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47-515: The president of the company was M.E. Callender, the vice-president was Maxwell Ludwig "Max" Skibbe, and Charles H. Callendar was the secretary, treasurer, and general manager. In April 1903, Skibbe was the owner of the steamer Eclipse , and held a half interest in the steamer Vanguard and the gasoline launch Queen . That same month, Skibbe sold his interest in a shoreside concern, the Eclipse Hardware Company, to concentrate in

94-410: A claim on the site in 2001 and with its partners, invested 500 million dollars into the project. The mining company lost all of its partners in 2011 due to increasing government regulations and distrust by its partners. Because of the estimated 10 billion tons of mining waste that must be permanently stored in the area, which is an active earthquake zone, and Rio Tinto's environmental track record, which

141-521: A classically-trained pianist, and performed with the Organists' Guild of Portland. In 1869, Flavel and his partners built a steam tug, Astoria , and used it as a pilot boat. In addition to his pilot business, Flavel operated a wharf and also purchased and sold coal from Australia as a side business. Flavel built a 11,600-square-foot (1,080 m ) Queen Anne mansion in Astoria in 1886. Built on

188-543: A derrick barge, an oil barge, and four lighters. Knappton Towboat Co. existed until 1990, when its name was changed to Brix Maritime. In 1993, Brix Maritime became part of Foss Marine . Bristol Bay, Alaska Bristol Bay ( Central Yupik : Iilgayaq , Russian : Залив Бристольский ) is the easternmost arm of the Bering Sea , at 57° to 59° North 157° to 162° West in Southwest Alaska . Bristol Bay

235-554: A few years before passed the government examination to handle vessels of less than 100 tons. Wenona continued to use the Callendar dock in Astoria. Wenona was scheduled to make its first run to Gray's River on March 12, 1908. There was also an earlier vessel in 1890 called Winona , which operated in the lower Columbia on the Deep River route. In 1908, Wenona made daily runs between Astoria and Gray's River, and Jordan ran on

282-580: A local hero in the city. In 1854, Flavel married fourteen-year-old Mary Christina Boelling, whom he met at a hotel in Portland . The couple had three children: George Conrad (1855–1923), Nellie (1858–1933), and Katie (1864–1910). With the continued success of his business enterprise, the family divided their time between Oregon and San Francisco, California, and Flavel was able to afford his children extensive educations in Europe ; his daughter, Nellie, became

329-495: A lot running an entire city block, the rumored cost of the home was $ 36,000. Surrounding the house are nine trees planted by the family's gardener, Louis Schultz, which Flavel had acquired from various locations across the world during his voyages. In his later life, Flavel also helped manage the First National Bank of Astoria beginning in 1886, and served as its president until his death. Flavel died in 1893 with

376-463: A reported net worth of $ 1.9 million (equivalent to $ 64,431,111 in 2023). His funeral procession was one of the largest in the history of Astoria. In 1897, Flavel's body was relocated for interment at Ocean View Cemetery in Warrenton, Oregon . In a 1922 interview with his widow, Mary Christina, she said of her husband's success: "One of the reasons why my husband made a success as a pilot on

423-586: A virtual monopoly on bar piloting and ship tours on the Columbia, which amassed him a great deal of wealth. In January 1852, during a particularly strong gale, the SS General Warren lost its fore-topmast and began to leak near Astoria; Flavel was unable to rescue the ship, and forty-two people aboard died with its sinking. However, Flavel's his efforts to save the Warren earned him the reputation of

470-537: A young man in 1849, Flavel relocated by ship to the West coast. He sailed around Cape Horn and also spent time in California during the state's Gold Rush era before relocating to Astoria, Oregon , then a settlement based around John Jacob Astor 's American Fur Company . Flavel settled in Astoria after a stint as captain of the brig John Petty . Flavel began his career as a sea captain managing ship routes from

517-666: Is 400 km (250 mi) long and 290 km (180 mi) wide at its mouth. A number of rivers flow into the bay, including the Cinder , Egegik , Igushik , Kvichak , Meshik , Nushagak , Naknek , Togiak , and Ugashik . Upper reaches of Bristol Bay experience some of the highest tides in the world. One such reach, the Nushagak Bay near Dillingham and another near Naknek in Kvichak Bay have tidal extremes in excess of 10 m (30 ft), ranking them — and

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564-526: Is seen as poor by many environmental advocacy groups, fears have been raised about the potential impact on the Bristol Bay area and its wildlife and residents. In April 2003, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency issued an assessment of the impact of the proposed mining operations on fisheries, wildlife, and native Alaska tribes. Between 2014 and May 2017, Pebble sued the EPA several times. The company argued

611-470: Is the model for international fisheries regulations today. Bristol Bay is home to the world's most abundant Sockeye (red) salmon fishery as well as strong runs of Chum (dog) salmon , Coho (silver) salmon , Chinook (king) salmon , and Pink (humpy) salmon , each occurring seasonally. Chinook return to their freshwater spawning grounds earliest in the summer, followed by Sockeye and Chum. Coho and Pink salmon swim to their spawning grounds last, later in

658-590: The Russian Navy conducted extensive surveys of the Bering Sea coastline into the mid-19th century, naming many of the geographical features commonly used today: Capes Constantine, Chichagof, Menshikof and Greig, Mounts Veniaminof and Pavlof , Becharof Lake , etc. In 1883 the first salmon cannery was open in Bristol Bay” (Source information from the cannery article to give context on the expansion of

705-540: The Astoria-Deep River route. The other steamers were employed towing log rafts in and around Astoria. On July 1, 1922, Callendar Navigation Co. merged with its rival, Knappton Towboat Co., and the combined company's towing business would operate under the Knappton name. Henry M. Skibbe, son of Capt. Max Skibbe, and Harry Flavel, grandson of famed Columbia River pilot Capt. George Flavel , were in charge of

752-534: The California & Oregon Coast Steamship Co. and E.A. Dodge & Company. These companies operated passenger and freight steamships to all ports on west coast of the United States from Astoria to San Pedro, California . Wenona had been built at Porter, Oregon by shipbuilder Emil H. Heuckendorf (1849–1908). Wenona was towed from Coos Bay by the steamer Alliance in early November 1904. Along

799-683: The Callendar Navigation Company was engaged in towing, freighting, and excursions. In February 1908, the Callendar fleet comprised the steamers Melville, Jordan, Wenona, Vanguard, Eclipse , and the gasoline launch Queen . The company also had six barges which it advertised as "suitable for moving logging engines, lumber, etc." The barges ranged in size from 50 to 700 tons, with a total capacity of 2,000 tons So many barges were being built in Astoria in early 1907 that company vice-president Max Skibbe had to go by steamer to Coos Bay to arrange for construction of several large ones for

846-558: The Columbia River bar was that he was not only an able navigator, but he was fearless and was willing to put out in any sort of weather to assist vessels in need of help." The Flavel mansion, known as the Captain George Flavel House , now functions as a museum serving the city of Astoria. Flavel's eldest great-granddaughter, Patricia Jean Flavel, inherited the home from her aunt Nellie Flavel, and donated

893-408: The EPA unfairly assumed the scope of the mine before it formally filed mining plans. Northern Dynasty Minerals LLC. accused the government agency of colluding with anti-mine activists to reach its conclusions. In July 2019, the EPA withdrew their preemptive proposed determination to restrict use of the pebble deposit area as a disposal site. In September 2020, while posing as potential investors in

940-597: The Fisheries Bureau prohibited the use of motorized vessels, fish traps, and purse seines in Alaska. This was to ensure a 50% escapement of the spawning salmon, to guarantee their sustainability. The Japanese fleet was composed of diesel-powered steel vessels. The Japanese had a technological advantage over the American fisherman and dominated the bay that summer. In 1938, the United States agreed with Japan that

987-698: The Japanese would refrain from fishing in Alaskan waters. This agreement was honored until Japan and the United States entered World War 2. In the 1950s, Japan was strengthening its fishing presence in the Pacific; the US, Canada, and Japan passed the North Pacific Fisheries Treaty. This treaty managed the resources of the region jointly to preserve the future generations of fish. This agreement

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1034-701: The Pacific Ocean up the Columbia River and to the Willamette River . In 1850, he was given command of the Goliah , the second tug boat ever built in the United States, driving the boat between Sacramento and San Francisco, California. The following year, in December 1851, he earned his marine piloting license from the state of Oregon. One of the only mariners in the state to possess a captain's license, Flavel and his partners were able to establish

1081-580: The Pebble Mine would have unacceptable adverse affects to salmon fishery areas in the Bristol Bay watershed. 57°40′N 159°50′W  /  57.667°N 159.833°W  / 57.667; -159.833 George Flavel Captain George Edward Flavel ( / f l ə ˈ v ɛ l / ; November 17, 1823 — July 3, 1893) was an Irish American maritime pilot and entrepreneur . Born in 1823 to Irish parents, Flavel relocated to

1128-492: The West coast of the United States in 1849, working as a tugboat operator between Sacramento and San Francisco , California. In 1851, he settled in the northern coastal port city of Astoria , Oregon , where he became one of the first licensed bar pilots in the state. Flavel would go on to amass a fortune with a business managing pilot boats on the Columbia River , making him a prominent local figure, and one of

1175-683: The area — as eighth highest in the world. Coupled with the extreme number of shoals, sandbars, and shallows, it makes navigation troublesome, especially during the area's frequently strong winds. As the shallowest part of the Bering Sea, Bristol Bay is one of the most dangerous regions for large vessels. In ancient times, much of Bristol Bay was dry and arable, along with much of the Bering Sea Land Bridge . More recently, its proximity to mineral, animal and seafood riches provided an incentive for human habitation along its shoreline. Early Russian and English exploration provided most of

1222-582: The area between the Kuskokwim and Nushagak Rivers . The original Eskimo village at Naknek went through various names as recorded by the Russians after they arrived in the area in 1819 (1821-“Naugeik”; 1880- “Kinuyak”; and finally Naknek as named by Russian Navy Captain Tebenkov). Later, in 1819, an Aleut by the name of Andrei Ustiugov drew the first intensive charts of Bristol Bay. Additionally, ships of

1269-451: The area to hard rock mining and oil and gas drilling. The largest community in the Bristol Bay area is Dillingham . Many other communities dot the coastline and rivers of Bristol Bay, including: All of these communities are primarily inhabited by Alaska Natives , except for Dillingham and King Salmon ; the former being influenced early-on by salmon-cannery employees from around the world including European and Asian people. King Salmon

1316-653: The associated canneries, sport fishing , hunting and tourism . The number of business lodges, hunting- and fishing-resorts and visitors to the nearby Katmai National Park and Preserve has grown exponentially in recent years. Sports fishing is another important local industry. Many lodges cater to sport fishermen targeting the salmon and trout populations in the freshwater tributaries. Freshwater species include humpback whitefish (Coregonus pidschianpp), Dolly Varden trout (Salvelinus malma), and Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).[18] The area has also experienced significant interest in oil and mineral development, most notably with

1363-630: The company is seeking a 20 year permit, Thiessen outlined how it could last another 160 years. After more than two decades of opposition by a majority of Bristol Bay residents and Tribes, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) used its authority under the Clean Water Act 404(c) to stop the proposed Pebble Mine project. The EPA released a Final Determination which declared that after extensive scientific and technical research and robust stakeholder engagement that

1410-442: The first 50 years of commercial salmon fishing in Bristol Bay, the fishing boats were restricted to sail power. When this restriction lifted in 1951, it took only seven short years to outfit all the boats (approximately 1,500) with diesel or gas engines. In the late 1920s another law was passed restricting the length of the boats to 32 feet. This law holds true even today. Bristol Bay is a remote part of Alaska. The canneries preserve

1457-455: The first millionaires in Oregon. In addition to bar piloting, he was involved in several other entrepreneurial endeavors, including operating a wharf in Astoria, and managing a coal business from Australia . At the time of his death in 1893, Flavel had a net worth of nearly US$ 2 million (equivalent to $ 67,822,222 in 2023). His family estate, known as the Captain George Flavel House ,

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1504-719: The freshness of the salmon which are gutted, cleaned, and processed on site. These companies have established a presence in Bristol Bay. Canneries include North Pacific Seafoods, Togiak Seafoods, Bristol Bay Setnet, Friedman Family Fisheries, Peter Pan Seafoods, Ekuk Fisheries, Big Creek Shore plant, Coffee Point Seafood, Icicle Seafoods, Wild Premium Salmon, Seafood Enterprises of Alaska, Alaska General Seafoods, Alaska Salmon Wild, Da Kine Enterprise, Extreme Salmon, Great Ruby Fish, My Girl, Naknek Family Fisheries, North Pacific Seafoods, Ocean Beauty, Silver Bay Seafoods, Trident Seafoods, Tulchina Fisheries, Diamond Lodge Smokehouse, and Nakeen Homepack. Major industries are commercial fishing and

1551-464: The merged companies, whose headquarters were to be at the Callendar dock in Astoria. Calendar Navigation Co. would continue operate its wharf and storage business under its own name. Knappton Towing had been engaged in the towing of logs, using its six steamers: Knappton , Coquille , Electro , Defender , and Myrtle , and two oil barges. At the time of the merger, Calendar Navigation Co. operated Melville , Myrtle , Jordan , and Ida W. ,

1598-456: The mine an environmental activist group secretly taped conversations with Ronald Thiessen, chief executive of Northern Dynasty Minerals, and Tom Collier, chief executive of Pebble Limited Partnership. During the conversations Collier and Thiessen detailed their plans to gain the favor of elected politicians from Juneau to Washington, D.C. to gain a favorable outcome for the approval of the mining operation. The conversations also revealed that while

1645-594: The non-native influences of the area. During his voyage through the area in 1778, the famed British navigator and explorer Captain James Cook named the area "in honor of the Admiral Earl of Bristol " in England. After establishing some temporary settlements in the late 1790s, The Russian American Company sent exploratory parties to document the coast and nearby inland areas of Bristol Bay. One of these charted

1692-609: The proposed Pebble Mine on the north shore of Iliamna Lake , and auctioning of leases to tracts in the southern Bristol Bay area known as the North Aleutians Basin , an area which has been closed to offshore oil and gas development since a moratorium in 1998. The draft plan by the Bureau of Land Management (pending public comments until 2/5/2007), also proposes to open most of the BLM's 3,600,000 acres (1,500,000 ha) in

1739-586: The salmon industry in Alaska and the history of growth. The influence of the Katmai Volcano Explosion in 1912 and the influenza epidemic in 1919 decimated the Naknek people and area. According to oral history, there were only about three original families left at that time. On July 7 1937, Alaskans witnessed conflict as Japanese fishing vessels entered the waters of Bristol Bay with 10,000-ton fishing trawlers to harvest salmon. At that time,

1786-451: The steamboat business. Vessels are shown by (date of construction; date of acquisition by company - date of disposition). In December 1902, Callendar Transportation Co. leased the steamer North Star from Alaska Fisherman's Packing Co., to tow logs and conduct a general jobbing business at the mouth of the Columbia River. On April 1, 1903, the Callendar company returned North Star to Alaska Fisherman's Packing Co., who intended to fit out

1833-611: The summer. Fishing activity peaks for specific species during times of the highest concentration of salmon moving from the saltwater Pacific Ocean to the brackish Bristol Bay, then finally to their freshwater natal spawning streams at the headwaters of the many lakes and rivers in the Bristol Bay watershed. On an international scale, Sockeye salmon are a relatively rare creature. Like other wild salmon species, Sockeye harvests fluctuate but comprise 4 to 7 percent of global salmon production and 13 to 20 percent of wild salmon harvests. Between 2011 and 2014, Sockeye salmon accounted for 5 percent of

1880-431: The use of the company. In late December 1905, it had been reported that Callendar Navigation Co. was considering converting its entire fleet over to oil-fueled boilers in the near future, with the steamer Jordan being the first to undergo the change. In 1906, Callendar Navigation Co. was the Astoria agent for the fast sternwheeler Telegraph . By 1908, the company had become an agent for North Pacific Steamship Co. ,

1927-479: The vessel for service in Bristol Bay, Alaska for service as a cannery tender. Melville was launched on March 31, 1903, at Knappton. The engine and boiler had not yet been installed, but were expected to arrive soon from the eastern United States. In January 1907, Melville was converted to an oil-burner in late 1906 or earlier 1907. One of the first tasks for Melville after the conversion to an oil burner

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1974-505: The warehouse on the dock. The company had a dock at the Astoria waterfront which was 250 long and 65 feet wide. Capt. Peter Jordan was also a vice president from the date of the formation of the company. The dock was located at the foot of 14th Street in Astoria. The pier later become known as the Brix pier, named for Peter John Brix, the original founder of Knappton Towboat Co., which acquired Callendar Navigation in 1922 by merger. In 1908,

2021-825: The way, the tow line reportedly parted three times, twice at sea, and once when crossing the Columbia Bar . On arrival, Wenona was taken possession of by Captain John R. Pickernell (1840–1913) and outfitted by the Astoria Iron Works. In May 1905, Wenona was placed on the Grays River run. In February 1908 Wenona was sold for $ 9,000 to the Gray's River Transportation Company, with Captain W.E. Hull in command. Gray's River Transportation Co. consisted of William E. Hull, John Johnson, and Oscar Oleson. Hull had only

2068-436: The world's salmon harvest by volume and 15 percent of the world's wild salmon harvest. Bristol Bay is home to the world's largest salmon run. All five Eastern Pacific species spawn in the bay's freshwater tributaries. Commercial fisheries include the world's largest Sockeye salmon fishery. The Kvijack drains from Lake Iliamna. Along with herring and other fisheries, salmon fishing accounts for nearly 75% of local jobs. During

2115-546: Was donated to the Clatsop County Historical Society by his great-granddaughter after her inheritance of it in 1933, and contemporarily functions as a museum. George Flavel was born in 1823. Some sources state he was born in Portadown , County Armagh , Ireland , while others state his birthplace as Norfolk, Virginia , where he had resided in his early life. Flavel was of Irish descent. As

2162-583: Was populated by military personnel stationed, primarily during Cold War years, at the King Salmon Air Force Station , and later by visitors and employees of the nearby Katmai National Park and Preserve . A mineral exploration project investigating a large porphyry copper , gold , and molybdenum deposit in the Bristol Bay region has been proposed and may be undertaken by British-Australian Rio Tinto Group and Japanese conglomerate Mitsubishi . Northern Dynasty Minerals LLC staked

2209-478: Was to tow a barge loaded with salvage equipment to assist in kedging off the stranded ship Alice McDonald . Captain Peter Jordan (1858-1916) was in charge of Melville at the time. In 1904, the company hired L. Lebak to construct a dock in Astoria. In December 1904, Lebak finished driving the 400 pilings necessary for the dock, with the next phase of the construction being to install the planking and build

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