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61-527: It is named after the explorer John Cabot who landed in Atlantic Canada in 1497, although modern historians agree his landfall likely took place in Newfoundland and not Cape Breton Island. Premier Angus L. MacDonald wanted to re-brand Nova Scotia for tourism purposes as primarily Scottish and, as part of this effort, created both the names Cape Breton Highlands and Cabot Trail. Construction of

122-683: A 1565 chronicle of the city of Bristol (then often spelt Bristow). The chronicle entry for 1496–97 says in full: This year, on St. John the Baptist's Day [24 June 1497], the land of America was found by the Merchants of Bristow in a shippe of Bristowe, called the Mathew; the which said ship departed from the port of Bristowe, the second day of May, and came home again the 6th of August next following. The John Day letter of winter 1497–98 provides considerable information about Cabot's second voyage. Day

183-652: A decision of the City Council on 24 December 1494. After this Cabot appears to have sought support in Seville and Lisbon for an Atlantic expedition, before moving to London to seek funding and political support. He probably reached England in mid-1495. Cabot sought financing and royal patronage in England, in contrast to Columbus' expeditions being financed mainly by the Spanish crown. Cabot planned to depart to

244-623: A final voyage to North America from Bristol. According to Peter Martyr 's 1516 account, this expedition explored a section of the coast from the Hudson Bay to about Chesapeake Bay . Following his return to England in 1509, Sebastian found that his sponsor, Henry VII, had died and that the new king, Henry VIII , had little interest in westward exploration. Cabot married Mattea around 1470, and had issue including three sons: Sebastian Cabot , one of John's sons, also became an explorer, later making at least one voyage to North America. In 1508 he

305-574: A form of John typical to Venice. He continued to use this form in England, at least among Italians. He was referred to by his Italian banker in London as "Giovanni", in the only known contemporaneous document to use this version of his first name. His surname, derived from the Latin caput (= head), refers to a type of fish, and was perhaps a nickname which became hereditary. Cabot was born in Italy,

366-504: A letter from Henry VII ordering the suspension of legal proceedings against Weston because it was the King's intent that Weston would shortly undertake a voyage for the King to the "new founde land". This was probably the voyage under Cabot's patent, making William Weston the first Englishman to lead an expedition to North America. In 2018, Condon and Jones published a further article that showed that Weston and Cabot had been jointly rewarded by

427-572: A letter to the Spanish Crown in 1498 as "another Genoese like Columbus ". John Cabot's son, Sebastian , said his father originally came from Genoa . Cabot was made a citizen of the Republic of Venice in 1476; as citizenship required a minimum of fifteen years' residency in the city, he must have lived in Venice from at least 1461. Cabot may have been born slightly earlier than 1450, which

488-414: A monopoly port, while Spain was in the process of doing the same thing with Seville . In the late 20th century, British historian Alwyn Ruddock found documentation that Cabot went first to London, where he received some financial backing from its Italian community. She suggested one patron was Father Giovanni Antonio de Carbonariis , an Augustinian friar who was also the deputy to Adriano Castellesi ,

549-707: A reward of £100 for a voyage, or voyages, in "2 ships to the Isle of new finding," as Newfoundland was called. This amount was larger than any previously accounted for in royal support of the explorations. Around this time the Bristol-based explorers established a formal company, backed by Letters Patent, called the Company Adventurers to the New Found Land. This conducted further expeditions in 1503 and 1504. In 1508–09, Sebastian Cabot undertook

610-595: A royal audience, thereby confirming that the two explorers were involved by this stage. Condon and Jones also revealed that in 1500 the King rewarded Weston £30 for "his expenses about the finding of the new land". King Henry VII continued to support exploration from Bristol. The king granted Hugh Eliot, Robert Thorne, and his son a bounty of £20 in January 1502 for purchasing the Gabriel , a ship for an expedition voyage that summer. Later in 1502 or early 1503, he paid Eliot

671-565: Is because Day's letter implies that the coastline explored in 1497 lay between the latitudes of Bordeaux , France and Dursey Head in southern Ireland. The initial landfall seems to have taken place close to the southern latitude, with the expedition returning home after reaching the northern one. For the 500th-anniversary celebrations, the governments of Canada and the United Kingdom designated Cape Bonavista in Newfoundland as

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732-521: Is believed to have been familiar with the key figures of the expedition and thus able to report on it. If the lands Cabot had discovered lay west of the meridian laid down in the Treaty of Tordesillas , or if he intended to sail further west, Columbus would probably have believed that these voyages challenged his monopoly rights for westward exploration. In addition to these letters, Alwyn Ruddock claimed to have found another, written on 10 August 1497 by

793-415: Is collaborating on an archaeological excavation at the community of Carbonear , Newfoundland, located at Conception Bay and believed the likely location for Carbonariis's possible mission settlement. The Archaeology of Historic Carbonear Project, carried out by Memorial University of Newfoundland , has conducted summer fieldwork each season since 2011. So far, it has found evidence of planter habitation since

854-834: Is known today as Giovanni Caboto in Italian, Zuan Caboto in Venetian , Jean Cabot in French, and John Cabot in English. This resulted from a once-ubiquitous European tradition of nativizing names in local documents, something often adhered to by the actual persons themselves. (Many European names have root origins but diverged culturally, e.g. Charles rendered in German becomes Carl or Karl, and Jacques rendered in English becomes James.) Cabot signed his name as "Zuan Chabotto" in Venice , Zuan being

915-585: Is not known whether Cabot died during the voyage, returned safely and died shortly after, or arrived in the Americas and chose to remain there, perhaps remaining with the Indigenous people in a similar manner to Étienne Brûlé . The historian Alwyn Ruddock worked on Cabot and his era for 35 years. She suggested that Cabot and his expedition successfully returned to England in the spring of 1500. She claimed their return followed an epic two-year exploration of

976-500: Is the approximate date most commonly given for his birth. In 1471 Cabot was accepted into the religious confraternity of the Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista . Since this was one of the city's prestigious confraternities, his acceptance suggests that he was already a respected member of the community. Once he gained full Venetian citizenship in 1476, Cabot would have been eligible to engage in maritime trade, including

1037-649: The confraternities of the cord , as well as the Confraternity of the Holy Guardian Angels and the Confraternity of the Rosary . Pious associations of laymen existed in very ancient times at Constantinople and Alexandria. In France, in the eighth and ninth centuries, the laws of the Carolingians mention confraternities and guilds. But the first confraternity in the modern and proper sense of

1098-498: The "official" landing place. Here in 1997, Queen Elizabeth II along with members of the Italian and Canadian governments greeted the replica Matthew of Bristol, following her celebratory crossing of the Atlantic. Cabot is reported to have landed only once during the expedition and did not advance "beyond the shooting distance of a crossbow". Pasqualigo and Day both state that the expedition made no contact with any native people;

1159-633: The 1498 expedition had stayed in Newfoundland and founded a mission. If Carbonariis founded a settlement in North America, it would have been the first Christian settlement on the continent and may have included a church, the only medieval church to have been built there since the Norse settlements in Greenland . The Cabot Project at the University of Bristol was organized in 2009 to search for

1220-535: The Catholic Church works in harmony with the confraternity, these rules are not religious vows , instead merely rules set up to govern the confraternal organization. Some confraternities allow only men, while others allow only women or only youth. The religiosity of the members and their desire for a personal reward in the afterlife were reflected in confraternity activities, such as assisting with burials by donating burial robes or monetary payment, attending

1281-649: The Gonfalone was headquartered in the Church of Santa Lucia del Gonfalone. Because of their white hooded robes, they were identified as the "White Penitents". They were established in 1264 at Rome. St. Bonaventure , at that time Inquisitor-general of the Holy Office , prescribed the rules, and the white habit, with the name Recommendati B. V. Each Confraternity organization has a set of rules or by-laws to follow which every member promises to live by. Even though

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1342-877: The Grand Marian Procession parade on the Feast of the Immaculate Conception . The Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament is an example of an Anglo-Catholic confraternity established in the Church of England which has spread to many places within the Anglican Communion of churches. Members of The Augustana Confraternity, which is in the Lutheran tradition, "devote themselves to the teachings of Holy Scripture and to

1403-610: The London-based bankers of Fr. Giovanni Antonio de Carbonariis . This letter has yet to be found. From various written comments made by Ruddock, the letter did not appear to contain a detailed account of the voyage. Ruddock said the letter contained "new evidence supporting the claim that seamen of Bristol had already discovered land across the ocean before John Cabot's arrival in England." She contended that Bristol seamen had reached North America two decades before Cabot's expedition. The known sources do not concur on all aspects of

1464-653: The Milanese ambassador in London. In this Mediterranean trade, he may have acquired better knowledge of the origins of the Eastern merchandise he would have been dealing in (such as spices and silks) than most Europeans at that time. "Zuan Cabotto" is mentioned in a variety of Venetian records of the late 1480s. These indicate that by 1484 he was married to Mattea and already had multiple sons. Cabot's sons were Ludovico, Sebastian and Sancto. The Venetian sources contain references to Cabot's being involved in house building in

1525-527: The authorities. While in Valencia, "John Cabot Montecalunya" (as he is referred to in local documents) proposed plans for improvements to the harbour. These proposals were rejected, however. Early in 1494 he moved on to Seville , where he proposed, was contracted to build and, for five months, worked on the construction of a stone bridge over the Guadalquivir river. This project was abandoned following

1586-465: The burial mass, volunteering in the local hospitals, organization of and participation in religious feast days, giving dowries for local orphans, selling and preparing bread used for local religious holidays, escorting the condemned during the inquisition, burying the dead during epidemics and other charitable acts as deemed appropriate by the confraternity members or parish priest. Society could not function strictly through government programs because there

1647-601: The cities of the Middle Ages . Confraternities could be important and wealthy institutions for the elite, as in for example, the Scuole Grandi of Venice . The Purgatorial societies and orders of flagellants were other specialized medieval types. The medieval French term puy designated a confraternity dedicated to artistic performance in music, song and poetry; the German meistersingers were similar, though typically imitating trade guilds in form. Starting in

1708-463: The city. He may have relied on this experience when seeking work later in Spain as a civil engineer. Cabot appears to have got into financial trouble in the late 1480s and left Venice as an insolvent debtor by 5 November 1488. He moved to Valencia , Spain, where his creditors attempted to have him arrested by sending a lettera di raccomandazione a giustizia ("a letter of recommendation to justice") to

1769-582: The coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII, King of England is the earliest known European exploration of coastal North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century. To mark the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Cabot's expedition, both the Canadian and British governments declared Cape Bonavista , Newfoundland as representing Cabot's first landing site. However, alternative locations have also been proposed. Cabot

1830-458: The commerce resulting from any discoveries must be conducted with England alone, with goods being brought in only through Bristol. Although those goods would be free of other duties , the King was to receive one-fifth of the profit. This would have made Bristol into a monopoly port, with sole right to engage in colonial trade. In stating this, Henry VII of England was presumably influenced by Iberian practices: Portugal having made Lisbon into such

1891-622: The crew found the remains of a fire, a human trail, nets, and a wooden tool. The crew appeared to have remained on land just long enough to take on fresh water; they also raised the Venetian and Papal banners, claiming the land for the King of England and recognising the religious authority of the Roman Catholic Church. After this landing, Cabot spent some weeks "discovering the coast", with most "discovered after turning back". On return to Bristol, Cabot rode to London to report to

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1952-611: The east coast of North America, south into the Chesapeake Bay area and perhaps as far as the Spanish territories in the Caribbean. Her evidence included the well-known world map of the Spanish cartographer Juan de la Cosa . His chart included the North American coast and seas "discovered by the English" between 1497 and 1500. Ruddock suggested that Giovanni Antonio de Carbonariis and the other friars who accompanied

2013-490: The events, and none can be assumed to be entirely reliable. Cabot was described as having one "little ship", of 50 tons' burden, called Matthew of Bristol (according to the 1565 chronicle). It was said to be laden with sufficient supplies for "seven or eight months". The ship departed in May with a crew of 18 to 20 men. They included an unnamed Burgundian (modern-day Netherlands) and a Genoese barber, who presumably accompanied

2074-518: The evidence on which Ruddock's claims rest, as well as to undertake related studies of Cabot and his expeditions. The lead researchers on the project, Evan Jones and Margaret Condon, claim to have found further evidence to support aspects of Ruddock's case, including some of the information she intended to use to argue for a successful return of the 1498 expedition to Bristol. These appear to place John Cabot in London by May 1500, although Jones and Condon have yet to publish their documentation. The project

2135-425: The expedition as the ship's surgeon (barbers in that era also routinely performed dentistry and minor surgery). It is likely that two ranking Bristol merchants were part of the expedition. One was William Weston , who had not been identified as part of Cabot's expedition before the discovery of a new document in the late 20th century by historian Margaret Condon. In 2009, historian Evan Jones published this document:

2196-571: The fourteenth century, northern France saw the rise of confraternities and other lay communities of men and women, organized around trades and religious devotions dedicated to specific patron saints. Various other congregations such as of the Holy Trinity, of the Scapular, etc., were founded between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. From the latter century onwards, these pious associations have multiplied greatly. The Archconfraternity of

2257-527: The initial route was completed in 1932. The western and eastern sections follow the rugged coastline, with views of the ocean. The southwestern section passes through the Margaree River valley before passing along Bras d'Or Lake . The route is within the county municipalities of Victoria and Inverness . The Cabot Trail includes all of Trunk 30, as well as the portion of Nova Scotia Highway 105 between exits 7 and 11. Following are some stops along

2318-474: The island was believed to be a source of brazilwood (from which a valuable red dye could be obtained), merchants had economic incentive to find it. Little was recorded of Cabot's first voyage. What is known as the "John Day letter", written by John Day, alias Hugh Say, a Bristol merchant originally of London, was sent during the winter of 1497–98 to an addressee believed to be Christopher Columbus . The letter refers briefly to this voyage but writes mostly about

2379-636: The king also advanced a number of loans to Lancelot Thirkill of London, Thomas Bradley, and John Cair, who were to accompany Cabot's new expedition. The Great Chronicle of London (1189–1512) reports that Cabot departed with a fleet of five ships from Bristol at the beginning of May 1498, one of which had been prepared by the king. Some of the ships were said to be carrying merchandise, including cloth, caps, lace points, and other "trifles". This suggests that Cabot intended to engage in trade on this expedition. The Spanish envoy in London reported in July that one of

2440-404: The king in January 1498, suggesting that the explorers were working together before the start of the second voyage. The same article revealed that Weston received a £30 reward after he returned from his successful 1499 voyage. Leaving Bristol, the expedition sailed past Ireland and across the Atlantic, making landfall somewhere on the coast of North America on 24 June 1497. The exact location of

2501-466: The king. On 10 August 1497, he was given a reward of £10—equivalent to about two years' pay for an ordinary labourer or craftsman. The explorer was fêted; Soncino wrote on 23 August that, similar to Christopher Columbus, Cabot "is called the Great Admiral, and vast honour is paid to him and he goes dressed in silk, and these English run after him like mad". Such adulation was short-lived, for over

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2562-458: The landfall has long been disputed, with different communities vying for the honor. Historians have proposed Cape Bonavista and St. John's, Newfoundland ; Cape Breton Island , Nova Scotia; Labrador ; and Maine as possibilities. Since the discovery of the John Day letter in the 1950s, it seems most likely that the initial landfall was either on Newfoundland or nearby Cape Breton Island. This

2623-538: The late 17th century and of trade with Spain through Bilbao , including a Spanish coin minted in Peru . Ruddock claimed that William Weston of Bristol, a supporter of Cabot, undertook an independent expedition to North America in 1499, sailing north from Newfoundland up to the Hudson Strait . If correct, this was probably the first Northwest Passage expedition. In 2009, Jones confirmed that William Weston (who

2684-675: The new land". This payment from the Florentine merchants would have represented a substantial contribution, although it was not enough to finance the expedition completely. On 5 March 1496 Henry VII gave Cabot and his three sons letters patent with the following charge for exploration: ... free authority, faculty and power to sail to all parts, regions, and coasts of the eastern, western and northern sea, under our banners, flags, and ensigns, with five ships or vessels of whatsoever burden and quality they may be, and with so many and with such mariners and men as they may wish to take with them in

2745-487: The next few months the king's attention was occupied by the second Cornish uprising of 1497 . Once Henry's throne was secure, he gave more thought to Cabot. On 26 September, just a few days after the collapse of the revolt, the king made an award of £2 to Cabot. On 13 December 1497, the explorer was awarded a pension (or salary) of £20 per year. This was to be payable from customs receipts collected in Bristol. The pension

2806-481: The papal tax collector. Ruddock also suggested that Carbonariis accompanied Cabot's 1498 expedition. She further suggested that the friar, on good terms with the King, introduced the explorer to King Henry VII . Beyond this, Ruddock stated that Cabot received a loan from an Italian banking house in London. As Ruddock ordered the destruction of all her research notes on her death in 2005, scholars have had to duplicate her research and rediscover documents. The Cabot Project

2867-491: The purpose of promoting special works of Christian charity or piety , and approved by the Church hierarchy. They are most common among Catholics , Lutherans , Anglicans , and the Western Orthodox . When a Catholic confraternity has received the authority to aggregate to itself groups erected in other localities, it is called an archconfraternity . Examples include the various confraternities of penitents and

2928-425: The route, travelling clockwise from the south: Download coordinates as: 46°29′13″N 60°44′46″W  /  46.48694°N 60.74611°W  / 46.48694; -60.74611  ( Cabot Trail ) John Cabot John Cabot ( Italian : Giovanni Caboto [dʒoˈvanni kaˈbɔːto] ; c. 1450 – c. 1499) was an Italian navigator and explorer . His 1497 voyage to

2989-494: The said ships, at their own proper costs and charges, to find, discover and investigate whatsoever islands, countries, regions or provinces of heathens and infidels, in whatsoever part of the world placed, which before this time were unknown to all Christians. Those who received such patents had the right to assign them to third parties for execution. His sons are believed to have still been minors at that time. Cabot went to Bristol to arrange preparations for his voyage. Bristol

3050-511: The second, 1497 expedition. Day noted: "Since your Lordship wants information relating to the first voyage, here is what happened: he went with one ship, his crew confused him, he was short of supplies and ran into bad weather, and he decided to turn back." Since Cabot received his royal patent in March 1496, it is believed that he made his first voyage that summer. Information about the 1497 voyage comes mostly from four short letters and an entry in

3111-489: The ships had been caught in a storm and been forced to land in Ireland, but that Cabot and the other four ships had continued on. For centuries, no other records were found (or at least published) that relate to this expedition; it was long believed that Cabot and his fleet were lost at sea. However, at least one of the men scheduled to accompany the expedition, Lancelot Thirkill, is recorded as living in London in 1501. It

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3172-493: The son of Giulio Caboto and his wife; he had a brother Piero. Gaeta (in the Province of Latina ) and Castiglione Chiavarese (in the Province of Genoa ) have both been proposed as his birthplace. The main evidence for Gaeta are records of a Caboto family residing there until the mid-15th century, but ceasing to be traceable after 1443. Pedro de Ayala , the Spanish envoy and Cabot's contemporary in London, described him in

3233-555: The trade to the eastern Mediterranean that was the source of much of Venice's wealth. He presumably entered this trade shortly thereafter. A 1483 document refers to his selling a slave in Crete whom he had acquired while in the territories of the Sultan of Egypt, which then comprised most of what is now Israel , Syria and Lebanon . This is not sufficient to prove Cabot's later assertion that he had visited Mecca , which he said in 1497 to

3294-594: The west from a northerly latitude in search of a northern passage to Asia . Historians had thought that, on arrival in England, Cabot went to Bristol , a major maritime centre, to seek financial backers. This was the only English city to have had a history of undertaking exploratory expeditions into the Atlantic. Cabot's royal patent, issued by the Crown in 1496, stated that all expeditions should be undertaken from Bristol, so his primary financial supporters were probably based in that city. In any case, it also stipulated that

3355-493: The word is said to have been founded at Paris by Bishop Odo (d. 1208). It was under the invocation of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Confraternities had their beginnings in the early Middle Ages, and developed rapidly from the end of the twelfth century. The main object and duty of these societies were, above all, the practice of piety and works of charity. Some confraternities were very widely spread, especially in

3416-481: Was also a need to take care of matters such as burials, and provide for the poor and indigent. While government can and did maintain programs to handle these needs, they were better managed by lay organizations or the "neighbor helping neighbor" theory. The term may have other meanings: The Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception is a renowned lay Marian apostolate in the Philippines known for administering

3477-416: Was backdated to March 1497, to make clear that Cabot was in the king's service at the time of his expedition. Despite the royal grant, Bristol's customs officers initially refused to pay Cabot his pension, forcing the explorer to obtain an additional warrant from the king. On 3 February 1498, Cabot was given new letters patent covering the voyage and to help him prepare another expedition. In March and April,

3538-463: Was formed at the University of Bristol in 2009 to research Cabot and the Bristol expeditions. Francesco Guidi Bruscoli, of the University of Florence , found some of Ruddock's documentation, confirming that Cabot received money in March 1496 from the Bardi family banking firm of Florence. The bankers located in London provided fifty nobles (£16 13s. 4d.) to support Cabot's expedition to "go and find

3599-489: Was not previously known to have been involved) led an expedition from Bristol [with royal support] to the " new found land " in 1499 or 1500, making him the first Englishman to lead the exploration of North America. This find has changed the understanding of English roles in exploration of that continent. In 2018, Condon and Jones published a further article about William Weston. This revealed that Weston and Cabot had received rewards from King Henry VII in January 1498, following

3660-607: Was searching for the Northwest Passage . Nearly two decades later, he sailed to South America for Spain to repeat Ferdinand Magellan 's voyage around the world. He became diverted by searching for silver along the Río de la Plata (1525–1528) in Argentina. Confraternity A confraternity ( Spanish : cofradía ; Portuguese : confraria ) is generally a Christian voluntary association of laypeople created for

3721-660: Was the second-largest seaport in England . From 1480 onward it had supplied several expeditions to look for the mythical Hy-Brasil . According to Celtic legend, this island lay somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean. There was a widespread belief among merchants in the port that Bristol men had discovered the island at an earlier date but had then lost track of it. In a private letter to a colleague (Quinn), Ruddock maintained that she had found evidence in Italian archives that Bristol men had discovered North America before 1470. As

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