44-425: The genus name Callitropsis has been used for two different genera in the family Cupressaceae: Callitropsis Oerst. , a monotypic genus with a single species Callitropsis nootkatensis Callitropsis Compton , a synonym of Callitris [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct genera with
88-433: A close range; additionally, only a small percentage is viable. The Caren Range on the west coast of British Columbia is home to the oldest Nootka cypress specimens in the world, with one specimen found to be 1,834 years old; some specimens may be over 3,000 years old. Callitropsis nootkatensis is one of the parents of the hybrid Leyland cypress ; the other parent, Monterey cypress ( Hesperocyparis macrocarpa) ,
132-460: A fine finish. It resists splintering and wears smoothly over time. When fresh cut it has a somewhat unpleasant bitter scent, but when seasoned it has barely any discernible odor, hence its traditional use in face masks. Due to its expense, it is used mainly for finished carpentry. Typical uses include exterior siding, shingles, decking, exposed beams, glue-laminated beams, paneling, cabinetry, and millwork . In historic preservation it can be used as
176-530: A more detailed molecular analysis and placed Nootka cypress back in Cupressus . This was disputed, as the tree would compose a monophyletic subgenus, but the Gymnosperm Database suggested that it could comprise a monotypic genus as Callitropsis nootkatensis . In 2021, a molecular study by Stull et al. found the species to indeed belong to the distinct genus Callitropsis and recovered this as
220-479: A new genus Xanthocyparis , together with the newly discovered Vietnamese golden cypress ( Xanthocyparis vietnamensis) ; this species is remarkably similar to Nootka cypress and the treatment has many arguments in its favour, as while they are not related to Chamaecyparis , neither do they fit fully in Cupressus despite the many similarities. Little et al. confirmed this relationship with further evidence and pointed out that an earlier nomenclatural combination in
264-574: A serious problem. In 2005 in the United Kingdom, an estimated 17,000 households were involved in disputes over the height of garden hedges. Such disputes between neighbours have been known to deteriorate into violence and in at least one case, culminate in murder when in 2001, retired Environment Agency officer Llandis Burdon, 57, was shot dead after an alleged dispute over a leylandii hedge in Talybont-on-Usk , Powys . Part VIII of
308-439: A substitute for Thuja plicata (western redcedar) and Taxodium distichum (bald cypress), due to current difficulties in obtaining quality timber of those species due to environmental concern and past over-exploitation, although this applies equally to Nootka cypress. Other uses for Nootka cypress include saunas, and battery containers due to its resistance to acids. Traditionally, paddles, masks, dishes, and bows were made from
352-770: A woman's body. In Tlingit culture the story of Natsilane describes how a Nootka cypress was used to carve the world's first killer whale . New World Species : Leyland cypress The Leyland cypress , Cupressus × leylandii , × Cuprocyparis leylandii or × Cupressocyparis leylandii , often referred to simply as leylandii , is a fast-growing coniferous evergreen tree much used in horticulture , primarily for hedges and screens. Even on sites of relatively poor culture, plants have been known to grow to heights of 15 metres (49 ft) in 16 years. Their rapid, thick growth means they are sometimes used to achieve privacy, but such use can result in disputes with neighbours whose own property becomes overshadowed. The tree
396-735: Is a hybrid of Monterey cypress ( Cupressus macrocarpa ) and Nootka cypress ( Cupressus nootkatensis ). It is almost always sterile, and is propagated mainly by cuttings . In 1845, the Leighton Hall, Powys estate was purchased by the Liverpool banker Christopher Leyland. In 1847, he gave it to his nephew John Naylor (1813–1889). Naylor commissioned Edward Kemp to lay out the gardens, which included redwoods, monkey puzzle trees and two North American species of conifers in close proximity to each other – Monterey cypress and Nootka cypress . The two parent species would not likely cross in
440-469: Is a species of tree in the cypress family native to the coastal regions of northwestern North America . This species goes by many common names including: Nootka cypress , yellow cypress , Alaska cypress , Nootka cedar , yellow cedar , Alaska cedar , and Alaska yellow cedar . The specific epithet nootkatensis is derived from the species being from the area of Nootka Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island , Canada . Both locations are named for
484-414: Is light-demanding, but is tolerant of high levels of pollution and salt spray. A hardy, fast-growing natural hybrid, it thrives on a variety of soils, and sites are commonly planted in gardens to provide a quick boundary or shelter hedge , because of their rapid growth. Although widely used for screening, it has not been planted much for forestry purposes. In both forms of the hybrid, Leyland cypress combines
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#1732776170711528-553: Is much more successful. In northern areas where heavy snows occur, this plant is also susceptible to broken branches and uprooting in wet, heavy snow . The tree has also been introduced in Kenya on parts of Mount Kenya . The sap can cause skin irritation in susceptible individuals. In 1925, a firm of commercial nurserymen specialising in conifers were looking for a breed that was fast-growing, and could be deployed in barren, windy and salty areas such as Cornwall. Eventually they found
572-900: The Kenai Peninsula in Alaska to the Klamath Mountains in northernmost California . It can be found at elevations higher than those reached by Thuja plicata (western redcedar), sometimes in a krummholz form, and even occupying very rocky sites (near the California-Oregon border). It can be found at elevations of 600 to 750 m (1,970 to 2,460 ft) in Southeast Alaska and between 750 and 2,000 m (2,460 and 6,560 ft) from coastal British Columbia into Oregon . Isolated groves near Nelson, British Columbia , and John Day, Oregon , may be
616-768: The Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017), though the original hybrid has now lost its AGM status. Other cultivars include 'Douglas Gold', 'Leighton Green', 'Drabb', 'Haggerston Grey', 'Emerald Isle', 'Ferndown', 'Golconda', 'Golden Sun', 'Gold Rider', 'Grecar', 'Green Spire', 'Grelive', Haggerston 3, Haggerston 4, Haggerston 5, Haggerston 6, 'Harlequin', 'Herculea', 'Hyde Hall', 'Irish Mint', 'Jubilee', 'Medownia', 'Michellii', 'Moncal', 'Naylor's Blue', 'New Ornament', 'Olive's Green', 'Robinson's Gold', 'Rostrevor', 'Silver Dust', 'Variegata', 'Ventose', and 'Winter Sun'. The plant's rapid growth and great potential height can become
660-467: The United States . In these areas, it is prone to develop cypress canker disease, which is caused by the fungus Seiridium cardinale . Canker causes extensive dieback and ultimately kills the tree. In California 's Central Valley , they rarely live more than 10 years before succumbing, and not much longer in southern states like Alabama . In these areas, the canker-resistant Arizona cypress
704-467: The 1970s, was selected by the park director, John Keown, and was named Cupressus macrocarpa 'Keownii', 1963. A large, evergreen tree, Cupressus × leylandii reaches a size between 20 and 25 m high, with its leaves giving it a compact, thick and regular habit. It grows very fast with yearly increases of 1 m. The leaves, about 1 mm long and close to the twig , are presented in flaky, slightly aromatic branches. They are dark green, somewhat paler on
748-526: The Nootka cypress. It may be added that attempts to cross Nootka cypress with other Chamaecyparis species have been universally unsuccessful. The scientific name of Leyland cypress depends on the taxonomic treatment of Nootka cypress. Where Nootka cypress is considered as Cupressus nootkatensis , the hybrid is within the Cupressus genus and is therefore Cupressus × leylandii . If both Monterey and Nootka cypress are considered as species of Callitropsis ,
792-547: The North American species of Cupressus , including the Monterey cypress ( C. macrocarpa ), to Callitropsis . In some of these classifications, this and other hybrids of Nootka cypress become very unusual in being intergeneric hybrids, the only ones ever reported among the gymnosperms . In 2010, Mao et al. performed a more detailed molecular analysis and redefined Cupressus to exclude Chamaecyparis , but to include
836-495: The Pacific Northwest Coast , along with another cypress, Thuja plicata (western redcedar). While the wood and inner bark of western redcedar was preferred for larger projects like houses and canoes, the stronger inner bark of Nootka cypress was used for smaller vessels and utensils, including canoe paddles and baskets, as well as thread for clothing and blankets. This species has been considered to be one of
880-451: The cones of Cupressus lusitanica (another species which can show foliage in flat sprays), except being somewhat smaller, typically 8–14 mm ( 5 ⁄ 16 – 9 ⁄ 16 in) in diameter; each scale has a pointed triangular bract about 1.5–2 mm long, again similar to other Cupressus and unlike the crescent-shaped, non-pointed bract on the scales of Chamaecyparis cones. The winged seeds are small, thus dispersing at
924-565: The descendants of local populations dating to the Last Glacial Period . The tree benefits from annual precipitation exceeding 150 centimeters (59 in), particularly in deep snow though with temperatures not often dropping below −18 °C (0 °F). Snow tends not to break the flexible branches. It is shade tolerant , but less so than associated mountain hemlock ( Tsuga mertensiana) and Pacific silver fir ( Abies amabilis) , and grows slowly. Anti-fungal chemicals within
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#1732776170711968-501: The finest timber trees in the world and has been exported to China during the last century. The wood has been used for flooring, interior finish and shipbuilding. The tree has extreme heartwood qualities that make it one of the most desired sources of firewood on the West Coast. It burns very hot and lasts a long time as embers. A tree can still be used for firewood up to 100 years after its death. The various physical properties of
1012-541: The genus Callitropsis existed, as Callitropsis nootkatensis (D.Don) Oerst., published in 1864 but overlooked or ignored by other subsequent authors. Little et al. therefore synonymised Xanthocyparis with Callitropsis , the correct name for these species under the ICBN when treated in a distinct genus. The name Xanthocyparis has now been proposed for conservation, and the 2011 International Botanical Congress followed that recommendation. In 2010, Mao et al. performed
1056-404: The hardiness of the Nootka or Alaska cypress with the fast growth of the Monterey cypress. The tallest Leyland cypress documented is about 40 m (130 ft) tall and still growing. However, because their roots are relatively shallow, a large leylandii tends to topple over. The shallow root structure also means that it is poorly adapted to areas with hot summers, such as the southern half of
1100-552: The hybrid is Callitropsis × leylandii . However where the parents are treated as being in different genera, Leyland cypress becomes an intergeneric hybrid: if Nootka cypress is within Chamaecyparis , the name of the hybrid becomes × Cupressocyparis leylandii , and where it is treated as Xanthocyparis , the hybrid becomes × Cuprocyparis leylandii . Two other similar hybrids have also been raised, both involving Nootka cypress with other Cupressus species: Leyland cypress
1144-489: The hybrid. Nootka cypress was first regarded as belonging in the genus Cupressus , but was later placed in Chamaecyparis . It has become clear, however, that when the genus Cupressus is defined to include Chamaecyparis , it is paraphyletic unless it also includes Juniperus . In 2004, Little et al. transferred the Nootka cypress to Callitropsis . Little (2006) proposed another alternative by transferring all
1188-675: The older European name Nootka, given the Nuu-chah-nulth First Nation . Callitropsis nootkatensis is an evergreen conifer growing up to 40 meters (131 ft) tall, exceptionally 60 m (200 ft), with diameters up to 3.4 to 4 m (11 to 13 ft). The bark is thin, smooth and purplish when young, turning flaky and gray. The branches are commonly pendulous, with foliage in flat sprays and dark green scale-leaves measuring 3–5 millimeters ( 1 ⁄ 8 – 3 ⁄ 16 in) long. The cones , maturing biannually, have 4 (occasionally 6) scales, and resemble
1232-513: The reverse hybrid of the cones of the Monterey cypress were fertilised with pollen from the Nootka, that hybrid was baptised 'Leighton Green.' The hybrid has since arisen on nearly 20 separate occasions, always by open pollination, showing the two species are readily compatible and closely related. As a hybrid, although fertility of certain Leyland cypress forms were recently reported, most Leyland cypress were thought to be sterile, and nearly all
1276-627: The same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Callitropsis&oldid=1209910298 " Categories : Genus disambiguation pages Cupressaceae Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Callitropsis nootkatensis Callitropsis nootkatensis , formerly known as Cupressus nootkatensis ( syn. Xanthocyparis nootkatensis, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis ),
1320-595: The sister genus to Hesperocyparis . The clade comprising both was found to be sister to Xanthocyparis (containing only the Vietnamese golden cypress), and the clade containing the three genera was found to be sister to a clade containing Juniperus and Cupressus sensu stricto . The species grows in moist areas of coastal mountains of the Pacific Northwest , including those of the Cascades , from
1364-1022: The six original trees developed by Leyland, and began propagating the species. In 1953, a freak tornado blew down one of the original trees at Haggerston (the other original five trees still survive), on which the research division of the Forestry Commission started developing additional hybrids. Commercial nurseries spotted the plant's potential, and for many years, it was the biggest-selling item in every garden centre in Great Britain, making up to 10% of their total sales. They continue to be popular for cultivation in parks and gardens. Leyland cypress trees are commonly planted to quickly form fence or protection hedges. However, their rapid growth (up to 1 m per year), their thick shade and their large potential size (often more than 20 m high in garden conditions, and they can reach at least 35 m) make them problematic. The cultivar 'Gold Rider' has gained
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1408-407: The species range, covering approximately 10 degrees of latitude from northern southeast Alaska to southern British Columbia. Substantial future mortality is likely due to warming temperatures and decreasing snowpacks. The U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service is reviewing whether to designate the species as threatened or endangered. The Nootka cypress is used extensively by the indigenous peoples of
1452-588: The synonym Xanthocyparis nootkatensis the cultivar C. nootkatensis 'Pendula' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit . A legend amongst the Nootka peoples of the Hesquiaht First Nation tells of the origins of the Nootka cypress. In the legend, a raven encounters three young women drying salmon on the beach. He asks the women if they are afraid of being alone, or of bears , wolves , and other animals. Each woman responded "no". But when asked about owls ,
1496-604: The tree aid in its longevity. It is also rarely afflicted by insects, although is susceptible to heart rot . In Alaska, where the tree is primarily referred to as "yellow cedar", extensive research has been conducted into large-scale die-offs of yellow cedar stands. These studies have concluded that the tree has depended upon heavy coastal snowpacks to insulate its shallow roots from cold Arctic winters. The impacts of climate change have resulted in thinner, less-persistent snowpacks, in turn causing increased susceptibility to freeze damage. This mortality has been observed over 7% of
1540-422: The tree being a hybrid, its seeds are sterile . Over time, the cones shrink dry and turn gray or chocolate brown and then have a diameter of 1 cm. Cupressus × leylandii is a hybrid of two other cypress species: Monterey cypress ( Cupressus macrocarpa ) and Nootka cypress ( Cupressus nootkatensis ). The taxonomic status of Nootka cypress has changed over time, and this has affected the taxonomic status of
1584-648: The trees now seen have resulted from cuttings originating from those few plants. Over 40 forms of Leyland cypress are known, and as well as 'Haggerston Grey' and 'Leighton Green', other well-known forms include 'Stapehill', which was discovered in 1940 in a garden in Ferndown, Dorset by M. Barthelemy and 'Castlewellan', which originated from a single mutant tree in the Castlewellan estate arboretum in Northern Ireland. This form, widely propagated from
1628-423: The underside, but can have different colors, depending on the cultivar. The crown of many forms is broadly columnar with slightly overhanging branch tips. The branches are slightly flattened and densely populated with scaly needles. The tree bark is dark red or brown and has deep grooves. The seeds are found in cones about 2 cm in length, with eight scales and five seeds with tiny resinous vesicles . With
1672-509: The wild, as their natural ranges are more than 400 miles (640 km) apart, but in 1888, the hybrid cross occurred when the female flowers or cones of Nootka cypress were fertilised by pollen from Monterey cypress. John Naylor's eldest son Christopher John (1849–1926) inherited Leighton Hall from his father in 1889. Christopher was a sea captain by trade. In 1891, he inherited the Leyland Entailed Estates established under
1716-429: The will of his great-great-uncle, which passed to him following the death of his uncle Thomas Leyland. On receiving the inheritance, Christopher changed his surname to Leyland, and moved to Haggerston Castle , Northumberland . He further developed the hybrid at his new home, and hence named the first clone variant 'Haggerston Grey'. His younger brother John (1856–1906) resultantly inherited Leighton Hall, and when in 1911
1760-405: The women were indeed afraid of owls. Hearing this, the trickster raven hid in the forests, and made the calls of an owl. The terrified women ran up the mountains, but turned into Nootka cypress trees when they were out of breath. According to the Nootka, this is why Nootka cypress grows on the sides of mountains, and also why the bark is silky like a woman's hair, and the young trunk is smooth like
1804-472: The wood make it an attractive material for both general construction and boatbuilding. Due to its slow growth it is hard and, like other cypress woods, it is durable; it therefore offers good dimensional stability and is resistant to weather, insects, and contact with soil. It works easily with hand or machine tools, turning and carving quite well. It can be fastened with glues, screws, and nails. Nootka cypress's texture, uniform color, and straight grain will take
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1848-488: The wood. The drooping branchlets give the tree a graceful weeping appearance. It makes an attractive specimen tree in parks and open spaces. It can also be used as a tall hedge . It will grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 5–9, but can be difficult to grow. Best growth is in light or heavy soil, preferably well drained, and in climates with cool summers. It prefers semi-shade to full sun. It can also be used in bonsai . Under
1892-570: Was also considered to be in the genus Cupressus , but in the North American Hesperocyparis clade, which has generally been found to be phylogenetically closer to C. nootkatensis than the Old World clade Cupressus sensu stricto . First described in the genus Cupressus as Cupressus nootkatensis in 1824 based on a specimen collected "ad Sinum Nootka dictum", which translates to "said Bay of Nootka". It
1936-517: Was transferred to Chamaecyparis in 1841 on the basis of its foliage being in flattened sprays, as in other Chamaecyparis , but unlike most (though not all) other Cupressus species. However, this placement does not fit with the morphology and phenology of the cones, which are far more like Cupressus , maturing in two years rather than one. Genetic evidence, published by Gadek et al., strongly supported its return to Cupressus and exclusion from Chamaecyparis . Farjon et al. (2002) transferred it to
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