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44-523: Cajal : Santiago Ramón y Cajal , Spanish histologist, physician, pathologist Fortún Garcés Cajal , medieval Spanish nobleman Nicolae Cajal (1919–2004), Romanian Jewish physician, academic, politician, philanthropist Cajal Institute , a neuroscience research center in Madrid, Spain. Cajal cells Cajal–Retzius cell Interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC) Cajal bodies (CBs) Cajal (crater) ,

88-670: A belief in God as a creator, as stated during his first lecture before the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences . Ramón y Cajal made several major contributions to neuroanatomy. He discovered the axonal growth cone , and demonstrated experimentally that the relationship between nerve cells was not continuous , or a single system as per then extant reticular theory , but rather contiguous ; there were gaps between neurons. This provided definitive evidence for what Heinrich Waldeyer would name " neuron theory ", now widely considered

132-676: A call for a dedicated museum to commemorate and celebrate Ramón y Cajal's discoveries and impact on neuroscience. Project Encephalon organised Cajal Week to celebrate his 169th birth anniversary from 1 May to 7 May 2021. The Brain In Search Of Itself , an English language biography, was published in 2022. He published more than 100 scientific works and articles in Spanish , French and German . Among his works were: A list of his books includes: In 1905, he published five science-fiction stories called "Vacation Stories" under

176-541: A child he was transferred many times from one school to another because of behavior that was declared poor, rebellious, and anti- authoritarian . An extreme example of his precociousness and rebelliousness at the age of eleven is his 1863 imprisonment for destroying his neighbor's yard gate with a homemade cannon. He was a keen painter, artist, and gymnast, but his father neither appreciated nor encouraged these abilities, even though these artistic talents would contribute to his success later in life. His father apprenticed him to

220-913: A contratos Ramón y Cajal " to honor his memory. An exhibition called The Beautiful Brain: The Drawings of Santiago Ramón y Cajal travelled through North America, beginning 2017 in the US at the Weisman Art Museum in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The exhibition traveled to the Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery , University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Grey Art Gallery , New York University, New York City, New York, USA, MIT Museum , Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and ended in April 2019 at

264-586: A medical officer in the Spanish Army . He took part in an expedition to Cuba in 1874–1875, where he contracted malaria and tuberculosis . To aid his recovery, Ramón y Cajal spent time in the spa-town Panticosa in the Pyrenees mountain range. After returning to Spain, he received his doctorate in medicine in Madrid in 1877. Two years later, he became director of the Anatomical Museum at

308-733: A monument was unveiled in Madrid, Spain. This full-body statue stands 3 meters (around 10 ft) high on a narrow pedestal and was created by Lorenzo Domínguez, a Chilean medical student. 1982 a TV mini series was created in Spain titled Ramón y Cajal: Historia de una voluntad . In 2003, the first major exhibition of Cajal's scientific drawings opened in Madrid, Spain. The exhibition featured hundreds of restored original drawings, micrographic slides, and personal photographs created by Cajal. The accompanying catalog titled Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852–2003) Ciencia y Arte features numerous high quality reproductions of Cajal's drawings and photo essays on

352-557: A new type of cell, which was subsequently named after him, the interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC). This cell is found interleaved among neurons embedded within the smooth muscles lining the gut, serving as the generator and pacemaker of the slow waves of contraction which move material along the gastrointestinal tract , mediating neurotransmission from motor neurons to smooth muscle cells. In his 1894 Croonian Lecture , Ramón y Cajal suggested (in an extended metaphor) that cortical pyramidal cells may become more elaborate with time, as

396-513: A population of 829,705 in 2014. One of its campuses is located in the metropolitan area of Valencia, in the municipalities of Burjassot and Paterna . The current chancellor is María Vicenta Mestre Escrivá. At the request of James I the Conqueror , Pope Innocent IV in 1246 authorized (by a Bull ) the establishment of estudis generals in Valencia. The University Statutes were passed by

440-622: A professorship. There he first learned about Golgi's method , a cell staining method which uses potassium dichromate and silver nitrate to (randomly) stain a few neurons a dark black color, while leaving the surrounding cells transparent. This method, which he improved, was central to his work, allowing him to turn his attention to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), in which neurons are so densely intertwined that standard microscopic inspection would be nearly impossible. During this period he made extensive detailed drawings of neural material, covering many species and most major regions of

484-486: A shoemaker and barber, to "try and give his son much-needed discipline and stability." Over the summer of 1868, his father took him to graveyards to find human remains for anatomical study. Early sketches of bones moved him to pursue medical studies. Ramón y Cajal attended the medical school of the University of Zaragoza , where his father worked as an anatomy teacher. He graduated in 1873, aged 21, and then served as

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528-457: A student of this university. In the seventeenth century, the university divided into two factions, the Thomists and the anti-Thomists. The discussions were heated and aroused partisan feelings throughout the entire Kingdom of Valencia. The university possessed a library of 27,000 volumes which was destroyed by the soldiers under the command of General Suchet. Among the most noted professors of

572-511: A tiny lunar impact crater Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Cajal . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cajal&oldid=718173418 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description

616-485: A tree grows and extends its branches. He studied some psychological phenomena, such as hypnotic suggestion to alleviate pain, which he used to help his wife during labor. A book he had written on these topics was lost during the Spanish Civil War . During his studies on the optic chiasma, Cajal developed a visual map-based theory offering an evolutionary explanation for the decussation of nerve fibres and

660-761: Is among the top ten universities in Europe. The university has partnered with International Studies Abroad, a study abroad provider based in Austin, Texas , to bring inbound students from the United States and Canada. Research is conducted through several ways. The Academic Departments within each School, the Research Institutes, the Science Park and some others. The Research Institutes are conceived as multi-disciplinary research structures beyond

704-423: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Santiago Ram%C3%B3n y Cajal Hundreds of his drawings illustrating the arborization (tree-like growth) of brain cells are still in use, since the mid-20th century, for educational and training purposes. Santiago Ramón y Cajal was born on 1 May 1852 in the town of Petilla de Aragón , Navarre , Spain . As

748-628: The Ackland Art Museum in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. The Beautiful Brain book, published by Abrams, New York, accompanied the exhibition. During 2019, the University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain opened an exhibition about Cajal titled Santiago Ramón y Cajal. 150 years at the University of Zaragoza. The exhibition had an accompanying catalog that featured the same title. The exhibition opened October 2019 and closed at

792-848: The National Institutes of Health initiated an ongoing exhibition of original Ramón y Cajal drawings in the John Porter Neuroscience Research Center, located in the NIH central campus in Bethesda, MD, USA. The exhibition concept was spearheaded by NINDS Senior Researcher Jeffery Diamond and NINDS science writer Christopher Thomas and was made possible through close collaboration with the Instituto Cajal , Madrid, Spain. The exhibition also includes contemporary artwork curated by Jeff Diamond, which

836-531: The 14th Istanbul Biennial, Saltwater , that was held in Istanbul, Turkey from September 5 – November 1, 2015. The exhibition Fisiología de los Sueños. Cajal, Tanguy, Lorca, Dalí... opened on October 5, 2015, and ended on January 16, 2016, at the University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. Cajal's work was the centerpiece topic of the exhibition and the show explored the influence of histological drawings on Surrealism. From January 31 – May 29, 2016, Cajal's work

880-525: The Italian scientist Camillo Golgi "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system". This caused some controversy because Golgi, a staunch supporter of reticular theory , disagreed with Ramón y Cajal in his view of the neuron doctrine. Before Ramón y Cajal's work, Norwegian scientist Fridtjof Nansen had established the contiguous nature of nerve cells in his study of certain marine life, which Ramón y Cajal failed to cite. Ramón y Cajal

924-666: The NIH in 2015 was titled Bridging the Legacy of Santiago Ramón y Cajal, a symposium honoring the father of modern neuroscience .  Keynote speaker Dr. Rafael Yuste was honored at a reception held at the Spanish Ambassador's, Ramón Gil-Casares, home.  The second symposium titled, New Opportunities for NIH-CSIC Collaboration , was held at the Instituto Cajal in 2017.  Dawn Hunter's Cajal Inventory art project

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968-488: The University of Zaragoza and married Silveria Fañanás García, with whom he would have seven daughters and five sons. Ramón y Cajal worked at the University of Zaragoza until 1883, when he was awarded the position of anatomy professor of the University of Valencia . His early work at these two universities focused on the pathology of inflammation, the microbiology of cholera , and the structure of epithelial cells and tissues. In 1887 Ramón y Cajal moved to Barcelona for

1012-515: The Valencian graduates of medicine became famous. Pedro Ximeno discovered the third small bone of the ear. He was professor at Alcalá and had for a pupil the celebrated Vallés . Luis Collado, professor of botany, made some valuable discoveries and carried on exhaustive studies of the plants of the Levant; Vicente Alfonso Lorente wrote works on botany; and the famous botanist Cavanilles was also

1056-441: The age of 82, continuing to work even on his deathbed. In 1877, the 25-year-old Ramón y Cajal joined a Masonic lodge . John Brande Trend wrote in 1965 that Ramón y Cajal "was a liberal in politics, an evolutionist in philosophy, an agnostic in religion". Nonetheless, Ramón y Cajal used the term soul "without any shame". He was said to later have regretted having left organized religion. Ultimately, he became convinced of

1100-567: The asteroid 117413 Ramonycajal was named after him by Juan Lacruz . In 2007, sculptures of Severo Ochoa and Santiago Ramón y Cajal created by Víctor Ochoa were unveiled at the Spanish National Research Council central headquarters in Madrid, Spain. Santiago Ramón y Cajal Museum, Ayerbe, Huesca, Spain opened in 2013 and is located in Cajal's childhood home, where he lived with his family for ten years. In 2014,

1144-533: The brain. In 1892, he became professor at Madrid. In 1899 he became director of the Instituto Nacional de Higiene – translated as National Institute of Hygiene , and in 1922 founder of the Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biológicas – translated as Laboratory of Biological Investigations , later renamed to Instituto Cajal , or Cajal Institute . He died in Madrid on October 17, 1934, at

1188-535: The chiasm of the optic tract. Ramón y Cajal received many prizes, distinctions, and societal memberships during his scientific career, including honorary doctorates in medicine from Cambridge University and Würzburg University and an honorary doctorate in philosophy from Clark University . The most famous distinction he was awarded was the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906, together with

1232-738: The end of December 2019. A short documentary by REDES is available on YouTube . From November 19, 2020, to December 5, 2021, the National Museum of Natural Sciences , Madrid, Spain, hosted an exhibition featuring Cajal's scientific drawings, photographs, scientific equipment and personal objects from the Legado Cajal, Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain. In 2020, over 75 volunteers collaborated as part of The Cajal Embroidery Project across 6 countries to create 81 intricate, exquisite hand-stitched panels of Ramón y Cajal's images, which were then curated and displayed by Edinburgh Neuroscience at

1276-511: The foundation of modern neuroscience. He is also considered by some to be the first "neuroscientist" since in 1894 he stated to the Royal Society of London : "The ability of neurons to grow in an adult and their power to create new connections can explain learning." This statement is considered to be the origin of the synaptic theory of memory. He was an advocate of the existence of dendritic spines , although he did not recognize them as

1320-665: The last in 1643. During the Spanish Civil War , in 1938, a fire badly damaged the library. The University of Valencia has three main urban campuses located in Valencia city and in Burjassot-Paterna, and some other buildings and facilities in the hearth of Valencia town, such as the Historic Building, Botanical Garden , Cerveró Palace, the Rectorate and others, and the astronomical observatory , located in

1364-583: The municipal magistrates of Valencia on 30 April 1499; this is considered to be the 'founding' of the university. In 1501, Pope Alexander VI signed the bill of approval and one year later Ferdinand II the Catholic proclaimed the Royal Mandatory Concession. Its foundation was due to the zeal of Vincent Ferrer (later canonised) and to the donation of a building by Mosen Pedro Vilaragut. Only very meagre accounts have been preserved of

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1408-422: The names of illustrious students that of Tosca , Evangelista Torricelli 's friend, noted physicist and author of important mathematical works, stands out prominently. Escolano says that it was the leading university in mathematics, the humanities, philosophy, and medicine. Large anatomical drawings were made by the students. Valencia was the first university of Spain to found a course for the study of herbs. Many of

1452-522: The pen name "Dr. Bacteria". University of Valencia The University of Valencia ( Valencian : Universitat de València [univeɾsiˈtad de vaˈlensi.a] ), shortened to UV , is a public research university located in the city of Valencia , Spain . It is one of the oldest universities in Spain, and the oldest in the Valencian Community . It is regarded as one of Spain's leading academic institutions. The university

1496-427: The practical workings of the university. From the time of its foundation the courses included Latin , Greek , Hebrew , Arabic , philosophy , mathematics , and physics , theology , Canon law , and medicine . The closing years of the seventeenth, and the whole of the eighteenth century, witnessed the most prosperous era of the university, Greek, Latin, mathematics, and medicine being specially cultivated. Among

1540-401: The restoration process. Exhibition curators and contributing authors to the catalog include: Santiago Ramón y Cajal Junquera, Miguel Ángel Freire Mallo, Paloma Esteban Leal, Pablo García, Virginia G. Marin, Ma Cruz Osuna, Isabel Argerich Fernández, Paloma Calle, Marta C. Lopera, Ricardo Martínez, Pilar Sedano Espín, Eugenia Gimeno Pascual, Sonia Tortajada, and Juan Antonio Sáez Dégano. In 2005

1584-411: The site of contact from presynaptic cells. He was a proponent of polarization of nerve cell function and his student, Rafael Lorente de Nó , would continue this study of input-output systems into cable theory and some of the earliest circuit analysis of neural structures. By producing depictions of neural structures and their connectivity and providing detailed descriptions of cell types he discovered

1628-745: The town of Aras de los Olmos . The University of Valencia has 18 Schools and Faculties located in its three main campuses. Each one allocates different academic departments and offers undergraduate, official masters and PhD programs. The University of Valencia offers degrees in almost all of the academic fields: Arts and Humanities, Engineering, Health sciences, Science, and Social sciences. The exchange programs with foreign universities, as well as other programs of International Cooperation and Development Aid, allow students to study in other academic institutions from Europe, North America, Latin America, and Asia. Regarding student mobility through Erasmus program, it

1672-488: The university was D. Francisco Pérez Bayer , a man of wide culture and great influence in the reign of Charles III of Spain . Around the university several colleges for poor students sprang up: the first was founded by St. Thomas of Villanova in 1561 and then followed those founded by Doña Angela Alonsar, and Mosen Pedro Martín. The most famous, called Corpus Christi, was founded by Blessed Juan de Ribera ; Philip II founded that of San Jorge; and Melchor de Villena founded

1716-525: The virtual FENS 2020 Forum, and showcased by The Lancet Neurology in their front covers in 2021. In 2017, UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recognised Cajal's Legacy (which had been kept in a museum from 1945 to 1989) as a World Heritage treasure. Recognising that this cultural treasure deserves a dedicated museum, showcasing not only Cajal's but also his disciples’ legacies, there has been

1760-768: Was an International Member of both the United States National Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society . In 1906 Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida painted Cajal's official portrait celebrating his Nobel Prize win. Cajal posed for a statue that was created by the sculptor Mariano Benlliure and was installed in 1924 in the Paraninfo building at the School of Medicine of the University of Zaragoza . In 1931

1804-611: Was created by artists Rebecca Kamen and Dawn Hunter. Inspired by Cajal's original drawings, Kamen's and Hunter's artworks are thematically representative of Cajal's aesthetic and are on permanent display for the public at the John Porter Neuroscience Research Center. Through the award of a 2017–2018 Fulbright España Senior Research Fellowship to the Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain, Hunter continued to develop her creative project about Cajal by referencing original source material. A selection of Cajal's scientific drawings, personal photos, oil paintings, and pastel drawings were curated into

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1848-584: Was exhibited at the symposium for the general public in the institute's library. The Cajal Inventory consists of forty-five 11” x 14” drawings in which Hunter recreated in fine detail Cajal's scientific drawings from primary source, and surreal portrait drawings of Cajal inspired by his photography. Every year since 2001, more than two hundred postdoctoral scholarships are awarded by the Spanish Ministry of Science to middle career scholars from different fields of knowledge. They are called " Ayudas

1892-508: Was featured in the inaugural exhibition for the re-opening of University of California's Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive Architecture of Life . The catalog for the exhibition featured Cajal's drawing of the Purkinje Cell on the front cover. The National Institutes of Health, USA, and the Instituto Cajal, Spain, held collaborative symposiums honoring Cajal on October 28, 2015, and May 24, 2017. The first symposium held at

1936-548: Was founded in 1499, and currently has around 55,000 students. Most of the courses are taught in Spanish , however their plan is to increase the number of courses available in Valencian and English as well. It is located in the Mediterranean Spanish baseline, in the city of Valencia which is the capital and most populous city of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third largest city in Spain, with

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