Misplaced Pages

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30-459: A concrete triangular tower, with three projections pointed in a wing shape 3.5 metres (11 ft) above the floor. The tower is painted white with a horizontal black strip immediately above the wings. It is not a true lighthouse as it lacks a light, but rather a type of navigation marker. The tower was inaugurated in April 1972, during the government of Emílio Médici . The beacon of "Cape White" has

60-470: A stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Em%C3%ADlio M%C3%A9dici Emílio Garrastazu Médici ( Portuguese pronunciation: [eˈmilju ɡɐʁastaˈzu ˈmɛd(ʒi)si] ; 4 December 1905 – 9 October 1985) was a Brazilian military leader and politician who was the 28th president of Brazil from 1969 to 1974. His authoritarian rule marked the apex of the Brazilian military regime . Médici

90-556: A Brazilian Indigenous rights group, argue that the disparity between Indigenous population and land ownership is justified because their traditional subsistence patterns (typically shifting cultivation or hunting and gathering ) are more land extensive than modern agriculture, and because many TIs include large areas of agriculturally unproductive land or are environmentally degraded due to recent incursions. Opponents of Indigenous territories also claim that they undermine national sovereignty . The promotion of Indigenous rights by NGOs

120-507: A few months earlier to be even more authoritarian than its predecessor. This constitution, along with the Institutional Act Number Five (AI-5, which gave the government sweeping powers to censor the press and restrict civil rights), formed the legal basis for some of the most severe human rights abuses of the military's two-decade rule. He made liberal use of torture and strict press censorship. The importation of

150-502: A five-year deadline. However, demarcation is still ongoing. The process is frequently delayed by legal disputes arising from the objections of non-indigenous settlers and commercial interests in the proposed TI. This has been increasingly common since 1996, when a change in the law required an explicit period to be set aside in the demarcation process for the hearing of complaints. In 2008 the Supreme Federal Court issued

180-505: A high-profile decision in favour of the continued territorial integrity of Raposa Serra do Sol in Roraima . Settlers had protested their deportation from the TI, arguing that the reserve undermined Brazil's national integrity and the state's economic development, and proposing that it be broken up. The ruling established a legal precedent that affected more than 100 similar cases that were before

210-400: A triangular shape with wings, the only one like it in the world. The architects had the intention to represent a sisal plant in the design of the lighthouse. Sisal has been one of the most lasting economic mainstays in the state of Paraiba. This lighthouse -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a Brazilian building or structure is

240-470: Is overly idealist, and a return to a more integrationist policy is favoured. In the Raposa Serra do Sol dispute, settlers and their advocates charged TIs with hindering economic development in sparsely populated states such as Roraima , where a large proportion of the land is reserved for Indigenous peoples despite commercial pressures to develop it for agricultural use. Instituto Socioambiental ,

270-486: Is seen as reflecting an "internationalisation of the Amazon" which is contrary to Brazil's economic interests. Elements in the military have also expressed concern that because many TIs occupy border regions they pose a threat to national security – although both the army and police are allowed full access. The current system of Indigenous territories has also been criticised by proponents of Indigenous rights, who say that

300-523: Is the responsibility of FUNAI , the government body in charge of Indigenous affairs, who commission an ethnographic and geographical survey of the area and publish a proposal. This proposal must then be approved by the Ministry of Justice , who consider FUNAI's proposal and any objections from other interested parties with respect to the Constitution. If approved, FUNAI begins physically demarcating

330-581: The inalienable right of Indigenous peoples to lands they "traditionally occupy" and automatically confers them permanent possession of these lands. A multi-stage demarcation process is required for a TI to gain full legal protection, and this has often entailed protracted legal battles. Even after demarcation, TIs are frequently subject to illegal invasions by settlers and mining and logging companies. As of 2020 , there were 724 proposed or approved Indigenous territories in Brazil, covering about 13% of

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360-463: The men's magazines Playboy , Penthouse and Lui , as well as the West German news magazine Der Spiegel , was banned because they offended "morality and proper behavior". His regime also spied on political opponents, many of whom were tortured and disappeared . He and his predecessor, Costa e Silva, represented the most rigidly authoritarian faction of the military, an element that

390-526: The 9 December 1971, White House visit by Médici was written "for the president's file" and classified Top Secret . It was declassified on 4 September 2008, and made public in July as part of a State Department publication on U.S. foreign policy. Kissinger's memo shows that it was Nixon who raised the subject of Allende during the meeting, asking for Médici's views on Chile: "Médici said Allende would be overthrown". [Nixon] then asked whether Médici thought that

420-617: The Chilean armed forces were capable of overthrowing Allende. Médici replied that he felt that they were, and [he] made clear that Brazil was "working towards this end." The memo notes that Nixon and Médici also discussed whether Cuba should have readmission to the Organization of American States . For his part, Médici noted that Peru was trying to persuade the OAS to consider readmitting Cuba and asked Nixon how they should cooperate to oppose

450-513: The Supreme Court at the time. Land ownership is a contentious issue in Brazil. In the 1990s, as much as 45% of the available farmland in the country was controlled by 1% of the population. Some advocates of land reform have therefore criticised the amount of land reserved for Indigenous peoples, who make up just 0.2% of the national population. According to this view the 1988 Constitution's approach towards Indigenous peoples' right to land

480-615: The age of 79 after suffering a stroke . His body was buried in the São João Batista Cemetery in Rio de Janeiro . Indigenous territory (Brazil) In Brazil , an Indigenous territory or Indigenous land ( Portuguese : Terra Indígena [ˈtɛʁɐ ĩˈdʒiʒẽnɐ] , TI ) is an area inhabited and exclusively possessed by Indigenous people . Article 231 of the Brazilian Constitution recognises

510-539: The coast—most of these are concentrated in the country's interior, particularly Amazônia . There are only three federated units without any TIs: the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Piauí , and the Federal District . In the 1950s, Brazilian explorer and defender of Indigenous people, Cândido Rondon , supported the Villas-Bôas brothers ' campaign, which faced strong opposition from the government and

540-559: The country won the 1970 Football World Cup . In 1971 Médici presented the First National Development Plan aimed at increasing the rate of economic growth especially in the remote Northeast and Amazon basin . During the Brazilian Miracle, the economy grew rapidly at a rate of 10% per year and inflation was kept relatively low in comparison to the stratospheric levels during the governments before

570-443: The country's land area. Critics of the system say that this is out of proportion with the number of Indigenous people in Brazil, about 0.41% of the population; they argue that the amount of land reserved as TIs undermines the country's economic development and national security. As of 2016 , there were 702 Indigenous territories in Brazil, covering 1,172,995 km – 14% of the country's land area. As of 2020, 120 areas were in

600-429: The end of Juscelino Kubitschek 's administration. In November 1970 federal, state, and municipal elections were held. Most of the seats were won by ARENA candidates. In 1974, he was succeeded by his handpicked choice, Ernesto Geisel , despite attempts by some hardliners to derail his candidacy. During his rule, the guerrilla movement led by Carlos Marighela , leader of Ação Libertadora Nacional , and Carlos Lamarca

630-455: The formal process of being identified, covering a total of 1,084,049 hectares; 43 had been formally identified (2,179,316 ha); 74 had been formally declared (7,305,639 ha) and 487 had already been formally approved (106,858,319 ha). In total, 723 areas were either under evaluation or had been legally consolidated as Indigenous territories, covering a total area of 117,427,323 hectares. For historical reasons— Portuguese colonisation started from

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660-667: The implementation of the military regime. Large construction projects were undertaken, including the Trans-Amazonian Highway , the Itaipu Dam and Rio–Niterói bridge . On the other side, the economic growth benefited mainly the richer classes — by the end of 1970, the official minimum wage went down to US$ 40/month, and the more than one-third of the Brazilian workforce whose wages were tied to it lost about 50% of their purchasing power in relation to 1960 levels at

690-824: The military coup Médici became Brazil's military attache to the USA from 1964–1966. In 1967 Médici was appointed chief of the National Intelligence Service of Brazil . In 1969 he became commander of the Third Army and was chosen to become President of Brazil by the Brazilian Military Junta of 1969 , succeeding Costa e Silva, who had suffered a stroke. As the President was elected by National Congress, it had to be re-convened for this purpose after being dismissed by Costa e Silva. Médici

720-504: The move. Nixon said he would study the issue and reply to Médici "privately". The OAS voted to lift sanctions on Cuba in 1974. Médici was succeeded by General Ernesto Geisel on March 15, 1974. Upon leaving the presidency, Médici retired from public life, aside from declaring himself against the political amnesty enacted in August 1979 during the administration of João Figueiredo . Médici would die of kidney failure on October 9, 1985 at

750-648: The new TI and the National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform undertakes the resettlement of any non-indigenous occupants. Final approval, or homologation , for the demarcation a TI is issued by the President of the Republic , after which it is officially registered. The Statute of the Indian specified that all Indigenous lands should be demarcated by 1978, and the 1988 Constitution also set

780-492: The ranchers of Mato Grosso and led to the establishment of the first Brazilian National Park for Indigenous people along the Xingu River in 1961. The process of demarcating Indigenous territories was first established in a 1973 law commonly known as Estatuto do Índio and has been revised several times, most recently in 1996. Under the current legal framework, the initial identification and definition of potential TIs

810-603: Was born in Bagé , Rio Grande do Sul state. From his father's side, he was the grandson of Italian immigrants who went to Uruguay and then moved to Brazil. On his mother's side he descended from Basques . In the 1920s he entered military school at Porto Alegre and then the Army where he was steadily promoted, becoming general in 1961. Throughout the 1950s he served as a commander of reserve forces before being appointed chief of staff to Artur da Costa e Silva from 1957 to 1960. After

840-686: Was mostly destroyed and Marighela and Lamarca killed. Revolutionary Movement 8th October was suppressed and Araguaia Guerrilla War won. In the 1980s, the Catholic vicariate of São Paulo and Protestant ministers obtained thousands of classified documents that detailed the use of torture during Médici's term. These revelations shocked average Brazilians who had been unaware of the extensive use of torture. In 1971, President Richard Nixon and Médici discussed coordinating their efforts to overthrow Cuba 's Fidel Castro and Chile 's Salvador Allende . National security advisor Henry Kissinger 's account of

870-424: Was the only candidate, though since the legislature was dominated by the pro-military National Renewal Alliance Party (ARENA), his election would have been a foregone conclusion in any case. The legislature elected him by a margin of 313–0, with 56 abstentions. Médici took the oath on 30 October 1969 and served until the end of his term on 15 March 1974. Médici ruled under a 1967 Constitution which had been amended

900-557: Was willing to stay in power for as long as it deemed necessary to increase Brazil's power. Médici created Indigenous territories . This harsh repression came amid a period of explosive economic growth. Médici's term was met with the largest economic growth of any Brazilian President. The Brazilian Miracle unfolded, authored jointly by his liberal ministers ahead of the Ministério do Planejamento and Ministério da Fazenda (planning and finances) Roberto Campos and Delfim Netto , and

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