The Kalapuya are a Native American people , which had eight independent groups speaking three mutually intelligible dialects. The Kalapuya tribes' traditional homelands were the Willamette Valley of present-day western Oregon in the United States , an area bounded by the Cascade Range to the east, the Oregon Coast Range at the west, the Columbia River at the north, to the Calapooya Mountains of the Umpqua River at the south.
68-670: Today, most Kalapuya people are enrolled in the federally recognized Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon ; in addition, some are members of the Confederated Tribes of the Siletz . In both cases descendants have often intermarried with people of other tribes in the confederated tribes, and are counted in overall tribal numbers, rather than separately. Most of the Kalapuya descendants live at
136-417: A patrilineal kinship system . These bands would occupy a year-round village: during the winter they lived there full-time. During the spring and summer, some members split off into smaller groups and traveled to other areas to gather seasonal food and raw materials for basketry. Bands frequently had a single leader or chief— generally the wealthiest man — who would resolve arguments, settle collective debts of
204-850: A Round Dance. The community has an 11,288-acre (46 km ) Indian reservation , the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation , located in Yamhill and Polk counties of Oregon. In the 2000s, the tribe's population was more than 5,500 members. The Tribes employ around 1,600 people. Since 1996, the tribes have generated most of their income by operating the Spirit Mountain Casino in Grand Ronde, between Lincoln City and Salem . The most successful casino in Oregon, it attracts considerable tourist traffic from
272-488: A Southerner. Johnson responded by suggesting that Lane was a hypocrite for so accusing Johnson when Lane so staunchly supported a movement of active treason against the United States. Lane had taken a land claim of 1 square mile (2.6 km ) located just north of Roseburg, Oregon , in 1851. He later purchased a 2,000-acre (810 ha) ranch located about 11 miles (18 km) east of that town, which he owned for
340-434: A constitution and by-laws modeled after the U.S. government. In 1954, US Congress "terminated" the tribe. The land of terminated tribes was no longer tax-exempt. Faced with the increased cost of land ownership, many lost their property. In addition, people from terminated tribes could no longer attend Chemawa School and had to pay for medical services. In 1956 the reservation was closed and the tribal council disbanded. In 1975,
408-506: A general. President James K. Polk appointed Lane as the first Governor of Oregon Territory . When Oregon was admitted as a state in 1859, Lane was elected one of Oregon's first two U.S. Senators . In the 1860 United States presidential election , Lane was nominated for vice president of the pro-slavery Southern wing of the Democratic Party , as John C. Breckinridge 's running mate. Lane's pro-slavery views and sympathy for
476-571: A member of the tribe has an estimated financial benefit of between $ 5500 and $ 7000 per year when such things as housing benefits, student scholarships and per capita payouts from casino revenue are added up; however, that does not include health care or elder pension. Created by the Tribal Constitution, the Grand Ronde Tribal Council was set up to be the tribe's primary governing and legislative body. The council
544-521: A new appointee. On June 2, 1851, Lane was elected Oregon Territory's Delegate in Congress as a Democrat . In May 1853, he was acting Territorial Governor for three days to assist in the removal of the unpopular John P. Gaines from office. Lane then ran for re-election as Delegate, winning election on June 6, 1853. Lane won two more terms of office as Delegate in the June elections of 1855 and 1857. He
612-551: A number of years before selling to a son. Lane also constructed a home overlooking the South Umpqua River ; after his Senate term, he retired there in 1861. Although openly sympathetic to the Confederate cause, he remained home on his ranch; he did not participate in the war, nor did he make a return to politics after that date. He has been accused of keeping a personal slave as late as 1878, an assumption based on
680-552: A school there in the late 19th century with approval by the United States. The school was an on-reservation boarding school to which children from other sites were at times forcibly removed and made to stay at school throughout the school year. Many children were later sent to off-reservation Indian boarding schools , such as Chemawa Indian School in Salem . Most children were taught rural skills such as blacksmithing, farming, sewing, etc. believed to be important to their future lives on
748-407: A semi-monthly publication schedule, and a tabloid newspaper format. The Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde has a curriculum specialist who created tribal history lessons funded in part by Oregon Senate Bill 13, which supplies funds for each of the nine federally recognized tribes in Oregon to create curriculum about Native Americans' contributions to Oregon history. A Chinuk Wawa immersion program
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#1732779554300816-484: Is available for kindergarteners and first graders. The tribe published Chinuk Wawa: As our elders teach us to Speak It , a Chinuk Wawa dictionary, in 2012. In 2010, the tribe built a plank house on the reservation. In 2011, Grand Ronde Canoe Journey , an exhibit about the tribe's canoe traditions, was installed at the Willamette Heritage Center . Every year the reservation hosts powwows and
884-536: Is made up of nine standing members. Each member is meant to serve a three-year term with three council seats up for re-election every year and no restrictions for how many terms a council member can serve. To qualify for a position as a council member, a person simply needs to be 18 years or older and be an enrolled member of the Tribe according to the Tribal Constitution. To vote for council members, confirmed tribal members mail in ballots with verified signatures on file with
952-985: Is now a museum maintained by the Douglas County Historical Society. Known as the Creed Floed House, the Floed–Lane House , or simply the Joseph Lane House, it is on the National Register of Historic Places . The Floed-Lane House was never his dwelling place. Lane County, Oregon , is named for Lane. Joseph Lane Middle School in Roseburg is named for him, as is Joseph Lane Middle School in Portland. Lane's son Lafayette Lane served as U.S. Representative from 1875 to 1877; another son, John Lane, fought in
1020-547: The Congressional Record in 1956. In the late 20th century, the Kalapuya and other peoples in the confederated tribes reorganized to assert their Native American culture. The United States restored federal recognition in 1977 to the Confederated Tribes of the Siletz and in 1983 to those who were part of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon . The Kalapuya have intermarried extensively with descendants of their neighboring tribes. Most of
1088-792: The Chinook jargon is spoken among the Kalapooias [sic]." Chinook jargon was a trade language that developed among the Native Americans for their own use and for trading with Europeans. It became popular on the Grand Ronde Reservation. The Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community have renamed it as Chinuk Wawa, and developed a language immersion program for children to create new generations of native speakers. Kalapuya bands typically consisted of extended families of related men, their wives, and children. They had
1156-639: The Confederate States of America in the Civil War effectively ended his political career in Oregon. One of his sons was later elected U.S. Representative , and a grandson U.S. Senator, making Lane the patriarch of one of the state's most prominent political families. Joseph Lane was born in Buncombe County, North Carolina , on December 14, 1801, to a family of English extraction with roots in colonial Virginia . His father, John Lane,
1224-635: The Grand Ronde reservation , located in Yamhill and Polk counties. The tribal name has been rendered into English under various spellings as "Calapooia," "Calapuya," "Calapooya," "Kalapooia," and "Kalapooya." The Kalapuyan people spoke dialects of the Kalapuyan language . It was categorized by John Wesley Powell as part of the Takelman language group. In the early 21st century, these are known as
1292-484: The Indiana State Senate , where he served from 1839 to 1840, and from 1844 to 1846. Widely esteemed by his peers, Lane was likewise elected as a captain of his local militia while still a young man. The Mexican–American War broke out in 1846. Lane resigned his State Senate seat, and enlisted in a company of Indiana volunteers. His company was assigned to the 2nd Indiana Volunteer Regiment, and Lane
1360-628: The Oregon Coast and the eastern boundary of the Cascade Range , and the northern boundary of southwestern Washington and the southern boundary of northern California . The community has an 11,288-acre (45.7 km ) Indian reservation , the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation . Established in 1856, the reservation occupies parts of Yamhill and Polk counties. Because the tribes had lived near each other, and often spoke more than one language for use in trading, after they were grouped in
1428-806: The Oregon Penutian languages . The Kalapuyan people were not a single homogeneous tribal entity but rather were made up of eight autonomous subdivisions, loosely related to one another by three language dialects, which were mutually intelligible. The eight related groups comprising the Kalapuya people spoke three distinct dialects of the Oregon Penutian language family: Northern Kalapuyan , Central Kalapuyan , and Yoncalla (also called Southern Kalapuya). Catholic missionary François Blanchet said that "fourteen or fifteen different dialects were spoken by these tribes; they are not so essentially different but that they can understand each other. Moreover,
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#17327795543001496-850: The Siletz Reservation (known then as the Coast Indian Reservation ) on the central Pacific Coast of Oregon, Warm Springs Reservation east of the Cascade Mountains in what are now Wasco and Jefferson Counties, or Yakama Reservation in Southern Washington State. Settled in 1855 as a temporary reserve, the Grand Ronde Reservation was first called the Yamhill River Reserve or Yamhill Valley reserve. It
1564-515: The Willamette , Umpqua , and McKenzie rivers. The various Kalapuyan bands were hunter-gatherers, gaining food by fishing and hunting by the men, and gathering of nuts, berries and other fruits and roots by the women. The tribe made use of obsidian obtained from the volcanic ranges to the east to fashion sharp and effective projectile points, including arrowheads and spear tips. Prior to contact with white explorers, traders, and missionaries,
1632-654: The 1851 treaties were never ratified by the Senate and thus were not implemented, the 1854–1855 ones were. On April 12, 1851, at the Santiam Treaty Council in Champoeg , Oregon Territory , Santiam Kalapuya tribal leaders voiced strong opinions over where they would live. The Santiam leaders Alquema and Tiacan wanted to maintain their traditional territory between the forks of the Santiam River . In
1700-765: The 1854 Treaty of Calapooia Creek, Oregon , Umpqua and Kalapuyan tribes of Umpqua Valley ceded their lands to the United States . In the Treaty with the Kalapuya, etc. , at Dayton, Oregon (January 22, 1855), the Kalapuya and other tribes of the Willamette valley ceded the entire drainage area of the Willamette River to the United States. Most Kalapuya Indians were removed to the Grand Ronde Agency and reservation . Some were assigned to
1768-748: The 1970s, Grand Ronde elders began teaching Chinook Jargon language classes in the community. In 1983, the Confederated tribes of Grand Ronde regained federal recognition as a sovereign tribe. As part of restoration, they established a formal language program for children, which they could support through revenues generated from gaming. They renamed Chinook Jargon as Chinuk Wawa (Talking Chinuk). The Grand Ronde tribe's immersion language program has produced native speakers, joining another half-dozen Native language immersion programs in such success. This program begins in preschool classes (Lilu) and continues into Kindergarten. The language program officials plan to expand
1836-432: The 19th century on the reservation, they refined a creole language that became known as Chinook Wawa . Although long forced to speak English , the people are working to conserve this Native language. They have taught Native speakers through immersion programs for young children. The tribes who were removed to the Grand Ronde reservation are: From 1854 to 1856, the U.S. Army resettled Native people from western Oregon,
1904-454: The Grand Ronde reservation, established by this treaty. "The Chief Tumulth descendants were classified as "provisionally dis-enrolled" Grand Ronde members in July 2014, which stripped them of almost all their tribal rights, including voting rights in the Grand Ronde elections. A three-judge Tribal Court of Appeals panel restored the 66 descendants as full tribal members." But, based on tribal law,
1972-628: The Indians of the Willamette Valley in 1849, Governor Joseph Lane gave the following estimates for the tribes' populations: "Calipoa": 60; "Tualatine": 60; "Yam Hill": 90; "Lucka-mues": 15. The Kalapuya people are believed to have entered their historical homeland in the Willamette Valley by migrating from the south of the valley northwards and forcing out earlier inhabitants. Each of these bands occupied specific areas along
2040-436: The Kalapuya population is believed to have numbered as many as 15,000 people. Robert Boyd estimates the total Kalapuyan population between 8,780 and 9,200 for the period between 1805 and the end of the decade of the 1820s. Catastrophic epidemics of infectious diseases such as malaria, smallpox , and other endemic diseases occurred after Natives contracted diseases from the white explorers, traders, and missionaries who entered
2108-548: The Meteorite. In addition, the museum committed to establishing internships for Native Americans, to create new connections between the communities and make opportunities for young students. Joseph Lane Joseph Lane (December 14, 1801 – April 19, 1881) was an American politician and soldier. He was a state legislator representing Evansville, Indiana , and then served in the Mexican–American War , becoming
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2176-462: The Museum, by the Grand Ronde for religious, historical, and cultural purposes while maintaining its continued presence at the Museum for scientific and educational purposes. The agreement recognizes the Museum's tradition of displaying and studying the Meteorite for almost a century, while also enabling the Grand Ronde to re-establish its relationship with the Meteorite with an annual ceremonial visit to
2244-706: The Oregon coast, and along the Columbia River to territory along the South Yamhill River. It was here that the Grand Ronde Reservation was established in 1857. In 1887, with the passage of the Dawes Act , the Grand Ronde Reservation was reduced through the privatization of property. Land that was not allotted to Natives through the process of privatization was made available to non-Native ownership. In 1936, Grand Ronde voted to confederate, accept an Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) government, and adopted
2312-678: The Tribal Election Board, and the forty-five days preceding the September General Council meeting is when the elections are officially held. As a result of political conflict, in 2014 the tribal council voted to disenroll en masse 66 living descendants and six deceased descendants of the 19th-century Chief Tumulth. Chief Tumulth of the Cascade Band of Chinuk had signed the 1855 treaty with the United States that ceded tribal land and agreed to relocation to
2380-402: The coast or further south in the Willamette Valley. Slaves were considered a form of wealth; they were traded to obtain desired commodities, including beads, blankets, and canoes . Women and children were preferred as slaves, owing to their comparative ease of control. Slaves lived with the families who owned them, working side-by-side in gender-specific daily tasks and performing chores such as
2448-718: The coastal beaches and resorts. Six percent of the casino's profits goes to the Tribes' Spirit Mountain Community Fund, which supports and funds various organizations in the following 11 western Oregon area counties: Benton, Clackamas, Lane, Lincoln, Linn, Marion, Multnomah, Polk, Tillamook, Washington, and Yamhill. By 2017, the Spirit Mountain Community Fund had given more than $ 75 million to non-profit organizations, making it Oregon's eighth largest charitable foundation. They also earn revenue from
2516-753: The collection of firewood and water. Slaves were often free to marry. They could purchase freedom through their own accumulation of property or through sufficient payment to the owner by a prospective spouse. The patriarchal Kalapuyan society had divisions by wealth and personal property. Special religious leaders were also recognized as a distinct class. These people were believed to possess supernatural predictive or healing powers and could have their origin in any group; they might be male or female, free individual or slave. Kalapuyan society had gender-differentiated labor, as did many Native American tribes. Men engaged in fishing, hunting, and warfare. They also made tools and constructed canoes. Women worked to gather and prepare
2584-558: The community such as those incurred through gambling , and would provide food for feasts. As was the case for many tribes of the Pacific Northwest, the Kalapuya practiced slavery. They generally obtained Indian slaves through trade or as gifts. The slaves were usually captured by enemy peoples during raids. Northern Kalapuya groups, such as the Tualatin and Yamhill , obtained slaves through conquest, raiding bands located on
2652-646: The country. Fort Yamhill was established to oversee the Indians. Later Indian management was taken over by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs and finally the Bureau of Indian Affairs , placed within the Department of Interior. Rev. Adrien Croquet (Crocket) of Belgium was the Roman Catholic missionary at Grand Ronde and established St. Michael's church. The Roman Catholic Church also established
2720-562: The court could not restore membership to six members, who were posthumously dis-enrolled in 2014. The law prohibits heirs and descendants from challenging such action. Attorney Gabriel Galanda defended the Tumulth descendants and has strongly opposed such "politically motivated" dis-enrollment. Russell Wilkinson, a spokesperson for the descendants, said that such dis-enrollment was a self-destructive practice of tribes. Tribal council elections were scheduled for September 10, 2016. In August 2016
2788-565: The daytime, he worked and saved his money, investing it shortly in the purchase of a flatboat, with which he transported freight up and down the Ohio River . Financial success followed. Lane was an eloquent public speaker, a talent that helped him to win election to the Indiana House of Representatives in 1822 at the age of just 21. He served in that body from 1822 to 1823, from 1830 to 1833, and from 1838 to 1839. He then moved to
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2856-470: The estimated 4,000 Kalapuya descendants today are enrolled in Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon. This community is working to revive a common creole Native American language, long used for trade among various tribes and now known as Chinuk Wawa , by developing an immersion program for their children. They have had success in producing native speakers and are expanding
2924-505: The government. All of the bands and tribes of the Kalapuya descendants were terminated in 1954, along with all other western Oregon tribes, in the Western Oregon Indian Termination Act of 1954. This ended their special relationship with the federal government. Under final termination actions, the government sold most of the reservation lands, removed its services, and published final rolls of the tribe in
2992-481: The immersion program to a pre-8 grade program, and offer classes for adults. This will create speakers of the language to help the language survive in perpetuity. The elected tribal council sets the rules for membership. Generally, membership requires direct descent from a person listed on the rolls at particular times and a percentage of Native American ancestry from among the tribes in the Confederation. Being
3060-449: The issue by supporting certain candidates in the 2006 primary races for Governor of Oregon. Historically the tribe had people speaking 27 distinct languages. Numerous members of these tribes could speak more than one language due to their proximity and trading relationships. The Oregon Territory was one of the most linguistically diverse regions in the world. On the reservation, most Native Americans began communicating using Chinook Jargon,
3128-724: The late 20th century to repatriate the meteorite to Oregon were not successful, but the CTGR (successor to the Clackamas, one of the confederation) reached a historic agreement in June 2000 with the American Museum of Natural History. The tribe can have periodic access to Tomanowos for religious and cultural purposes. They perform rites and ceremonies related to their belief in the Tomanowos' role in their sacred history. The American Museum of Natural History of New York City bought
3196-490: The late 20th century, the tribe attempted to repatriate Tomanowos under NAGPRA, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990. The museum argued in federal district court in 2000 that the law applied to ceremonial objects made by the tribes, not to objects such as the meteorite, which occurred naturally and may be revered by peoples. It sued to be named as official owner of
3264-487: The management of their timber resources. They have developed "other tribal enterprises in construction and environmental management, real estate investment and inventory logistics services." In the 21st century, the Grand Ronde tribes have opposed the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs ' plans to build an off-reservation casino in Cascade Locks, Oregon . They spent more than $ 800,000 trying to influence decisions on
3332-594: The meteorite in 1906 from the Oregon Iron and Steel Company, which at the time owned the land on which it was found. This land was historically occupied by the Clackamas prior to European-American immigration. The museum has displayed the meteorite since then, known as the largest found in North America. Since 1999, it has been featured at the new addition known as the Rose Center for Earth and Space . In
3400-471: The meteorite. The museum and CTGR tribe reached an agreement in June 2000 to share custody of the meteorite to preserve it for both religious and scientific purposes. The American Museum of Natural History and the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon today signed a historic agreement that ensures access to the Willamette Meteorite, a world famous scientific specimen at
3468-475: The program through the eighth grade. Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon The Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon (CTGR) is a federally recognized tribe of Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau . They consist of at least 27 Native American tribes with long historical ties to present-day western Oregon between the western boundary of
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#17327795543003536-433: The race of the African-Indian orphan, named Peter Waldo, he raised from the age of two to seventeen. Lane was baptized as a Roman Catholic in 1867, and his family was reared in the same faith, but he renounced that faith shortly before his death. Lane died at his home on April 19, 1881. His body was interred in the Roseburg Memorial Gardens . General Lane's daughter's home in Roseburg, where he spent much of his time,
3604-471: The region. These diseases were endemic among the Europeans and Americans, but the Native Americans didn't have immunity to them and died at a high rate as a result. Some accounts tell of villages devoid of inhabitants, standing in grim testament to the high mortality of these epidemics. Blanchet reported in 1839 that diseases "reduced [them] to a very small population threatening to decline more and more." By 1849 Oregon territorial governor Joseph Lane reckoned
3672-427: The relief force which lifted the Siege of Puebla , defeating Antonio López de Santa Anna at the Battle of Huamantla . As soon as Lane returned from Mexico, President Polk appointed him governor of Oregon Territory . Lane received his commission on August 18, 1848. Lane arrived in Oregon on March 3, 1849, following a hazardous winter trip on the Oregon Trail . Upon reaching Oregon City , Lane's first official act
3740-509: The remaining Kalapuyan population at just 60 souls — with those survivors living in the most dire of conditions. Contemporary scholarship estimates the total of the various Kalapuya peoples in this interval at closer to 600. The United States conducted two major cycles of treatymaking in Oregon that affected the Kalapuya: in 1851 and in 1854 to 1855. The 1851 treaties were negotiated by Oregon's Superintendent of Indian Affairs Anson Dart , and those in 1855 by Dart's successor Joel Palmer . While
3808-420: The reservation. Sanitation and health care at the reservation was poor, and mortality was high. In the 1850s a total of 1,000 people had been moved there. By 1900, only about 300 people survived. In the mid-20th century, Federal policy continued to be directed at assimilation of Native Americans. Congress believed that some tribes were ready to enter the mainstream society and end their special relationship with
3876-484: The staple plant foods that were the basis of the Kalapuyan diet, set up temporary camps, and constructed baskets and other craft products. During the summer months the women of the band would process and prepare food products for winter storage, generally staying in the main village to complete the task, while others gathered the foods from afar. The Kalapuyan groups (identified by language) were: -Northern Kalapuya: -Central Kalapuya: -Yoncalla: In his description of
3944-624: The trade language that had developed earlier. The Chinook Jargon was widely spoken throughout the Northwest between tribes and newcomers to the region. At Grand Ronde reservation, Chinook Jargon developed as a creole language , and was the first language in most native homes. Tribal members continued to use this language, even as their children were educated in English and through the termination era (1954-1983). During this period, children were being sent to Indian boarding schools and forced to learn English; all individual tribal languages at Grand Ronde became extinct as their last native speakers died. In
4012-424: The tribal Court of Appeals (en banc) overturned the tribe's mass dis-enrollment in 2014 of 66 living descendants of Chief Tumulth of the watlala Band of Chinuk, who had signed the 1855 treaty with the United States by which his tribe ceded communal land and agreed to the Grand Ronde reservation. This was the first such action by a tribal court overturning dis-enrollment of members by a tribe. Since 2000, members of
4080-446: The tribal council was reconstituted. In 1983, House Resolution 3885 restored federal recognition status to the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde. Five years after this resolution, a small portion of the original reservation was returned to Grand Ronde which is used today for timber, recreation, and traditional harvesting practices. The tribes began publishing Smoke Signals , then a monthly newsletter, in 1978; it has since shifted to
4148-466: The tribe travel to New York City annually in July to see Tomanowos , also known as the Willamette Meteorite . This meteorite was taken from Oregon years ago and has been displayed at American Museum of Natural History as a natural curiosity. The Clackamas people , one of the Grand Ronde tribes, perceive this 15-ton meteorite as a sacred Sky Person who fell to earth thousands of years ago and helped create their people and their world. Efforts since
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#17327795543004216-403: Was a veteran of the American Revolutionary War . The Lane family moved to Kentucky from North Carolina when Joseph was a young child. Lane left home at the age of 15, and was married four years later. He moved to Evansville, Indiana , in 1820. Lane and his wife, Polly Hart Lane, had 10 children. Lane was largely self-educated, learning about the world from books he read at night. During
4284-550: Was again wounded in a skirmish at Table Rock , in Sams Valley, not far from today's cities of Medford and Central Point . Lane was also an active participant in the so-called Rogue River Wars of 1855–1856, being wounded in the shoulder at the Battle of Evans Creek . In 1860, the Democratic Party split on the issue of slavery . Pro-slavery Democrats from the South left the national convention and nominated their own candidates: John C. Breckinridge for president, and Lane for vice president. This " Southern Democrat " ticket
4352-574: Was defeated . With his defeat for vice president and the beginning of the Civil War , Lane's political career ended. His pro-slavery views had been controversial in Oregon; his pro-secessionist views were wholly unacceptable. Lane became notorious for an exchange with Andrew Johnson of Tennessee on his last day in the Senate. Johnson had spoken in favor of the Union and denounced secession. A referendum on secession in Tennessee failed shortly thereafter, generally credited to Johnson's speech. On March 2, Lane accused Johnson of having "sold his birthright" as
4420-443: Was elected colonel in June 1846. He was appointed a brigadier general of volunteers less than a week later. Lane and the Indiana troops were then deployed to Mexico where he fought with distinction, suffering two minor gunshot wounds, and was brevetted to major general in 1847. He commanded the Indiana Brigade at the Battle of Buena Vista , where he served under General and future President Zachary Taylor . Lane also led
4488-414: Was officially renamed and established as the Grand Ronde Reservation by Executive Order in 1857. With members of at least 27 tribes removed to Grand Ronde, life at the reservation was difficult. Some of these tribes had historically been enemies. In the early years, the reservation was managed by the US Department of War . As it had earlier waged war against the tribes, it supervised Indian affairs across
4556-439: Was subsequently elected as one of Oregon's first two United States Senators when Oregon became a state in 1859. In 1853, after he was re-elected as Delegate, but before he left for Washington, D.C., Lane was appointed as brigadier general commanding a force of volunteers raised to suppress recent Native American violence. Lane led the force to southern Oregon to stop Native American attacks against settlers and miners there. Lane
4624-515: Was to initiate the first census of the territory's residents, which showed a total of 8,785 American citizens and 298 citizens of other countries. While Governor, Lane also served as the first Oregon Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Also among Lane's early duties was the apprehension of five Cayuse Indians accused in the Whitman Massacre . The accused were brought back to Oregon City for trial, where they were convicted and hanged. Lane resigned as territorial governor on June 18, 1850, in favor of
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