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51-456: The 1960 California Master Plan for Higher Education recognized that critical to the success of California's tripartite system of public higher education was a central body responsible for coordination and planning for higher education. The California Postsecondary Education Commission was established in 1974 as the State planning and coordinating body for higher education. The Commission serves

102-403: A "rational" planning process for the growth of the university systems. This displaced the state legislature's past tendency to introduce bills to establish new four-year universities in members' home districts, a kind of political pork . In his memoirs, Kerr highlighted the 1957 creation of California State University, Stanislaus as a particularly egregious example of this tendency. The plan

153-496: A baby boom after the war ends, with the fertility rate projecting to reach 1.60 births per women by 2030. However, the millions of refugees and emigrants fleeing since the Russian Invasion will keep the overall population falling short of what it was before the war for at least a few decades, despite the baby boom. The term "baby boom" is often used to refer specifically to the post–World War II (1946–1964) baby boom in

204-661: A campus of the University of California tuition-free. The top one-third (33.3%) would be able to enter the California State University system. Junior colleges (later renamed "community colleges" in 1967) would accept any students "capable of benefiting from instruction." These percentages are now enforced by sliding scales equating grade point average and scores on the SAT or ACT , which are recalculated every year. No actual ranking of students in high schools

255-688: A coherent system for public postsecondary education which defined specific roles for the already-existing University of California (UC), the state colleges which were joined together by the plan into the State College System of California and later renamed the California State University (CSU), and the junior colleges which were later organized in 1967 into the California Community Colleges (CCC) system. The statutory framework implementing

306-629: A decade, implying the COVID-19 pandemic triggered a baby boom in Ireland. Health Service Executive figures show 59,874 babies were born in maternity hospitals and units in 2021, up from 56,858 the previous year, which could continue into the early 2020s. It is the first time that there has been an annual increase since 2009, when there were 75,554 births registered. In Japan, the first baby boom occurred between 1947 and 1949. The number of births in this period exceeded 2.5 million every year, bringing

357-473: A lack of funding, the framers of the Master Plan limited eligibility admission to UC and CSU. The cost-cutting move diverted a large number of students to 2-year institutions, which would still allow them to finish their lower division work and then transfer to a 4-year institution. Baby boom A baby boom is a period marked by a significant increase of births . This demographic phenomenon

408-460: A poor record of college completion and four-year baccalaureate degree attainment. Subgroups such as Latinos and African Americans (whose demographics are large and growing) show even worsening statistics of degree attainment. The Master Plan meant that essentially, "anyone from anywhere in California could, if they worked hard enough, get a bachelor’s degree from one of the best universities in

459-519: A serious problem in several other states which failed to impose and effectively enforce such boundaries. For example, as of January 2021, the U.S. Department of Education no longer recognized the Nevada System of Higher Education as having any public community colleges under federal standards, after Nevada allowed its purported community colleges to create too many four-year programs during the 2010s and thereby allowed them to deviate too far from

510-505: A unique role in integrating policy, fiscal, and programmatic analyses about California's entire system of postsecondary education ; "to assure the effective utilization of public postsecondary education resources, thereby eliminating waste and unnecessary duplication, and to promote diversity, innovation, and responsiveness to student and societal needs through planning and coordination." The California Postsecondary Education Commission's entire General Fund allocation ($ 1,927,000) for 2011–2012

561-518: A year before independence, when the fertility rate among the Yishuv , or Jewish population of what was then Mandatory Palestine , began to rise dramatically as a result of the aftereffects of the Holocaust and expectations of Jewish independence. Ireland has a much younger population compared to Europe overall, with one in four people under age 15. This is likely due to the baby boom experienced in

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612-482: Is based on American demographic trends which saw a surge in births post Second World War that was sustained into the 1960s. In the UK, the post Second World War surge in births was confined to a sharp spike in 1946, after which the number of births dropped again. Then the post-World War babies started having their babies, giving rise to the births that can be seen across the 1960s. Due to the different demographic profile seen in

663-400: Is more than a single statute. The 1960 Master Plan is embodied in several documents: Kerr stated that the goal of the Master Plan was to balance the "competing demands of fostering excellence and guaranteeing educational access for all." The Master Plan achieved the following: According to the plan, the top one-eighth (12.5%) of graduating high school seniors would be guaranteed a place at

714-502: Is used as many schools do not rank students. Graduates of the junior colleges would be guaranteed the right to transfer to the UC or CSU systems in order to complete bachelor's degrees. This practice was carried over from previous years before the plan was enacted; graduates from the junior colleges had traditionally been accepted as upper-division transfer students at the state colleges or UC campuses by virtue of their prior coursework. Finally,

765-517: Is usually ascribed within certain geographical bounds of defined national and cultural populations. The cause of baby booms involves various fertility factors . The best-known baby boom occurred in the mid-twentieth century, sometimes considered to have started after the end of the Second World War , sometimes from the late 1945s, and ending in the 1960s. People born during this period are often called baby boomers . "According to

816-578: The State Board of Education ), and two student representatives. The Commission appointed its executive director who coordinates the agency's staff to carry out the day-to-day work of the Commission. Its external affairs staff interacted on a daily basis with legislators and their staff, administrative offices, governmental officials, and media representatives. Its research staff prepares analyses, briefs, and numerous reports approved and published by

867-503: The 20th century, with the result that by 2009, only three of the state's universities had achieved the prestigious R1 classification assigned by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education to the most advanced American research universities. It was only in 2009 that Texas belatedly enacted House Bill 51 to specifically promote the development of nationally competitive research universities by creating

918-517: The Aboriginal baby boom peaking in 1967 – about ten years after the postwar baby boom in Canada. While Aboriginal fertility has remained higher than the overall Canadian birth rate, it has decreased from four times in the 1960s to one-and-a-half times today. According to Statistics Canada, demographic change was just a part of the reason for the increase in Aboriginal population in the last half of

969-400: The California universities for the place the state holds in the world economy, as well as bolstering its own economic makeup with great investment in high technology areas, such as Silicon Valley , biotechnology , and pharmaceuticals . The plan has contributed to the massive economic contributions that the UC, CSU, and CCC systems have had to the state and its growth. According to a study by

1020-402: The Commission reflects a deep commitment to serving the State as a whole, consistent with the underlying philosophy of California's Master Plan for Higher Education. The Commission is committed to an educational environment that exemplifies equality and educational opportunity, as well as a focus on student and institutional achievement and accountability. Among the duties and responsibilities of

1071-544: The Commission were the following: California Master Plan for Higher Education The California Master Plan for Higher Education of 1960 was developed by a survey team appointed by the Regents of the University of California and the California State Board of Education during the administration of Governor Pat Brown . UC President Clark Kerr was a key figure in its development. The plan set up

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1122-628: The Commission. They also engaged in various continuing activities such as reviewing proposed academic programs, new campuses or centers, conducting data analysis of student flow, and responding to requests of the Legislature and Governor. While there are many tasks and responsibilities which the Commission and its staff fulfill, the primary statutory purposes of the California Postsecondary Education Commission are: In carrying out its responsibilities,

1173-641: The National Research University Fund and the Texas Research Incentive Program. By 2019, six more Texas universities had reached the R1 classification. By setting "rigid" boundaries for each segment of public higher education, the plan ensured the continued availability of a wide range of educational options for the types of students to be served by each segment. In contrast, mission creep continues to be

1224-554: The Regents of California, the UC system is directly responsible for adding about $ 32.8 billion to the gross state product, which is about 1.8 percent of the total GSP, a key indicator of economic performance. In 1972, a review of the plan found that the basic structure was good, but that it should be changed slightly to accommodate the ideas of the time. For example, the review board suggested that weekend and evening programs should be expanded to serve “non-traditional” students, and that

1275-484: The Soviet Union and the 1998 financial crisis . However, the following years saw the birth rate rise rapidly. By 2012, the number of births outnumbered deaths for the first time since the Soviet Union. To many Russians, this was not only a sign of economic prosperity , but also a recovery from the poverty and social decline following the downfall of the Soviet Union. After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991,

1326-527: The UC system, with the provision that the California State Universities could offer PhD degrees as "joint" degrees in combination with the University of California or an accredited private university. Under the provisions of SB 724, signed into law September 22, 2005, the campuses of the California State University were then able to directly offer a Doctor of Education degree (Ed.D) "focused on preparing administrative leaders". It

1377-741: The Ukrainian birth rate reached a low of 1.14 births per women in 2003. Following the Orange Revolution , the total fertility rate gradually elevated, eventually to a peak of 1.49 births per women in 2014. However, this did not last, as the birth rate rapidly diminished following the Invasion of Crimea in 2014. Probably due to the ongoing Russian Invasion of Ukraine , the birth rate in Ukraine has declined significantly in 2022, down to 1.2-1.3 per woman. Despite this, there could very well be

1428-624: The United States and Europe. In the US the number of annual births exceeded 2 per 100 women (or approximately 1% of the total population size). An estimated 78.3 million Americans were born during this period. Since the beginning of the 20th century there were several baby booms: The baby boomers are commonly defined as the generation born after the Second World War, generally from 1946 to 1964. However, this definition of baby boomers

1479-428: The century, with more complete census taking and increased numbers of people identifying as Aboriginal also playing a role. Generation X refers to the birth rate decline after the mid-20th century baby boom. Author Douglas Coupland, who coined the term Generation X, defined it as children born 1960 and after. High unemployment and uneven income distribution welcomed Generation X, giving them little opportunity to produce

1530-544: The continent is predicted to grow from 8 people per square kilometer in 1950 to 39 in 2015, and to around 80 by the middle of the century. The HIV/AIDS crisis in Africa has contributed to a population boom. Aid money used for contraception has been diverted since the start of the AIDS crisis in Africa into fighting HIV, which has led to far more births than AIDS has killed. Africa accounted for one out of every nine births in

1581-419: The country (and, therefore, in the world), almost free of charge." The plan increased overall efficiency in the higher education system, as well as produced greater number of graduates at a lower per-student cost by removing redundancies. This was accomplished by clearly specifying the missions of each system segment, in addition to clarifying what "territory" belonged to each institution. The plan established

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1632-683: The face of growing demand. The underlying principles that they sought were: The original Master Plan was approved by the Regents and the State Board of Education and submitted to the Legislature in February 1960. In April of that year, the California Legislature passed the Donahoe Higher Education Act, which implemented several components of the plan as statutory law. However, California's Master Plan

1683-405: The first boom, this increase in the number of births is an increase in the number of births not accompanied by an increase in the total fertility rate. The people born during this period are often called "baby boom juniors" (団塊ジュニア, dankai junia, means "the juniors of the generation of nodule "). The number of annual Russian births hit a low in the 1990s and early 2000s , following the collapse of

1734-478: The independent sector in the planning functions of the state's higher education system. It also established a policy to set the maximum award for Cal Grants in state law. In 2005, the demand for high school and community college administrators brought about a widely debated exception to the existing differentiation of function between the CSU and UC systems. The awarding of doctoral degrees had originally been exclusive to

1785-539: The invention of the Internet, making up over 7.3 million people in Canada born between 1993 and 2011. Israel has been in a constant baby boom since independence, with the highest fertility rate in the OECD at 3.1 children per woman. In addition to having the highest fertility rate among developed nations, it is the only developed country to have never had a sub-replacement fertility rate. Israel's baby boom began in 1947,

1836-604: The late 2000s and early 2010s, after the Great Recession. The number of births in Ireland reached a 118-year high in 2009 when the economy experienced its worst year on record. The number of births had remained stable with 74,650 babies born in 2012, higher than the 65,600 average during the Celtic Tiger (1995–2007), despite the struggle to emerge from financial crisis. The number of births in Ireland rose by more than 3,000 in 2021 after being in decline for more than

1887-517: The new UNICEF report, almost 2 billion babies will be born in Africa between 2015 and 2050 and the 2 main driving forces behind this surge in births and children are continued high fertility rates and rising numbers of women able to have children of their own." By 2050, Africa is predicted to account for about 55% of all births in the world, 40% of all children under the age of five, and 37% of all children worldwide (under 18). Africa will become more crowded as its population continues to grow, considering

1938-476: The next baby boom. In 2011, the children of baby boomers made up 27% of the total population; this category was called Generation Y, or the "baby boom echo". The fertility rate of the generations after the baby boomers dropped as a result of demographic changes such as increasing divorce and separation rates, female labour force participation, and rapid technological change. The echo generation's children, known as Generation Z, are people born after 1994, or after

1989-632: The plan established that the University of California would be the sole portion of the system charged with performing research, and would award master's and doctoral degrees in support of that mission. The Cal State system, in addition to awarding master's degrees, would be able to award joint doctorates with the UC. The "California Idea"—California's tripartite system of public research universities, comprehensive 4-year undergraduate campuses, and open-access community colleges—has been highly influential, and many other states and even nations have imitated this structure. However, California higher education has had

2040-615: The plan should take advantage of then-new technologies such as educational television . In 1978, Proposition 13 , the People's Initiative to Limit Property Taxation, was enacted, causing free public education to be eliminated. (Since tuition was still banned by the Donahoe Act, per-unit enrollment fees were charged instead.) The 1987 revision specifically recognized the contributions of the independent sector (i.e., private and nonprofit institutions) and made explicit provision to include

2091-500: The plan was signed into law as the Donahoe Higher Education Act (honoring Assemblywoman Dorothy M. Donahoe , one of the plan's foremost advocates) by Brown on April 27, 1960. Prior to the Master Plan's development in the 1960s, California struggled for many years to reform and improve its social institutions. In response to the powerful railroad monopolies' stranglehold on state business and politics at

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2142-451: The possibility of a state secular higher education institution and second, actually authorizing the creation of a state university controlled by a Board of Regents (which would become the University of California). In the 1950s, the state's legislators and academic administrators foresaw an approaching surge in university enrollment, due to the baby boom children coming of age. They needed a plan to be able to maintain educational quality in

2193-553: The research universities from which they had obtained their doctoral degrees. Therefore, the plan was intended to concentrate state resources at the top, rather than spreading them too thin among far too many would-be research universities. Most other states were unable to restrain the ambitions of their various colleges and universities to become research universities and suffered from "a proliferation of doctoral and costly [ sic ] research programs". For example, Texas promoted too many colleges to university status during

2244-531: The state to create permanent public schools that could effectively educate children from start to finish. Furthermore, California progressives encountered obstacles in the form of people who thought that education should remain the work of local and religious groups, as well as being opposed to paying taxes for social purposes. Another barrier that they needed to circumvent was the issue of appropriating land and money for universities. The 1st and 2nd Organic Acts (of 1866 and 1868, respectively) helped by first introducing

2295-435: The total number of births to about 8 million. The 2.69 million births in 1949 are the most ever in postwar statistics. The cohort born in this period is called the "baby boom generation" (団塊の世代, dankai no sedai, means "the generation of nodule "). A period of more than two million annual births from 1971 to 1974, with the number of births in 1973 peaking at 2.09 million, is referred to as the second baby boom. However, unlike

2346-445: The traditional community college role. The result was that as of 2021, Nevada could not provide its workforce with enough technicians who traditionally earn two-year associate degrees at community colleges, and needed to import them from adjacent states like Arizona and California which still have actual community colleges. The plan was the basis for a substantial surge in development in California higher education. Today, many credit

2397-419: The turn of the 20th century, new Progressive reformers attempted to overthrow the economic and political corruption then prevailing in the state at the time. They hoped to create new institutions infused with public morality and purpose. However, in the early years of California's modern development the population had remained largely mobile, moving from opportunity to opportunity, making it almost impossible for

2448-445: The world in 1950. It is predicted that they will account for approximately one in every three global births by the year 2030. Africa would account for almost half of all births by the end of the century. Until the 1960s, the Aboriginal population rose steadily. The child mortality rate started to decline steadily in the 1960s, due to the increased access to health care. Throughout the 1960s, the fertility rate remained high, resulting in

2499-593: Was argued that this fulfilled the original purpose of many of the CSU campuses, which had been founded as normal schools to train teachers. In 2010, the CSU was also given the authority to exclusively offer two more doctoral degrees: the Doctorate in Nursing (DNP) and Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT). When the Master Plan was first founded in 1960, post-secondary education enrollments were equally divided among 2-year and 4-year institutions. However, in 2010, due to

2550-526: Was eliminated by governor Jerry Brown in a line item veto upon signing the State Budget on June 30, 2011. The Commission consisted of 16 members, nine of whom represent the general public, five who represent the major systems of California education (the California Community Colleges , the California State University , the University of California , the independent colleges and universities, and

2601-445: Was inspired in part by Kerr's pragmatic realization that not all institutions of higher education can or should become research universities . As Kerr explained in his memoirs: "The state did not need a higher education system where every component was intent on being another Harvard or Berkeley or Stanford ." Faculty members at state colleges regarded them as "graveyards of disappointed expectations" and wished they were located at

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