegal, and Alboury Ndiaye was planning to evacuate much of the population eastwards away from French influence. To prevent this, a column led by Alfred Dodds marched on Yang-Yang in May, and Ndiaye moved eastwards across the Ferlo Desert to Futa Toro. Dodds installed a puppet buurba and officially established a protectorate over Jolof, ending its independence. Jolof society was, like many of its neighbors, composed of three groups -

3969-456: Was weak, but the bergel Makura Niang, dominating a series of buurbas , maintained order in the kingdom. Upon his death around 1848 Jolof was torn by succession disputes and foreign intervention until 1864. In 1865 Maba Diakhou Bâ 's forces led by Lat Jor invaded Jolof and drove buurba Bakantam Khadi, who had refused to convert to Islam, into exile in Bambouk . Maba was forced to retreat

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