An accessory fruit is a fruit that contains tissue derived from plant parts other than the ovary . In other words, the flesh of the fruit develops not from the floral ovary, but from some adjacent tissue exterior to the carpel (for example, from receptacles or sepal ). As a general rule, the accessory fruit is a combination of several floral organs, including the ovary. In contrast, true fruit forms exclusively from the ovary of the flower.
14-670: Juglans californica , the California black walnut , also called the California walnut , or the Southern California black walnut , is a large shrub or small tree (about 20–49 feet (6.1–14.9 m)) of the walnut family, Juglandaceae , endemic to the Central Valley and the Coast Range valleys from Northern to Southern California. Juglans californica is generally found in the valleys and adjacent slopes of
28-436: A large shrub with 1–5 trunks, or a small, single-trunked tree. The main trunk can fork close to the ground, making it look like two trees that have grown together, then diverged. It has thick bark, deeply channeled or furrowed at maturity. It has large, pinnately compound leaves with 11–19 lanceolate leaflets with toothed margins and no hair in the vein angles. It has a small hard nut in a shallowly grooved, thick shell that
42-407: A true fruit that contains a single seed from a single ovary). These pips dot the exterior of the strawberry. The cashew apple is an oval- or pear-shaped structure that develops from the pedicel and the receptacle of the cashew flower and is technically called a hypocarpium . It ripens into a yellow or red structure about 5–11 cm (2– 4 + 1 ⁄ 4 in) long. The true fruit of
56-662: Is difficult to remove. The nuts are edible and are eaten by the Chumash Indians of the Channel Islands of California and Ventura County as well as by the Tongva of Los Angeles County. They are not grown commercially as food. Juglans californica is cultivated throughout California to support the walnut industry, used as a rootstock in English walnut orchards. It is also cultivated as an ornamental tree where it
70-459: Is one of the major nut crops of the world. Walnut, hickory, and gaulin are also valuable timber trees while pecan wood is also valued as cooking fuel. Members of the walnut family have large, aromatic leaves that are usually alternate, but opposite in Alfaroa and Oreomunnea . The leaves are pinnately compound or ternate, and usually 20–100 cm long. The trees are wind-pollinated , and
84-619: Is planted in California native plant , xeriscape , and wildlife habitat gardens and natural landscaping in California, and in Hawaii. Some authorities (e.g. the California Native Plant Society ) combine this species with Juglans hindsii . On the other hand, a 2007 molecular analysis of the genus suggests J. californica is sister to the remaining black walnuts (section Rhysocaryon). This article follows
98-715: The California Coast Ranges , Transverse Ranges , and Peninsular Ranges . It grows as part of mixed woodlands, and also on slopes and in valleys wherever conditions are favorable. It is threatened by development and overgrazing . Some native stands remain in urban Los Angeles in the Santa Monica Mountains , Hollywood Hills , and Repetto Hills. J. californica grows in riparian woodlands, either in single species stands or mixed with California's oaks ( Quercus spp.) and cottonwoods ( Populus fremontii ). Juglans californica can be either
112-464: The cashew tree is a kidney–shaped drupe that grows at the end of the cashew apple; the seed inside this drupe is the cashew nut of commerce. The pineapple is formed when 50 to 200 unpollinated flowers coalesce in a spiral arrangement— the flowers form individually and then fuse as a single ' multiple fruit '. The ovaries develop into berries and the fruit forms around an intercalary spike. The intercalary inflorescence (cluster of flowers) results when
126-602: The conventions of The Jepson Manual . Juglandaceae See text The Juglandaceae are a plant family known as the walnut family . They are trees , or sometimes shrubs, in the order Fagales . Members of this family are native to the Americas , Eurasia , and Southeast Asia . The nine or ten genera in the family have a total of around 50 species, and include the commercially important nut -producing trees walnut ( Juglans ), pecan ( Carya illinoinensis ), and hickory ( Carya ). The Persian walnut, Juglans regia ,
140-500: The edible part of rosehips . Roses and apples are both members of the Rosaceae family; the fact that they have similar fruit morphology is a major consideration in placing them in the same taxonomic family. The edible part of the strawberry is formed, as part of the ripening process, from the receptacle of the strawberry flower. The true fruits (hence, containing the seeds) are the roughly 200 pips (which are, technically, achenes ,
154-518: The flowers are usually arranged in catkins . The fruits of the Juglandaceae are often confused with drupes but are accessory fruit because the outer covering of the fruit is technically an involucre and thus not morphologically part of the carpel; this means it cannot be a drupe but is instead a drupe-like nut. The known living genera are grouped into subfamilies, tribes, and subtribes as follows: Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest
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#1732798544394168-440: The following relationships: Myricaceae ( outgroup ) Rhoiptelea Engelhardia Alfaroa Oreomunnea Carya Annamocarya Platycarya Cyclocarya Pterocarya Juglans Accessory fruit Accessory fruits are usually indehiscent , meaning that they do not split open to release seeds when they have reached maturity. The following are examples of accessory fruits listed by
182-421: The plant organ from which the accessory tissue is derived: Fruit with fleshy seeds, such as pomegranate or mamoncillo , are not considered to be accessory fruits. The part of apples and pears that is consumed is, in fact, the hypanthium . The ovary is the papery core that surrounds the apple seeds. As the hypanthium ripens it forms the edible tissues. For roses, the hypanthium is the tissue that composes
196-455: The terminal cluster of flowers are left behind by the growth of the main axis of the plant. Each polygonal area on the pineapple's surface is an individual flower. Current research has proposed that a single class of genes may be responsible for regulating accessory fruit formation and ripening. A study using strawberries concluded that hormone signaling pathways involving gibberellic acid and auxin affect gene expression, and contribute to
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