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79-589: Caddo Lake State Park is a state park located in the piney woods ecoregion of East Texas . The park consists of 484 acres (196 ha) on Big Cypress Bayou , west of Caddo Lake itself, in Harrison County , near Karnack, Texas . The park opened in 1934 and is managed by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department . There are two separate units, Caddo Wildlife Management Area and Caddo Lake National Wildlife Refuge , nearby. The first humans settled in

158-526: A land lease from the U.S. government , while Mackinac National Park was handed down to become the first of the Michigan state parks . As with national parks, facilities at state parks are often leased to concessionaires to operate. Breaks Interstate Park is operated under an interstate compact by Virginia state parks , although it is also one of the Kentucky state parks , straddling both sides of

237-662: A Line due North to the degree of Latitude, where it strikes the Rio Roxo of Nachitoches, or Red-River ( 33°33′04″N 94°02′45″W  /  33.55112°N 94.04574°W  / 33.55112; -94.04574  ( Red River at 94°2′45"W ) ), then following the course of the Rio-Roxo Westward to the degree of Longitude, 100 West from London and 23 from Washington ( 34°33′37″N 100°00′00″W  /  34.56038°N 100°W  / 34.56038; -100  ( Red River at 100°W ) ), then crossing

316-661: A buffer zone between its colonies in California and New Mexico and the U.S. territories. Many historians consider the Treaty to be a great achievement for the U.S., as time validated Adams's vision that it would allow the U.S. to open trade with the Orient across the Pacific. Informally this new border has been called the "Step Boundary", although the step-like shape of the boundary was not apparent for several decades—the source of

395-530: A few exceptions such as Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in California, and Wood-Tikchik State Park in Alaska, the largest state park in the United States . In addition to preserving natural landscapes and providing recreational opportunities, many state parks also serve as important educational resources . They often offer guided tours, interpretive programs, and exhibits that help visitors learn about

474-579: A highly farming community by at least 1200 AD, learning to grow crops such as maize (corn). In 1542, the Francisco de Soto expedition, led by Luis de Moscoso Alvarado due to De Soto's death earlier in the expedition, discovered the complex Caddoan society. They sent back the first descriptions of the Caddo. Several more European expeditions explored the area around the park throughout the 1600s. The Spanish established several Missions and trading-posts during

553-542: A part of it, under Article 3, thus ending much of the vagueness in the boundary of the Louisiana Purchase. Spain also ceded to the U.S. its claims to the Oregon Country, under Article 3. The U.S. did not pay Spain for Florida, but instead agreed to pay the legal claims of American citizens against Spain, to a maximum of $ 5 million, under Article 11. Under Article 12, Pinckney's Treaty of 1795 between

632-472: A public park. Land was donated by various institutions and individuals between 1933 and 1937, the bulk coming from a gift of 385 acres by Thomas Jefferson Taylor II. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Company 889 began development of the park in 1933. They began building entrance portals, Texas Park Road 2 , trails, a shelter house, a boat house, nine cabins, a concession building (currently the group recreation hall), picnic sites, culverts , vehicle bridges, and

711-699: A restaurant) for lodging at some parks. These typically use "Resort" in the name, such as "_____ Resort State Park" in West Virginia state parks and "_____ State Resort Park" in neighboring Kentucky state parks , which has 17 such resort parks, the most of any state. Other states use the Resort name inconsistently (like DeGray Lake Resort State Park , the only one out of three resorts in Arkansas state parks ), or have only one such park ( South Carolina state parks ' Hickory Knob State Resort Park ), or do not use

790-462: A well house. CCC Company 857 finished the work in 1937. Saw Mill Pond is a shallow bald cypress swamp at the north end of the park. The pond empties into Big Cypress Bayou. The pond is popular for canoeing , kayaking and fishing . Alligators , river cooters , frogs , snakes , raccoons , mink , coypu , beavers , squirrels , armadillos , and white-tailed deer inhabit the park. The park hosts many species of migratory birds throughout

869-422: Is located within 30 miles (48 km) of Caddo Lake State Park: State park State parks are parks or other protected areas managed at the sub-national level within those nations which use "state" as a political subdivision. State parks are typically established by a state to preserve a location on account of its natural beauty, historic interest, or recreational potential. There are state parks under

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948-477: Is unknown, both of the major theories behind the lake's origins date back to the early 1800s. The Caddo legend behind the formation of the lake is that the Great Spirit caused an earthquake after one of the Caddo chiefs failed to obey him. The earthquake filled and formed the lake. The earthquake being described in the story is the 1812 New Madrid earthquake , which is believed by some geologists to have caused

1027-757: The 49th parallel north and calling for joint Anglo-American occupancy west of the Great Divide. The Anglo-American Convention ignored the Nootka Convention of 1794 which gave Spain joint rights in the region. The convention also ignored Russian settlements in the region. The U.S. government referred to this region as the Oregon Country , while the British government referred to the region as the Columbia District . On 16 July 1741,

1106-688: The Civilian Conservation Corps and Works Progress Administration . Adams-Onis Treaty Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or staff garrisons, so Madrid decided to cede the territory to the United States in exchange for settling the boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Spanish Texas . The treaty established the boundary of U.S. territory and claims through

1185-739: The Columbia District to the British government ). The Russian Empire also claimed this entire region as part of Russian America. For the United States, this Treaty (and the Treaty of 1818 with Britain agreeing to joint control of the Pacific Northwest) meant that its claimed territory now extended far west from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. For Spain, it meant that it kept its colony of Texas and also kept

1264-788: The John Melish map of 1818. But, the 100th meridian on the Melish map was marked some 90 miles (140 km) east of the true 100th meridian, and the Red River forked about 50 miles (80 km) east of the 100th meridian. Texas claimed the land south of the North Fork, and the United States claimed the land north of the South Fork (later called the Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River ). In 1860, Texas organized

1343-703: The Nootka Crisis with Great Britain. In negotiations to resolve the crisis, Spain claimed that its Nootka Territory extended north from Alta California to the 61st parallel north and from the Continental Divide west to the 147th meridian west . On 11 January 1794, the Spanish and British governments signed the Third Nootka Convention which called for the abandonment of all permanent settlements on Nootka Sound. Santa Cruz de Nuca

1422-672: The Peninsular War (1807–1814) against Napoleon in Europe and needed to rebuild its credibility and presence in its colonies. Revolutionaries in Central America and South America had been waging wars of independence since 1810. Spain was unwilling to invest further in Florida, encroached on by American settlers, and it worried about the border between New Spain (a large area including today's Mexico, Central America, and much of

1501-807: The Republic of West Florida west of the Pearl River ) up to the Perdido River (modern border river between the states of Alabama and Florida), claiming that the Louisiana Purchase covered West Florida also. General James Wilkinson invaded and occupied Mobile during the War of 1812 and the Spanish never returned to West Florida west of the Perdido River. The State of Muskogee (1799–1803) demonstrated Spain's inability to control

1580-724: The Rocky Mountains and west to the Pacific Ocean , in exchange for Washington paying residents' claims against the Spanish government up to a total of $ 5 million Spanish dollars (purchasing power equivalent to US$ 99,500,000 in 2023) and relinquishing the U.S. claims on parts of Spanish Texas west of the Sabine River and other Spanish areas, under the terms of the Louisiana Purchase . The treaty remained in full effect for only 183 days: from February 22, 1821, to August 24, 1821, when Spanish military officials signed

1659-458: The Secretary of State under U.S. President James Monroe , and the Spanish minister plenipotentiary (diplomatic envoy) Luis de Onís y González-Vara , during the reign of King Ferdinand VII . Spain had long rejected repeated American efforts to purchase Florida. But by 1818, Spain was facing a troubling colonial situation in which the cession of Florida made sense. Spain had been exhausted by

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1738-494: The Treaty of Córdoba acknowledging the independence of Mexico; Spain repudiated that treaty, but Mexico effectively took control of Spain's former colony. The Treaty of Limits between Mexico and the United States, signed in 1828 and effective in 1832, recognized the border defined by the Adams–Onís Treaty as the boundary between the two nations. [REDACTED] The Adams–Onís Treaty was negotiated by John Quincy Adams ,

1817-559: The patron saint of Spain. This marked the northernmost Spanish exploration in the Pacific Ocean. Between 1788 and 1793, Spain launched several more expeditions north of Alta California. On 24 June 1789, Esteban José Martínez Fernández y Martínez de la Sierra established the Spanish colony of Santa Cruz de Nuca on the northwest coast of Vancouver Island . Asserting Spain's claim of exclusive sovereignty and navigation rights, Martínez seized several ships in Nootka Sound provoking

1896-532: The 1700s, and numerous epidemics caused by the European settlements virtually wiped out the Caddo that inhabited the area. They used the nearby Red River for trading. In 1800, as part of the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso , Spain, who had been defeated in the Napoleonic Wars , was forced to return Louisiana to France . France regained Louisiana in 1802, two years later. This treaty did not establish

1975-541: The 1817–1818 campaign by Andrew Jackson that became known as the First Seminole War, after which the U.S. effectively seized control of Florida; albeit for purposes of lawful government and administration in Georgia and not for the outright annexation of territory for the U.S. Adams said the U.S. had to take control because Florida (along the border of Georgia and Alabama Territory) had become "a derelict open to

2054-561: The Americas north of the 42nd parallel north. This was a historic retreat in its 327-year pursuit of lands in the Americas. The previous Anglo-American Convention of 1818 meant that both American and British citizens could settle land north of the 42nd parallel and west of the Continental Divide. The United States now had a firm foothold on the Pacific Coast and could commence settlement of the jointly occupied Oregon Country (known as

2133-617: The Arkansas River that was west of the Calcasieu River . The vast disputed region between the territorial claims of the United States and Spain was occupied primarily by native peoples with very few traders of either Spain or the United States present. In the south, the disputed region between the Calcasieu River and the Sabine River encompassed Los Adaes , the first capital of Spanish Texas. The region between

2212-489: The Arkansas, believed to be near the 42nd parallel north, was not known until John C. Frémont located it in the 1840s, hundreds of miles south of the 42nd parallel. Washington set up a commission, 1821 to 1824, that handled American claims against Spain. Many notable lawyers, including Daniel Webster and William Wirt , represented claimants before the commission. Dr. Tobias Watkins served as secretary. During its term,

2291-543: The Caddo Lake area was likely located within the territory. Because the territory was not possessed by either nation, neither of them could enforce laws in the territory, so it became popular with outlaws and escaped slaves. In both 1810 and 1812, the two nations sent joint military expeditions into the Neutral Territory to expel the outlaws inhabiting it. Although the exact date of the formation of Caddo Lake

2370-511: The Calcasieu and Sabine rivers became a lawless no man's land . The United States saw great potential in these western lands, and hoped to settle their borders. Spain, seeing the end of New Spain, hoped to employ its territorial claims before it would be forced to grant Mexico its independence (later in 1821). Spain hoped to regain much of its territory after the regional demands for independence subsided. The treaty, consisting of 16 articles

2449-463: The Mississippi River. Fearing the loss of his American territories in the Seven Years' War, King Louis XV of France ceded Louisiana to King Charles III of Spain with the secret Treaty of Fontainebleau in 1762. The Treaty of Paris of 1763 split Louisiana with the portion east of the Mississippi River (except for Île d'Orléans ) becoming a part of British North America and the portion west of

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2528-618: The Pacific Coast of North America as far south as the Russian settlement of Fortress Ross , only 105 kilometers (65 miles) northwest of the Spain's Presidio Real de San Francisco . The Spanish Empire claimed all lands west of the Continental Divide throughout the Americas. Between 1774 and 1779, King Charles III of Spain ordered three naval expeditions north along the Pacific Coast to assert Spain's territorial claims. In July 1774, Juan José Pérez Hernández reached latitude 54°40′ north off

2607-668: The Pacific Ocean. Spain won substantial buffer zones around its provinces of Tejas, Santa Fe de Nuevo México , and Alta California in New Spain. While the United States relinquished substantial territory east of Continental Divide, the newly defined border allowed settlement of the southwestern part of the State of Louisiana , the Arkansas Territory , and the Missouri Territory . Spain relinquished all claims in

2686-601: The Sabine River and the 32nd parallel , which placed the Caddo Lake Area within the borders of Texas. In 1821, after 11 years of fighting, the Spanish territory of Mexico won its independence . This included the area of the present-day Caddo Lake state park. Winning the Texas Revolution allowed the Republic of Texas to become independent from Mexico and be annexed by the United States. The 1931 Texas Legislature dedicated state property at Caddo Lake as

2765-426: The U.S. and Spain was to remain in force. Under Article 15, Spanish goods received exclusive most-favored-nation privileges in the ports at Pensacola and St. Augustine for twelve years. Under Article 2, the U.S. received ownership of Spanish Florida. Under Article 3, the U.S. relinquished its own claims on parts of Texas west of the Sabine River and other Spanish areas. Download coordinates as: Article 3 of

2844-663: The United States assumed the French claim to all land east and north of either the Sabine River or the Rio Grande . Spain maintained that all land west of the Calcasieu River and south of the Arkansas River belonged to Tejas and Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The British government claimed the region west of the Continental Divide between the undefined borders of Alta California and Russian Alaska on

2923-558: The United States demonstrated that the Sabine and Neches rivers had been switched on maps, moving the frontier in favor of Mexico. As a consequence, the eastern boundary of Texas was not firmly established until the independence of the Republic of Texas in 1836. It was not agreed upon by the United States and Mexico until the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, which concluded the Mexican–American War . That treaty also formalized

3002-514: The United States, published at Philadelphia, improved to the first of January 1818. But if the Source of the Arkansas River shall be found to fall North or South of Latitude 42, then the Line shall run from the said Source ( 39°15′30″N 106°20′38″W  /  39.2583225°N 106.3439141°W  / 39.2583225; -106.3439141  ( Arkansas River source ) ) due South or North, as

3081-897: The administration of the government of each U.S. state , some of the Mexican states , and in Brazil . The term is also used in the Australian states of Victoria and New South Wales . The equivalent term used in Canada, Argentina, South Africa, and Belgium, is provincial park . Similar systems of local government maintained parks exist in other countries, but the terminology varies. State parks are thus similar to national parks , but under state rather than federal administration. Similarly, local government entities below state level may maintain parks, e.g., regional parks or county parks . In general, state parks are smaller than national parks, with

3160-526: The area as Greer County . The matter was not settled until a United States Supreme Court ruling in 1896 upheld federal claims to the territory, after which it was added to the Oklahoma Territory . The treaty gave rise to a later border dispute between the states of Oregon and California, which remains unresolved. Upon statehood in 1850, California established the 42nd parallel as its constitutional de jure border as it had existed since 1819 when

3239-409: The area near the park around 10,000 BC. For several centuries, these people used the marshlands of Caddo Lake to gather food. Sometime around 800 AD, the first Caddo settlements appeared in the area. At the time, the tribes in the region were not a connected nation, instead being a large collection of close-knit, peaceful gathering communities. Over time, the Caddo communities grew and prospered, becoming

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3318-634: The basis of (1) the third voyage of James Cook in 1778, (2) the Vancouver Expedition in 1791–1795, (3) the solo journey of Alexander Mackenzie to the North Bentinck Arm in 1792–1793, and (4) the exploration of David Thompson in 1807–1812. The Third Nootka Convention of 1794 stipulated that both the British and Spanish would abandon any settlements they had in the Nootka Sound. The United States claimed essentially

3397-403: The borders of Louisiana, which would lead to issues just a short while later. In early 1803, diplomat James Monroe was sent to France to negotiate purchasing Louisiana from France. Louisiana was bought from France later that year. This was known as the Louisiana Purchase , which doubled the size of the United States. The northeastern part of Texas was thought to be included in the purchase. There

3476-467: The case may be, till it meets the said Parallel of Latitude 42 ( 42°00′00″N 106°20′38″W  /  42°N 106.3439141°W  / 42; -106.3439141  ( 42°N 106°20′38″W ) ), and thence along the said Parallel to the South Sea ( 42°00′00″N 124°12′46″W  /  42°N 124.21266°W  / 42; -124.21266  ( Pacific Coast at 42°N ) ). At

3555-451: The cession by Mexico of Alta California and today's American Southwest , except for the territory of the later Gadsden Purchase of 1854. Another dispute occurred after Texas joined the Union. The treaty stated that the boundary between the French claims on the north and the Spanish claims on the south was Rio Roxo de Natchitoches (Red River) until it reached the 100th meridian, as noted on

3634-440: The commission examined 1,859 claims arising from over 720 spoliation incidents, and distributed the $ 5 million in a basically fair manner. The treaty reduced tensions with Spain (and after 1821 Mexico), and allowed budget cutters in Congress to reduce the army budget and reject the plans to modernize and expand the army proposed by Secretary of War John C. Calhoun . The treaty was honored by both sides, although inaccurate maps from

3713-675: The country's state parks. The NASPD further counts over 43,000 miles (69,000 km) of trail, 217,367 campsites, and 8,277 cabins and lodges across U.S. state parks. The largest state park system in the United States is Alaska State Parks , with over 100 sites encompassing 3.3 million acres. Many states include designations beyond "state park" in their state parks systems. Other designations might be state recreation areas , state beaches, and state nature reserves . Some state park systems include long-distance trails and historic sites . To encourage tourism in rural areas, several states have simple lodges, inns, hotels, or motels (usually with

3792-401: The creation of the lake. The theory behind the earthquake creating Caddo Lake is that the earthquake's seismic waves caused the ground to sink, which filled up and became the lake. The additional theory behind the creation of Caddo Lake was that it formed because of the Great Raft . The Great Raft was a large log jam that blocked the flow of the Red River, as well as a few smaller rivers. The jam

3871-415: The crew of the Imperial Russian Navy ship Saint Peter ( Святой Пётр ), captained by Vitus Bering , sighted Mount Saint Elias , the fourth-highest summit in North America. While dispatched on the Russian Great Northern Expedition , they became the first Europeans to land in northwestern North America. The Russian fur trade soon followed the discovery. By 1812, the Russian Empire claimed Alaska and

3950-441: The current U.S. western states) and the United States. With minor military presence in Florida, Spain was not able to restrain the Seminole warriors who routinely crossed the border and raided American villages and farms, as well as protected southern slave refugees from slave owners and traders of the southern United States. The United States from 1810 to 1813 annexed and then invaded most of West Florida (already independent as

4029-427: The designation at all (such as the lodges of Georgia state parks ). The term "lodge" may also refer to a hiking lodge , essentially a large cabin for hikers rather than a large facility with private rooms and a restaurant. Other lodging may include yurts and tipis . Not all parks owned by a state are necessarily part of its state-park system, such as Stone Mountain Park near Atlanta. Some Texas state parks are

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4108-424: The district to France. The following year, Napoleon sold the territory to the United States to raise money for his military campaigns. The United States and the Spanish Empire disagreed over the territorial boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. The United States maintained the claim of France that Louisiana included the Mississippi River and "all lands whose waters flow to it". To the west of New Orleans ,

4187-433: The independence of Mexico with the Treaty of Córdoba signed on August 24, 1821. While Mexico was not initially a party to the Adams–Onís Treaty, in 1831 Mexico ratified the treaty by agreeing to the 1828 Treaty of Limits with the U.S. With the Russo-American Treaty of 1824 , the Russian Empire ceded its claims south of parallel 54°40′ north to the United States. With the Treaty of Saint Petersburg in 1825, Russia set

4266-443: The interior of East Florida, at least de facto ; the Spanish presence had been reduced to the capital ( San Agustín ) and other coastal cities, while the interior belonged to the Seminole nation. While fighting escaped African-American slaves, outlaws, and Native Americans in U.S.-controlled Georgia during the First Seminole War , American General Andrew Jackson had pursued them into Spanish Florida . He built Fort Scott , at

4345-422: The local flora , fauna , geology , and cultural history of the area. These programs are designed not only to enhance the visitor experience but also to promote conservation awareness and encourage responsible enjoyment of natural resources. There are 6,792 state park units in the United States, according to the National Association of State Park Directors (NASPD). There are some 813 million annual visits to

4424-408: The meridians 94°2′45" and 100° west, the parties settled on the Spanish claim along the Red River. West of the 100th meridian west, the parties settled on the Spanish claim along the Arkansas River. From the source of the Arkansas River in the Rocky Mountains , the parties settled on a border due north along that meridian (106°20′37″W) to the 42nd parallel north , thence west along the 42nd parallel to

4503-423: The northwestern tip of Langara Island before being forced to turn south. On 15 August 1775, Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra reached the latitude 59°0′ before returning south. On 23 July 1779, Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán and Bodega y Quadra reached Puerto de Santiago on Isla de la Magdalena (now Port Etches on Hinchinbrook Island ) where they held a formal possession ceremony commemorating Saint James ,

4582-434: The occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage, of the United States, and serving no other earthly purpose than as a post of annoyance to them". Spain asked for British intervention, but London declined to assist Spain in the negotiations. Some of President Monroe's cabinet demanded Jackson's immediate dismissal for invading Florida, but Adams realized that his success had given the U.S. a favorable diplomatic position. Adams

4661-418: The port of Nootka against any other nation which may attempt to establish there any sovereignty or dominion". On 19 August 1796, Spain made the decision to join the French Republic in their war against Great Britain with the signing of the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso , thus ending Spanish and British cooperation in the Americas. East of the Continental Divide, the Spanish Empire claimed all land south of

4740-463: The river becoming the District of Louisiana within New Spain. This eliminated the French threat, and the Spanish provinces of Luisiana , Tejas, and Santa Fe de Nuevo México coexisted with only loosely defined borders. In 1800, French First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte forced King Charles IV of Spain to cede Louisiana to France with the secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso . Spain continued to administer Louisiana until 1802 when Spain publicly transferred

4819-453: The said Red-River, and running thence by a Line due North to the River Arkansas ( 37°44′38″N 100°00′00″W  /  37.74375°N 100°W  / 37.74375; -100  ( Arkansas River at 100°W ) ), thence, following the Course of the Southern bank of the Arkansas to its source in Latitude, 42. North and thence by that parallel of Latitude to the South-Sea [Pacific Ocean]. The whole being as laid down in Melishe's Map of

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4898-418: The same region on the basis of (1) the voyage of Robert Gray up the Columbia River in 1792, (2) the United States Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804–1806, and (3) the establishment of Fort Astoria on the Columbia River in 1811. On 20 October 1818, the Anglo-American Convention of 1818 was signed setting the border between British North America and the United States east of the Continental Divide along

4977-423: The southern border of Alaska on the same parallel in exchange for the Russian right to trade south of that border and the British right to navigate north of that border. This set the absolute limits of the Oregon Country/Columbia District between the 42nd parallel north and the parallel 54°40′ north west of the Continental Divide. By the mid-1830s, a controversy developed regarding the border with Texas, during which

5056-413: The southern border of Georgia (i.e., the U.S.), and used it to destroy the Negro Fort in northwest Florida, whose existence was perceived as an intolerably disruptive risk by Georgia plantation owners. To stop the Seminole based in East Florida from raiding Georgia settlements and offering havens for runaway slaves, the U.S. Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory. This included

5135-419: The state line. Other multi-state parks are legally two separate parks with the same name and more informal cooperation between them. The title of oldest state park in the United States is claimed by Niagara Falls State Park in New York , established in 1885. Several public parks previously or currently maintained at the state level pre-date it. Indian Springs State Park has been operated continuously by

5214-454: The state of Georgia as a public park since 1825, although it did not gain the title "State Park" until 1931. In 1864 Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Grove were ceded by the federal government to California until Yosemite National Park was proclaimed in 1890. In 1878 Wisconsin set aside a vast swath of its northern forests as "The State Park" but, needing money, sold most of it to lumber companies within 20 years. Mackinac National Park

5293-409: The territory was part of Spanish Mexico. In an 1868–1870 border survey following the admission of Oregon as a state, errors were made in demarcating and marking the Oregon-California border, creating a dispute that continues to this day. In 2020, a hoax appeared in Spain according to which, in 2055, the Adams–Onís Treaty would expire and Florida would be returned to Spain by the United States, which

5372-401: The time the treaty was signed, the course of the Sabine River, Red River, and Arkansas River had only been partially charted. Furthermore, the rivers changed course periodically. It would take many years before the location of the border would be fully determined. South of the 32nd parallel north, the Spanish Empire and the United States settled for the U.S. claim along the Sabine River. Between

5451-506: The treaty meant that the boundary between Texas and Oklahoma remained unclear for most of the 19th century. The treaty was ratified by Spain in 1820, and by the United States in 1821 (during the time that Spain and Mexico were engaged in the prolonged Mexican War of Independence ). Luis de Onís published a 152-page memoir on the diplomatic negotiation in 1820, which was translated from Spanish to English by US diplomatic commission secretary, Tobias Watkins in 1821. Spain finally recognized

5530-554: The treaty states: The Boundary Line between the two Countries, West of the Mississippi, shall begin on the Gulf of Mexico , at the mouth of the River Sabine in the Sea ( 29°40′42″N 93°50′03″W  /  29.67822°N 93.83430°W  / 29.67822; -93.83430  ( Sabine Pass ) ), continuing North, along the Western Bank of that River, to the 32d degree of Latitude ( 32°00′00″N 94°02′45″W  /  32°N 94.04574°W  / 32; -94.04574  ( Sabine River at 32°N ) ); thence by

5609-417: The treaty unanimously, but because of Spain's stalling, a new ratification was necessary and this time there were objections. Henry Clay and other Western spokesmen demanded that Spain also give up Texas . This proposal was defeated by the Senate, which ratified the treaty a second time on February 19, 1821, following ratification by Spain on October 24, 1820. Ratifications were exchanged three days later and

5688-464: The treaty was proclaimed on February 22, 1821, two years after the signing. The Treaty closed the first era of United States expansion by providing for the cession of East Florida under Article 2; the abandonment of the controversy over West Florida under Article 2 (a portion of which had been seized by the United States); and the definition of a boundary with New Spain, that clearly made Texas

5767-697: The year. Permanent residents that are commonly sighted are mourning dove , great blue heron , turkey vulture , black vulture , red-shouldered hawk , barred owl , red-bellied woodpecker , downy woodpecker , pileated woodpecker , blue jay , American crow , fish crow , Carolina chickadee , tufted titmouse , Carolina wren , eastern bluebird , northern mockingbird , red-winged blackbird , pine warbler , and northern cardinal . Naturalists can enjoy stately cypress trees, loblolly pine , shortleaf pine , American sweetgum , Maple , American beautyberry , giant cane , American pawpaw , American lotus , greenbriar and water lilies . The following historic site

5846-702: Was able to negotiate very favorable terms. In 1521, the Spanish Empire created the Virreinato de Nueva España (Viceroyalty of New Spain) to govern its conquests in the Caribbean, North America, and later the Pacific Ocean. In 1682, La Salle claimed Louisiana for France. For the Spanish Empire, this was an intrusion into the northeastern frontier of New Spain. In 1691, Spain created the Province of Tejas in an attempt to inhibit French settlement west of

5925-473: Was established in 1875 as the second U.S. national park before being converted to a state park in 1895. The first state park with the designation of "state park" was Itasca State Park in Minnesota , established in 1891. Many state park systems date to the 1930s, when around 800 state parks (and several national ones) across the country were developed with assistance from federal job-creation programs like

6004-526: Was first reported by early Spanish explorers in the 1500s, but was not studied until the early 1800s. It is believed that Caddo Lake was formed by the Great Raft acting as a natural dam, and the first studies of this were reported around 1806. In 1819, the Adams-Onis Treaty was signed, which established the border between Spanish Texas and Louisiana. The border between the two was set along

6083-430: Was formally abandoned on 28 March 1795. The convention also stipulated that both nations were free to use Nootka Sound as a port and erect temporary structures, but, "neither ... shall form any permanent establishment in the said port or claim any right of sovereignty or territorial dominion there to the exclusion of the other. And Their said Majesties will mutually aid each other to maintain for their subjects free access to

6162-443: Was no official border between Louisiana and Texas, which caused disputes between Spain and the United States. In 1806, United States General James Wilkinson and Spanish Lieutenant Colonel Simón de Herrera attempted to negotiate establishing a border between the two nations. On November 5, 1806, an agreement was made to establish a Neutral territory between the two countries. The neutral territory did not have official borders, and

6241-526: Was signed in Adams' State Department office at Washington , on February 22, 1819, by John Quincy Adams , U.S. Secretary of State , and Luis de Onís , Spanish minister. Ratification was postponed for two years, because Spain wanted to use the treaty as an incentive to keep the United States from giving diplomatic support to the revolutionaries in South America. On February 24, the U.S. Senate ratified

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