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65-963: He was born in Livorno in Tuscany. He would die in Cannes in France. Cappiello had no formal training in art. The first exhibition of his work was in 1892, when a painting was displayed at the municipal museum in Florence . Some of his paintings are on display in the Museo Civico Giovanni Fattori in Livorno. Cappiello started his career as a caricaturist illustrating in journals like Le Rire , Le Cri de Paris , Le Sourire , L'Assiette au Beurre , La Baionnette , Femina , and others. His first album of caricatures, Lanterna Magica ,

130-547: A vernacolo . Il Vernacoliere , a satirical comic-style magazine printed chiefly in the Livornese dialect, was founded in 1982 and is now nationally distributed. The bagitto was a Judæo-Italian regional dialect once used by the Jewish community in Livorno . It was a language based on Italian, developed with words coming from Tuscan, Spanish, Portuguese, Hebrew and Yiddish ; the presence of Portuguese and Spanish words

195-606: A 25% of the population. During the Italian Renaissance , when the settlement was ruled by the Grand Duchy of Tuscany of the House of Medici , Livorno was designed as an " Ideal town ". In 1577 the architect Bernardo Buontalenti drew up the first plan. The new fortified town had a pentagonal design, for which it is called Pentagono del Buontalenti , incorporating the original settlement. The Porto Mediceo

260-630: A collection of liturgical objects coming from the old Synagogue destroyed in World War II. The commerce practised by the Jews community increased the property of the synagogue allowing a varied religious heritage of Dutch, Florentine, Venetian, Roman and Northern African origin. The display regard the Torah ark , the sefer Torah , paintings, religious objects as the Oriental-style wooden hekhal ;

325-481: A hot-summer mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csa ). Summers have warm days with the heat lingering on throughout the night, hence going above the subtropical threshold in spite of its relatively high latitude. Winters are mild for the latitude due to the moderating influence from the Mediterranean Sea . Precipitation is in a wet winter/dry summer pattern as with all climates fitting

390-454: A mercantile district, close to Porto Mediceo , provided with houses and depots to store the merchandise and a system of canals to facilitate their transport. The new rione (district), called Venezia Nuova  [ it ] , was built in an area gained to the sea, intersected by canals and linked to the town with bridges, for this reason, Venetians skilled workers were recruited. The Chiesa di Sant'Anna , dedicated to Saint Anne ,

455-541: A new fortress was built, together with the town walls and the system of navigable canals through neighbourhoods. After the port of Pisa had silted up in the 13th century, its distance from the sea increased and it lost its dominance in trade. Livorno took over as the main port in Tuscany . By 1745 Livorno's population had risen to 32,534 persons. The more successful of the European powers re-established trading houses in

520-490: A plan by Studio Gregotti and works carried out by Opera Laboratori Fiorentini, was opened definitely on 31 July 2010. On the ground floor, the exhibition includes: Diacinto Cestoni Room which consists of 12 exhibition tanks, Mediterranean Area, Indus-Pacific tank, Caribbean Sea, Ligurian coast, Tropical waters, Greek-Roman archaeological coastal area. Livorno Aquarium has 33 exhibition tanks containing 2000 animals of 300 different species. Dedicated to painter Giovanni Fattori ,

585-494: A print house, and his goal was to bring vibrancy and colour to the streets of Paris, he wanted the posters that he produced to stand out from the rest and attract lucrative new advertisers to his agency. Of course living in Paris, he was aware of the current art scene, and had seen many examples of Cappiello’s work, including a small number of posters already produced and in particular those for Le Frou-Frou . He knew that Cappiello had

650-543: A style that revolutionised the art of poster design. Cappiello redesigned the fin-de-siècle pictures into images more relevant to the faster pace of the 20th century. During this period, Cappiello continued as a caricaturist. During World War I, Cappiello worked as an interpreter in Italy. After the First World War Cappiello returned to producing posters. His first meeting with Devambez in 1918 marked

715-406: A well-regulated market and were in force until 1603. Also expanding Christian tolerance, the laws offered the right of public freedom of religion and amnesty to people having to gain penance from clergy in order to conduct civil business. The Grand Duke attracted numerous Turks, Persians, Moors, Greeks, and Armenians, along with Jewish immigrants. Sephardic Jews began to immigrate to Livorno in

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780-466: Is a botanical garden located on the grounds of the Museo di storia naturale del Mediterraneo . Ferdinando II de' Medici considered, in 1629, the opportunity to enlarge the town, on project by Giovanni Battista Santi, toward north in an area included among Fortezza Vecchia and Fortezza Nuova , in order to give an adequate space to the maritime and commercial activities. There was the need to build

845-624: Is due to the origin of the first Jews who came to Livorno, having been expelled from the Iberian peninsula in the late 15th century. The city and its port have continued as an important destination for travelers and tourists attracted to its historic buildings and setting. The port processes thousands of cruise-ship passengers of the following cruise line : many of whom take arranged buses to inland destinations as Florence , Pisa and Siena . Since 1866 Livorno has been noted for its Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando . Azimut - Benetti acquired

910-445: Is its northernmost part. The ports of Genoa and La Spezia are on its rocky coast. It reaches a maximum depth of more than 2,800 m (9,300 ft) northwest of Corsica. According to a 1983 study, since 1977 a series of experimental analyses on sea-level variations at Genoa and Imperia highlighted "the existence of a seiche wave with a mean period of 5.8 hours", whose reasons weren't yet explained at that time. The Ligurian Sea

975-548: Is played by the financial service, concentrated above all in via Cairoli, called the small city of Livorno, in which the headquarters of banks, financial institutions and insurance companies are concentrated, as well as the Post Office Building. Tuaca liqueur was produced in Livorno until 2010; the famous distillery was closed and operations were brought to the United States by the new owners. Galliano

1040-436: Is still made here and enjoyed by locals and tourists alike. Livorno Aquarium, dedicated to Diacinto Cestoni , is the main in Tuscany. It is situated by Terrazza Mascagni on the seafront promenade. It was built on a project by Enrico Salvais and Luigi Pastore as a heliotherapy centre and was opened to the public on 20 June 1937. Destroyed during World War II was rebuilt in 1950; in 1999 underwent extensive reconstruction, on

1105-638: Is the capital of the Province of Livorno , having a population of 158,493 residents in December 2017. It is traditionally known in English as Leghorn (pronounced / l ɛ ˈ ɡ ɔːr n / leg- ORN , / ˈ l ɛ ɡ h ɔːr n / LEG -horn or / ˈ l ɛ ɡ ər n / LEG -ərn ). During the Renaissance , Livorno was designed as an " ideal town ". Developing considerably from

1170-612: The Scuole elementari Benci all the last on project by Angiolo Badaloni. In the early 19th century, the American Elizabeth Ann Seton converted from Protestantism to Catholicism while visiting Italian friends in Livorno. She later was canonized as the first American-born saint. During the 1930s, numerous villas were built on the avenue along the sea in Liberty style based on designs by Cioni. These added to

1235-673: The Church of the Santissima Trinità, Livorno  [ it ] , the second non-Catholic church in Tuscany. The Armenians had earlier built their own Orthodox church. The community founded a Greek school, awarding scholarships for higher studies to young Greeks from the Peloponnese , Epirus, Chios or Smyrna . The community raised funds to support the Greek War of Independence of 1821, as well as various Greek communities in

1300-681: The Levant , until the late 19th century Livorno enjoyed a strong strategic position related to Greek mercantile interests in the Black Sea , the Mediterranean Sea , and the North Atlantic. The conflicts between Great Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century, with associated port embargoes, piracy, and confiscation of cargoes, played out to the advantage of those Greek merchants willing to accept risk. By

1365-551: The Ottoman Empire . Chians controlled much of the trade. In 1839 Livorno had ten major commercial houses, led primarily by ethnic Greeks and Jewish Italians. The ethnic Greek community ( nazione ) had a distinctive cultural and social identity based on their common Greek Orthodox religion , language and history. In 1775 they established the Confraternity of Holy Trinity ( Confraternita della SS. Trinità ) and

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1430-568: The Visconti of Milan ; in 1405 it was sold to the Republic of Genoa ; and on 28 August 1421 it was bought by the Republic of Florence . The name 'Leghorn' was derived from the Genoese name Ligorna. Livorno was used certainly in the eighteenth century by Florentines. Between 1427 and 1429, a census counted 118 families in Livorno, including 423 persons. Monks, Jews, military personnel, and

1495-621: The Whitehead Moto Fides Stabilimenti Meccanici Riuniti on 31 July 1945 manufacturing 1000 A244 light torpedo sold to 15 Navies. The Whiteheads Moto Fides continued the production of torpedoes in a new plant which opened in 1977 and still operating, then entered in the Fiat Group in 1979 and in 1995 passed definitely to Finmeccanica . It is now owned by Leonardo S.p.A. , as the latter has been renamed since 2018. Another important role

1560-478: The liburna , adopted by Roman navy from the Liburnians . Other ancient toponyms include Salviano (Salvius) and Antignano (Ante ignem), which was the place situated before Ardenza (Ardentia), where beacons directed the ships to Porto Pisano . Cicero mentioned Liburna in a letter to his brother, in which he called it Labrone . Livorna is mentioned for the first time in 1017 as a small coastal village,

1625-558: The 1820s, Greek entrepreneurs gradually replaced the Protestant British, Dutch, French and other merchants who left the city. The Greeks concentrated on the grain market, banking and ship-brokering. Cargoes of wheat from the Black Sea were received at Livorno, before being re-shipped to England. Returning ships carried textiles and other industrial goods, which Greek merchants shipped to Alexandria and other destinations in

1690-570: The Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando, then of Fincantieri , in 2003. The Eni plant produces gasoline , diesel fuel , fuel oil and lubricants . Livorno refinery was established in 1936 by Azienda Nazionale Idrogenazione Combustibili (ANIC) but the plant was completely destroyed during World War II. The plant was rebuilt thanks to an agreement between the ANIC and the Standard Oil forming

1755-952: The Coast of Italy. On the North The Ligurian Coast of Italy. The Ligurian Sea is attraversed by the Modified Atlantic Water (MAW) on its surface and by the Levantine Intermediate Water in depth. It is also brushed by the two main currents which surround the Corsica island: the Western Corsica Current and the Tyrrenian current that reaches the Corsica Channel . In order to provide protection for

1820-657: The Grand Duke. On 19 March 1606, Ferdinando I de' Medici elevated Livorno to the rank of city; the ceremony was held in the Fortezza Vecchia Chapel of Francis of Assisi . The Counter-Reformation increased tensions among Christians; dissidents to the Papacy were targeted by various Catholic absolute rulers. Livorno's tolerance declined during the European wars of religion . But, in the preceding period,

1885-492: The Illuminator . The project was by Giovanni Battista Foggini and the church was completed a few years later but did not open for worship until 1714. The church had a Latin cross plant and a dome at the intersection of the transept and nave. Destroyed during World War II, it was partly restored in 2008 but is not open to worship. The first Greeks who settled in Livorno early in the 16th century were former mercenaries in

1950-712: The Mediterranean definition. Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany issued in 1591 a decree encouraging Armenians to settle in Livorno to increase its trade with the Ottoman Empire and western Asia. By the beginning of the 17th century, Armenians operated 120 shops in town. In 1701 the Armenian community, who were members of the Armenian Apostolic Church , were authorized to build their own church, which they dedicated to Gregory

2015-529: The Northern point of Corsica to the frontier between France and Italy (7°31′E). On the Southeast. A line joining Cape Corse with Tinetto Island ( 44°01′N 9°51′E  /  44.017°N 9.850°E  / 44.017; 9.850 ) and thence through Tino and Palmaria Islands to San Pietro Point ( 44°03′N 9°50′E  /  44.050°N 9.833°E  / 44.050; 9.833 ) on

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2080-462: The Ottoman Empire and in Italy. It also assisted non-Greeks. The Rodocanachi family financed the "School of Mutual Education" established in Livorno by the pedagogist Enrico Mayer  [ it ] . The community contributed to founding a school for poor Catholic children. The local governing authorities recognized the contributions of distinguished members of the Greek community (e.g. members of

2145-596: The Papoudoff, Maurogordatos , Rodocanachi, Tossizza  [ el ] and other families) and granted them titles of nobility. After unification and the founding of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, the Greek community in Livorno declined, as the privileges of the free port were rescinded. See the history of the Jews in Livorno . Livorno inhabitants speak a variant of the Italian Tuscan dialect , known as

2210-626: The STANIC. The production of the new plant raised from 700,000 to 2 million tons in 1955; nowadays the capacity of refining is 84,000 barrels per day. The refinery, now property of Eni , is linked to the Darsena petroli (Oil dock) and to Firenze depots by two pipelines. The former Whitehead Alenia Sistemi Subacquei (WASS) plant, based in Livorno produced heavy and light torpedoes , anti-torpedo countermeasure systems for submarines and ships and sonar systems for underwater surveillance. The factory

2275-495: The architectural richness of the city. Livorno suffered extensive damage during World War II . Many historic sites and buildings were destroyed by bombs of the Allies preceding their invasion of Italy, including the cathedral and Synagogue of Livorno . Since the late 20th century, Livorno's residents have become well known for their left-wing politics . The Italian Communist Party was founded in Livorno in 1921. Livorno has

2340-738: The centuries, the city's trade fortunes fell and rose according to the success or failure of the Great Powers. The British and their Protestant allies were important to its trade. During the Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars of the late eighteenth century, Napoleon's troops occupied Livorno along with the rest of Tuscany. Under the Continental System , the French prohibited trade with Britain, and

2405-473: The continent. He remained with the agency until 1936. Over the course of his career Cappiello produced more than 530 advertising posters. Today, his original posters are still collected, sold at auction and by dealers around the world. Livorno Livorno ( Italian: [liˈvorno] ) is a port city on the Ligurian Sea on the western coast of the Tuscany region, Italy. It

2470-578: The economy of Livorno suffered greatly. The French had altogether taken over Tuscany by 1808, incorporating it into the Napoleonic empire. After the Congress of Vienna , Austrian rule replaced the French. In 1861, Italy succeeded in its wars of unification . At that time the city counted 96,471 inhabitants. Livorno and Tuscany became part of the new Kingdom of Italy and, as part of the Kingdom,

2535-459: The fleet of Cosimo de' Medici and their descendants. This community grew and became significant in the 18th and 19th centuries when Livorno became one of the principal hubs of the Mediterranean trade. Most of the new Greek immigrants came from western Greece, Chios , Epirus and Cappadocia . Based on its status since the late 16th century as a free port ( port franc ) and the warehouses constructed for long-term storage of goods and grains from

2600-490: The gallery which hosted a collection of paintings of authors by Livorno. The Yeshivà Marini Museum is housed in a neoclassical building already place of worship as Marini Oratory since 1867; once was home of the Confraternity Malbish Arumin which was provided to help the city's poor. In the post-war period was utilized as a synagogue in the waiting for the construction of the new one. The museum has

2665-582: The homeless were not included in the census. The only remainder of medieval Livorno is a fragment of two towers and a wall, located inside the Fortezza Vecchia . After the arrival of the Medici , the ruling dynasty of Florence, some modifications were made in the city. Between 1518 and 1534 the Fortezza Vecchia was constructed, and the voluntary resettlement of the population to Livorno

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2730-581: The island of Corsica . The sea is thought to have been named after the ancient Ligures people. The sea borders Italy as far as its border with France , and the French island of Corsica . In the east, the sea borders the Tyrrhenian Sea , while in the west it borders the Mediterranean Sea proper. Genoa is the most prominent city in the area. The northwest coast is noted for its scenic beauty and favourable climate. The Gulf of Genoa

2795-778: The late sixteenth century, following the Alhambra Decree and expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal. Livorno extended rights and privileges to them, and they contributed greatly to the mercantile wealth and scholarship in the city. Livorno became an enlightened European city and one of the most important ports of the entire Mediterranean Basin . Many European foreigners moved to Livorno. These included Christian Protestant reformers who supported such leaders as Martin Luther , John Calvin , and others. French , Dutch , and English arrived, along with Orthodox Greeks . Meanwhile, Jews continued to trade under their previous treaties with

2860-644: The merchants of Livorno had developed a series of trading networks with Protestant Europe, and the Dutch, British, and Germans worked to retain these. In 1653 a naval battle, the Battle of Leghorn , was fought near Livorno during the First Anglo-Dutch War . At the end of the 17th century, Livorno underwent a period of great urban planning and expansion. Near the defensive pile of the Old Fortress,

2925-442: The museum is a Planetarium and an Auditorium. The Museo Mascagnano houses memorabilia, documents and operas by the great composer Pietro Mascagni , who lived here. Every year some of his operas are traditionally played during the lyric music season, which is organized by the Goldoni Theatre. Also the Terrazza Mascagni is situated on the boulevard on the seafront, is named in his honour. The Orto Botanico del Mediterraneo

2990-412: The museum mainly featuring contemporary art from the 19th-century was inaugurated in 1994 and is placed inside Villa Mimbelli , an 18th-century construction surrounded by a vast park. The origin of the museum dates back to 1877 when the Comune of Livorno founded a Civic Gallery where to collect all the artistic objects kept in several places around the town; in the same period was written the guideline of

3055-423: The oldest and most important pieces went lost. The origins of the museum date back to 1929 and part of the objects went destroyed by World War II. After the war, the museum was reopened inside the Livorno Aquarium and only in 1980 was transferred to Villa Henderson. The museum is divided in several halls regarding the Man, the Man in the Mediterranean context, the Invertebrates, the Sea, the Flight in Nature. Inside

3120-419: The port and the remains of a Roman tower under the rule of Lucca . In 1077, a tower was built by Matilda of Tuscany . The Republic of Pisa owned Livorna from 1103 and built a quadrangular fort called Quadratura dei Pisani ("Quarter of the Pisans") to defend the port. Porto Pisano was destroyed after the crushing defeat of the Pisan fleet in the Battle of Meloria in 1284. In 1399, Pisa sold Livorna to

3185-428: The poster at a size of 1x1.4m, an old French paper standard known as the Double Grand Aigle. Cappiello would also be responsible for ensuring the successful transfer of the design onto lithographic stone ready for printing. He was married to Suzanne Meyer Cappiello in 1901 and his brother Oreste was married to Camille, sister of the painter Alfredo Müller . Between 1901 and 1914, he created several hundred posters in

3250-422: The poster boom period in the early 20th century, with designs markedly different from premier poster artist Jules Chéret . His first poster, for the newspaper Frou-Frou, was made in 1899. Cappiello’s career as a poster artist began in earnest in 1900 when he began a contract with the printer Pierre Vercasson. In this period, the printers would act as an agent for artists and commission work to them. Vercasson had

3315-403: The potential to be exactly what he was looking for. The relationship commenced with the arrangement that Vercasson would find the clients and brief Cappiello on the product. It was then up to Cappiello to produce a sketch for the client for which he would receive the fee of 500 francs, a good amount at the time. Once the design had been approved by the client a full size design would be produced for

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3380-417: The region, especially the British with the Levant Company . In turn, the trading networks grew, and with those, Britain's cultural contact with Tuscany. An increasing number of British writers, artists, philosophers, and travellers visited the area and developed the unique historical ties between the two communities. The British referred to the city in English as "Leghorn", derived from the Genoese term. Through

3445-425: The second half of the 16th century by the will of the House of Medici , Livorno was an important free port . Its intense commercial activity was largely dominated by foreign traders. Also the seat of consulates and shipping companies, it became the main port-city of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany . The high status of a multiethnic and multicultural Livorno lasted until the second half of the nineteenth century, when it

3510-550: The start of a long discussion: three years later he signed an exclusive contract with the Paris publisher for whom he designed now famous icons: such as Kub , Campari , Parapluie Revel , Pirelli, Chocolat Klaus and Poudre de Luzy , and the famous entertainer Mistinguett at the Casino de Paris . Unlike Vercasson, Devambez did not have its own print house, and had the posters printed at a number of large printers. The agency concentrated on finding new clients from across Europe, and successfully spread Cappiello’s celebrated works across

3575-537: The town lost its status as a free port. The city's commercial importance declined. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Livorno had numerous public parks housing important museums such as the Museo Civico Giovanni Fattori , Museo di storia naturale del Mediterraneo , and cultural institutions as the Biblioteca Labronica F.D. Guerrazzi and others in Neoclassical style as Cisternone , Teatro Goldoni and Liberty style as Palazzo Corallo , Mercato delle Vettovaglie , Stabilimento termale Acque della Salute ,

3640-401: The worked bones, and pieces of copper and ceramic found on the Livorno Hills in a cave between Ardenza and Montenero. The Etruscan settlement was called Labro. The construction of the Via Aurelia coincided with the occupation of the region by the Romans . They are also known for their toponyms and the ruins of towers. The natural cove called Liburna is a reference to the type of ship,

3705-401: Was built in 1631 on the ground of the Arch confraternity of the Company of the Nativity; in the same year Giovanni Battista Santi died and the control of the project passed to Giovanni Francesco Cantagallina though the works slowed down due to the lack of funds. Ligurian Sea The Ligurian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea . It lies between the Italian Riviera ( Liguria ) and

3770-403: Was founded by Robert Whitehead in 1875 in Fiume , in that period Austria-Hungary , and produced for the first time torpedoes sold all around the world. In 1905 the factory changed its name to Torpedo Fabrik Whitehead & Co. Gesellschaft and before his death, Whitehead sold his shares package to Vickers Armstrong Whitworth . At the end of World War I the factory was in economic crisis and

3835-483: Was made in 1896. In 1898, he moved to Paris , and his caricatures were published in Le Rire for the first time. In 1902, a 24-page book of his caricatures was published entitled Gens du Monde 'people of high society' for the magazine L'Assiette au Beurre . The following year, a 38-page book entitled Le Théâtre de Cappiello 'The theatre of Cappiello' was published for a special issue of Le Théâtre magazine , with captions written by theatre critics. In 1904, his work

3900-401: Was modeled as a rectangular semi-closed basin with a longitudinal length of 40 km (25 mi) and a transversal one of 10 km (6.2 mi), in an average constant depth of 2,000 m (6,600 ft; 1,100 fathoms). The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Ligurian Sea as follows: On the Southwest. A line joining Cape Corse (Cape Grosso, 9°23′E)

3965-537: Was overlooked and defended by towers and fortresses leading to the town centre . In the late 1580s, Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany , declared Livorno a free port ( porto franco ), which meant that the goods traded here were duty-free within the area of the town's control. In 1593, the Duke's administration established the Leggi Livornine to regulate trade. These laws protected merchant activities from crime and racketeering , and instituted laws regarding international trade . The laws established

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4030-444: Was purchased by Giuseppe Orlando, one of the owners of the Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando of Livorno, as Whitehead Torpedo, in 1924 when was signed the Treaty of Rome and Fiume passed to Italy. Whitehead Torpedo established in Livorno the Società Moto Fides that initially produced motorcycles but changed the production to that of torpedoes. With the end of World War II the Fiume factory closed and merged with Moto Fides forming

4095-550: Was reviewed along with that of Sem and Carlo de Fornaro . Cappiello began to move away from caricature work favouring posters. In 1905 a final publication 70 Dessins de Cappiello '70 drawings by Cappiello' by H. Floury, included black and white lithographic prints, as well as a handful of colour images produce by the process of pochoir . The technique was popular at the time as a way of adding colour to an image relatively cheaply, and would involve colour being hand painted onto an image with stencils. Cappiello made his name during

4160-428: Was stimulated. Livorno still remained a rather insignificant coastal fortress. By 1551, the population had grown to 1562 residents. Seat of the crusading and corsairing Order of Saint Stephen after 1561, distinctive for its aggressive approach towards the Muslim world, Livorno became a major Mediterranean slave trade hub in the early modern period, rivalling Malta's. Its share of slave population may have been over

4225-410: Was surpassed by other cities. Evidence of that prosperous time can be seen in the many churches, villas, and palaces of the city. Livorno is considered to be the most modern among all the Tuscan cities, and is the third most-populous of the region, after Florence and Prato . The origins of Livorno are controversial, although the place was inhabited since the Neolithic Age. This is documented by

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