Misplaced Pages

#634365

74-579: The Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant (NWIRP) is located on Grumman Boulevard in Calverton, New York . The facility is in a rural area, bordered by Middle County Road (route 25) to the north, agricultural land to the east, River Road to the south, and Wading River Road to the west. It is also in close proximity to North Fork (Long Island) and South Fork (Long Island) ("Hamptons") communities, within 60 miles of JFK International Airport , La Guardia Airport , and Islip MacArthur Airport . In about 1950,

148-492: A deal to sell the airport for $ 155 million to Riverhead Resorts, to build the ski mountain, tear up the airport runway, and replace it with a lake, overruling a December vote to give the NASCAR track the go-ahead. It would have taken up to three years to get the necessary environmental permits, and the proposed opening date of the project was 2012. On November 12, 2010, however, the town of Riverhead voted 4–1 to cancel all plans for

222-518: A female householder with no husband present, and 40.2% were non-families. 34.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.88. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 20.3% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 25.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

296-422: A higher VOC exposure than the two previous groups, that is, they are particularly linked to exposure to acetone, chloroform, α-pinene, 2-propanol or d-limonene. Other healthcare environments such as nursing and age care homes have been rarely a subject of study, even though the elderly and vulnerable populations may spend considerable time in these indoor settings where they might be exposed to VOCs, derived from

370-410: A movement among higher-end hotels to be more environmentally friendly, there has been a shift to using less harsh cleaning agents. Another similar environment that exposes workers to VOCs are retail spaces. Studies have shown that retail spaces have the highest VOC concentrations compared to all other indoor spaces such as residences, offices, and vehicles. The concentration of VOCs present as well as

444-468: A number of VOCs gaseous reference standards are available from specialty gas suppliers or national metrology institutes , either in the form of cylinders or dynamic generation methods. However, for many VOCs, such as oxygenated VOCs, monoterpenes , or formaldehyde , no standards are available at the appropriate amount of fraction due to the chemical reactivity or adsorption of these molecules. Currently, several national metrology institutes are working on

518-615: A public hearing in September 1995, California's ARB uses the term "reactive organic gases" (ROG) to measure organic gases. The CARB revised the definition of "Volatile Organic Compounds" used in their consumer products regulations, based on the committee's findings. In addition to drinking water , VOCs are regulated in pollutant discharges to surface waters (both directly and via sewage treatment plants) as hazardous waste, but not in non-industrial indoor air. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates VOC exposure in

592-550: A study conducted in 4 hospitals in the United States established that sterilization and disinfection workers are linked to exposures to d-limonene and 2-propanol, while those responsible for cleaning with chlorine-containing products are more likely to have higher levels of exposure to α-pinene and chloroform . Those who perform floor and other surface cleaning tasks (e.g., floor waxing) and who use quaternary ammonium, alcohol, and chlorine-based products are associated with

666-454: A sustainable biosphere–atmosphere balance. Due to recent climate change developments, such as warming and greater UV radiation, BVOC emissions from plants are generally predicted to increase, thus upsetting the biosphere–atmosphere interaction and damaging major ecosystems. A major class of VOCs is the terpene class of compounds, such as myrcene . Providing a sense of scale, a forest 62,000 square kilometres (24,000 sq mi) in area,

740-489: A time-constant of a few years. New buildings may require intensive ventilation for the first few months, or a bake-out treatment. Existing buildings may be replenished with new VOC sources, such as new furniture, consumer products, and redecoration of indoor surfaces, all of which lead to a continuous background emission of TVOCs, and requiring improved ventilation. There are strong seasonal variations in indoors VOC emissions, with emission rates increasing in summer. This

814-645: A vapour pressure of 0.01 kPa or more, or having a corresponding volatility under the particular conditions of use;". The VOC Solvents Emissions Directive was the main policy instrument for the reduction of industrial emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the European Union. It covers a wide range of solvent-using activities, e.g. printing, surface cleaning, vehicle coating, dry cleaning and manufacture of footwear and pharmaceutical products. The VOC Solvents Emissions Directive requires installations in which such activities are applied to comply either with

SECTION 10

#1732801232635

888-426: Is gas chromatography (GC). GC instruments allow the separation of gaseous components. When coupled to a flame ionization detector (FID) GCs can detect hydrocarbons at the parts per trillion levels. Using electron capture detectors , GCs are also effective for organohalide such as chlorocarbons. The second major technique associated with VOC analysis is mass spectrometry , which is usually coupled with GC, giving

962-578: Is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) on eastern Long Island in Suffolk County , New York , United States. The population was 6,510 at the 2010 census. Most of Calverton is in the Town of Riverhead , while the area south of the Peconic River is a mostly undeveloped smaller portion in the Town of Brookhaven . Calverton was first referred to as " Baiting Hollow Station " when

1036-446: Is between 7000 and 10,500 m/Δm, thus it is possible to separate most common isobaric VOCs and quantify them independently. The exhaled human breath contains a few thousand volatile organic compounds and is used in breath biopsy to serve as a VOC biomarker to test for diseases, such as lung cancer . One study has shown that "volatile organic compounds ... are mainly blood borne and therefore enable monitoring of different processes in

1110-516: Is by ensuring there is proper air ventilation. Employers can ensure proper ventilation by placing furniture in a way that enhances air circulation, as well as checking that the HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system is working properly to remove pollutants from the air. Workers can make sure that air vents are not blocked. Obtaining samples for analysis is challenging. VOCs, even when at dangerous levels, are dilute, so preconcentration

1184-638: Is heated and terpenes can be released when spices are prepared and/or cooked. Cleaning products contain a range of VOCs, including monoterpenes , sesquiterpenes , alcohols and esters . Once released into the air, VOCs can undergo reactions with ozone and hydroxyl radicals to produce other VOCs, such as formaldehyde. Some VOCs are emitted directly indoors, and some are formed through the subsequent chemical reactions. The total concentration of all VOCs (TVOC) indoors can be up to five times higher than that of outdoor levels. New buildings experience particularly high levels of VOC off-gassing indoors because of

1258-615: Is land and 0.5 square miles (1.3 km ), or 1.82%, is water. The former Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant became the Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant, Calverton (IATA code "CTO") in the late 20th century. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,704 people, 2,539 households, and 1,518 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 203.7 inhabitants per square mile (78.6/km ). There were 2,735 housing units at an average density of 97.7 per square mile (37.7/km ). The racial makeup of

1332-1084: Is largely due to the rate of diffusion of VOC species through materials to the surface, increasing with temperature. This leads to generally higher concentrations of TVOCs indoors in summer. Measurement of VOCs from the indoor air is done with sorption tubes e. g. Tenax (for VOCs and SVOCs) or DNPH -cartridges (for carbonyl-compounds) or air detector. The VOCs adsorb on these materials and are afterwards desorbed either thermally (Tenax) or by elution (DNPH) and then analyzed by GC–MS / FID or HPLC . Reference gas mixtures are required for quality control of these VOC measurements. Furthermore, VOC emitting products used indoors, e.g. building products and furniture, are investigated in emission test chambers under controlled climatic conditions. For quality control of these measurements round robin tests are carried out, therefore reproducibly emitting reference materials are ideally required. Other methods have used proprietary Silcosteel-coated canisters with constant flow inlets to collect samples over several days. These methods are not limited by

1406-513: Is typically required. Many components of the atmosphere are mutually incompatible, e.g. ozone and organic compounds, peroxyacyl nitrates and many organic compounds. Furthermore, collection of VOCs by condensation in cold traps also accumulates a large amount of water, which generally must be removed selectively, depending on the analytical techniques to be employed. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) techniques are used to collect VOCs at low concentrations for analysis. As applied to breath analysis,

1480-532: The EPA's National Primary Drinking Water Regulations and China's National Drinking Water Standards set by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment . The presence of VOCs in the air and in groundwater has prompted more studies. Several studies have been performed to measure the effects of dermal absorption of specific VOCs. Dermal exposure to VOCs like formaldehyde and toluene downregulate antimicrobial peptides on

1554-547: The Long Island Rail Road arrived in 1844. The station closed in 1958, but the sheltered shed for the station remained standing as of 2007. The area's Native American name was Conungum or Kanungum , meaning "fixed line" or "boundary". In 1868, the Calverton post office opened, named for Bernard J. Calvert. It remained a small farming community specializing in cranberries , which grew in swampy areas along

SECTION 20

#1732801232635

1628-536: The Peconic River until the Navy purchase. Calverton's history is tied closely to Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant, Calverton . In 1953, the United States Navy purchased 6,000 acres (24 km ) around Calverton from a local farmer named Harry Edwards, including the mansion of a grandson of Frank Winfield Woolworth 's, so that Grumman could test and finish jets. A 10,000-foot (3,000 m) runway

1702-460: The Space Race , Grumman built a mockup of the lunar surface to test its proposed Lunar Roving Vehicle . Many of the lunar astronauts were said to have visited the plant then. In 1965, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller proposed converting the airport into the fourth New York City metropolitan airport, joining Laguardia Airport, John F. Kennedy Airport and Newark Airport . The proposal

1776-701: The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs for expansion of the Calverton National Cemetery. As of 2022, the remaining 358 acres (five separate parcels) are still owned by the U.S. Navy, and are being cleaned up. Since April 28, 1998, the Calverton Restoration Advisory Board has been overseeing the Navy cleanup, including at Enterprise Park (EPCAL). As of June 2021, the Department of the Navy admitted on-site groundwater and soil contamination with PFAS and

1850-654: The United States , several standards exist; California Standard CDPH Section 01350 is the most common one. These regulations and standards changed the marketplace, leading to an increasing number of low-emitting products. Respiratory , allergic , or immune effects in infants or children are associated with man-made VOCs and other indoor or outdoor air pollutants. Some VOCs, such as styrene and limonene , can react with nitrogen oxides or with ozone to produce new oxidation products and secondary aerosols, which can cause sensory irritation symptoms. VOCs contribute to

1924-540: The poverty threshold , including 13.1% of those under age 18 and 6.6% of those age 65 or over. Splish Splash Water Park is located within the hamlet. Semi-Volatile Organic Compound Volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) are organic compounds that have a high vapor pressure at room temperature . They are common and exist in a variety of settings and products, not limited to house mold , upholstered furniture , arts and crafts supplies, dry cleaned clothing, and cleaning supplies . VOCs are responsible for

1998-646: The Atlantic off of Long Island. The NTSB brought the wreckage to a hangar it had leased in Calverton for examination and reconstruction of the Boeing 747. It was stored here until 2003, when it was moved to an NTSB facility in Ashburn, Virginia. In September 1998, about 2,640 acres of developed property were transferred to the Town of Riverhead for redevelopment on the condition it be used for economic development to replace thousands of well-paid jobs and tax base lost by

2072-689: The Blue Sky Defence War released by the State Council in July 2018 creates an action plan to reduce 2015 VOC emissions 10% by 2020. The Central Pollution Control Board of India released the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act in 1981, amended in 1987, to address concerns about air pollution in India . While the document does not differentiate between VOCs and other air pollutants,

2146-401: The CDP was 86.61% White , 7.66% African American , 0.46% Native American , 0.95% Asian , 0.04% Pacific Islander , 2.03% from other races , and 2.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.07% of the population. There were 2,539 households, out of which 22.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.1% were married couples living together, 10.1% had

2220-557: The CPCB monitors "oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), fine particulate matter (PM10) and suspended particulate matter (SPM)". The definitions of VOCs used for control of precursors of photochemical smog used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state agencies in the US with independent outdoor air pollution regulations include exemptions for VOCs that are determined to be non-reactive, or of low-reactivity in

2294-650: The Grumman closure (Enterprise Park, EPCAL). The airport has since been developed into Calverton Executive Airpark . In the mid-1980s, the Navy and Grumman knew, that their operations on the site had contaminated groundwater, according to court documents of an insurance case between Northrop Grumman and its liability insurance companies. As of 2022, heavy metals, PCBs and other Semi-Volatile Organic Compound , pesticides, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contaminate soil and groundwater, and impacting indoor air from groundwater vapor intrusion to some extent. Importantly,

Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant, Calverton - Misplaced Pages Continue

2368-464: The Navy bringing the total to 1,045 acres (423 ha) making it the largest national cemetery in the United States. In 1994, Grumman merged with Northrop Corporation , forming Northrop Grumman Corporation , and the new firm eliminated almost all operations on Long Island. On February 14, 1996, Grumman vacated the site. On July 17, 1996, TWA Flight 800 exploded on departure from John F. Kennedy International Airport at about 13,000 feet, falling into

2442-472: The United States Navy purchased about 6,000 acres (2,400 ha) on the Peconic River by New York Route 25 for the facility. Among the properties purchased was a mansion belonging to the grandson of F.W. Woolworth . The Navy built, among other things, a 10,000-foot (3,000 m) runway. It is labeled on topographic maps as Grumman Peconic River Airport with an FAA code of CTO. The plant

2516-535: The VOCs emitted from the product, including some chemical compounds that may be relevant for indoor air quality. Each ounce of colorant added to tint paint may contain between 5 and 20 grams of VOCs. A dark color, however, could require 5–15 ounces of colorant, adding up to 300 or more grams of VOCs per gallon of paint. VOCs are also found in hospital and health care environments. In these settings, these chemicals are widely used for cleaning, disinfection, and hygiene of

2590-406: The abundant new materials (building materials, fittings, surface coverings and treatments such as glues, paints and sealants) exposed to the indoor air, emitting multiple VOC gases. This off-gassing has a multi-exponential decay trend that is discernible over at least two years, with the most volatile compounds decaying with a time-constant of a few days, and the least volatile compounds decaying with

2664-427: The adsorbing properties of materials like Tenax. In most countries, a separate definition of VOCs is used with regard to indoor air quality that comprises each organic chemical compound that can be measured as follows: adsorption from air on Tenax TA, thermal desorption, gas chromatographic separation over a 100% nonpolar column ( dimethylpolysiloxane ). VOC (volatile organic compounds) are all compounds that appear in

2738-552: The body." And it appears that VOC compounds in the body "may be either produced by metabolic processes or inhaled/absorbed from exogenous sources" such as environmental tobacco smoke . Chemical fingerprinting and breath analysis of volatile organic compounds has also been demonstrated with chemical sensor arrays , which utilize pattern recognition for detection of component volatile organics in complex mixtures such as breath gas. To achieve comparability of VOC measurements, reference standards traceable to SI units are required. For

2812-417: The common use of cleaning agents, sprays and fresheners. In one study, more than 200 chemicals were identified, of which 41 have adverse health effects, 37 of them being VOCs. The health effects include skin sensitization, reproductive and organ-specific toxicity, carcinogenicity , mutagenicity , and endocrine-disrupting properties. Furthermore, in another study carried out in the same European country, it

2886-493: The concentrations found in indoor air, benzene , toluene , and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) were found in samples of human milk and increase the concentrations of VOCs that we are exposed to throughout the day. A study notes the difference between VOCs in alveolar breath and inspired air suggesting that VOCs are ingested, metabolized, and excreted via the extra-pulmonary pathway. VOCs are also ingested by drinking water in varying concentrations. Some VOC concentrations were over

2960-417: The different areas. Thus, health professionals such as nurses, doctors, sanitation staff, etc., may present with adverse health effects such as asthma ; however, further evaluation is required to determine the exact levels and determinants that influence the exposure to these compounds. Concentration levels of individual VOCs such as halogenated and aromatic hydrocarbons vary substantially between areas of

3034-532: The emission limit values set out in the Directive or with the requirements of the so-called reduction scheme. Article 13 of The Paints Directive, approved in 2004, amended the original VOC Solvents Emissions Directive and limits the use of organic solvents in decorative paints and varnishes and in vehicle finishing products. The Paints Directive sets out maximum VOC content limit values for paints and varnishes in certain applications. The Solvents Emissions Directive

Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant, Calverton - Misplaced Pages Continue

3108-476: The extent and nature of the health effect will depend on many factors including level of exposure and length of time exposed. Eye and respiratory tract irritation, headaches, dizziness, visual disorders, and memory impairment are among the immediate symptoms that some people have experienced soon after exposure to some organics. At present, not much is known about what health effects occur from the levels of organics usually found in homes. While null in comparison to

3182-627: The following modalities are employed for sampling: gas sampling bags, syringes, evacuated steel and glass containers. In the U.S., standard methods have been established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and another by U.S. OSHA. Each method uses a single component solvent; butanol and hexane cannot be sampled, however, on the same sample matrix using the NIOSH or OSHA method. VOCs are quantified and identified by two broad techniques. The major technique

3256-599: The form of VOCs. The majority of VOCs are produced by plants, the main compound being isoprene . Small amounts of VOCs are produced by animals and microbes. Many VOCs are considered secondary metabolites , which often help organisms in defense, such as plant defense against herbivory . The strong odor emitted by many plants consists of green leaf volatiles , a subset of VOCs. Although intended for nearby organisms to detect and respond to, these volatiles can be detected and communicated through wireless electronic transmission, by embedding nanosensors and infrared transmitters into

3330-734: The formation of tropospheric ozone and smog . Health effects include eye, nose, and throat irritation ; headaches , loss of coordination, nausea, hearing disorders and damage to the liver , kidney, and central nervous system . Some VOCs are suspected or known to cause cancer in humans. Key signs or symptoms associated with exposure to VOCs include conjunctival irritation, nose and throat discomfort, headache, allergic skin reaction, dyspnea , declines in serum cholinesterase levels, nausea, vomiting, nose bleeding, fatigue, dizziness. The ability of organic chemicals to cause health effects varies greatly from those that are highly toxic to those with no known health effects. As with other pollutants,

3404-630: The gas chromatogram between and including n -hexane and n -hexadecane . Compounds appearing earlier are called VVOC (very volatile organic compounds); compounds appearing later are called SVOC (semi-volatile organic compounds). France , Germany (AgBB/DIBt), Belgium , Norway (TEK regulation) and Italy (CAM Edilizia) have enacted regulations to limit VOC emissions from commercial products. European industry has developed numerous voluntary ecolabels and rating systems, such as EMICODE , M1, Blue Angel , GuT (textile floor coverings), Nordic Swan Ecolabel, EU Ecolabel , and Indoor Air Comfort . In

3478-449: The highest. Most VOCs are not acutely toxic , but may have long-term chronic health effects. Some VOCs have been used in pharmaceutical settings , while others are the target of administrative controls because of their recreational use . The high vapor pressure of VOCs correlates with a low boiling point , which relates to the number of the sample's molecules in the surrounding air, a trait known as volatility . Diverse definitions of

3552-538: The hyphenated technique of GC-MS. Direct injection mass spectrometry techniques are frequently utilized for the rapid detection and accurate quantification of VOCs. PTR-MS is among the methods that have been used most extensively for the on-line analysis of biogenic and anthropogenic VOCs. PTR-MS instruments based on time-of-flight mass spectrometry have been reported to reach detection limits of 20 pptv after 100 ms and 750 ppqv after 1 min. measurement (signal integration) time. The mass resolution of these devices

3626-484: The indoor ski resort/water park. A portion of the base is being developed as an industrial/office park. Several new medium size industrial companies have sprung up in the area, including Crown Recycling and a Federal Express Distribution Center. According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 28.5 square miles (74 km ), of which 28.0 square miles (73 km )

3700-562: The late 1980s to the early 1990s, groundwater from Site 6A was discharged. Water supply wells are not used for drinking water, but irrigation. Recent hydrogeologic investigations have demonstrated that the contaminated groundwater migrates towards the Peconic River . In 1999, about 2,935 acres of undeveloped land from the site were transferred to the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) for wildlife management, and 140 acres were transferred to

3774-425: The main drivers of eye and upper respiratory tract irritation while cancer risks were driven by chloroform and formaldehyde. Some solvent-based products have also been shown to cause damage to the kidneys and reproductive organs. One study showed that the star rating of the hotel may influence VOC exposure, as hotels with lower star ratings tend to have lower quality materials for the furnishings. Additionally, due to

SECTION 50

#1732801232635

3848-483: The majority of the current air traffic as a key destination for New York–based skydivers . Through 2007, debates raged about whether or not to turn the base into a mega complex around a NASCAR track, called EPCAL Centre, or a giant ski resort based construction of an artificial 350-foot (110 m) high indoor ski mountain. In January 2008, the Riverhead Town Board, with newly elected officers, signed

3922-565: The many sources. VOCs are emitted by thousands of indoor products. Examples include: paints, varnishes, waxes and lacquers, paint strippers, cleaning and personal care products, pesticides, building materials and furnishings, office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction fluids and carbonless copy paper , graphics and craft materials including glues and adhesives, permanent markers, and photographic solutions. Human activities such as cooking and cleaning can also emit VOCs. Cooking can release long-chain aldehydes and alkanes when oil

3996-961: The most common VOC found in hospitality settings are alkanes, which are a major ingredient in cleaning products (35%). Other products present in hospitality that contain alkanes are laundry detergents, paints, and lubricants. Housekeepers in particular may also be exposed to formaldehyde, which is present in some fabrics used to make towels and bedding, however exposure decreases after several washes. Some hotels still use bleach to clean, and this bleach can form chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. Fragrances are often used in hotels and are composed of many different chemicals. There are many negative health outcomes associated with VOC exposure in hospitality. VOCs present in cleaning supplies can cause skin, eye, nose, and throat irritation, which can develop into dermatitis. VOCs in cleaning supplies can also cause more serious conditions, such as respiratory diseases and cancer. One study found that n-nonane and formaldehyde were

4070-469: The new Northrop Grumman pulled out of the base, and the Navy began liquidating the land. In 1996, before the base could be turned over the Town of Riverhead, the base was used to reassemble the wreckage of TWA Flight 800 which had crashed about 20 miles (32 km) south in the ocean. In 2000, Skydive Long Island (formerly located at East Moriches ) moved to the airport, and to this day continues to generate

4144-479: The odor of scents and perfumes as well as pollutants . They play an important role in communication between animals and plants, such as attractants for pollinators, protection from predation, and even inter-plant interactions. Some VOCs are dangerous to human health or cause harm to the environment , often despite the odor being perceived as pleasant, such as " new car smell ". Anthropogenic VOCs are regulated by law, especially indoors, where concentrations are

4218-482: The plant materials themselves. Emissions are affected by a variety of factors, such as temperature, which determines rates of volatilization and growth, and sunlight, which determines rates of biosynthesis . Emission occurs almost exclusively from the leaves, the stomata in particular. VOCs emitted by terrestrial forests are often oxidized by hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere; in the absence of NO x pollutants, VOC photochemistry recycles hydroxyl radicals to create

4292-433: The same hospital. Generally, ethanol , isopropanol , ether , and acetone are the main compounds in the interior of the site. Following the same line, in a study conducted in the United States, it was established that nursing assistants are the most exposed to compounds such as ethanol, while medical equipment preparers are most exposed to 2-propanol . In relation to exposure to VOCs by cleaning and hygiene personnel,

4366-587: The site is located above the Long Island groundwater aquifer, the sole source of drinking water for Long Island. The contaminated groundwater is leaching into adjacent surface waters and their bottom sediments. There is evidence that groundwater contamination has migrated off-site to the South: from sites 6A, a site called Old Fuel Calibration where in 1987, a groundwater recovery unit was installed and from 10B (Engine Test House, drainage swale and culvert) where from

4440-641: The size of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania , is estimated to emit 3.4 million kg (7.5 million lb) of terpenes on a typical August day during the growing season. Maize produces the VOC (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and other plant hormones. Anthropogenic sources emit about 142 teragrams (1.42 × 10 kg, or 142 billion kg) of carbon per year in the form of VOCs. The major source of man-made VOCs are: Due to their numerous sources indoors, concentrations of VOCs indoors are consistently higher in indoor air (up to ten times higher) than outdoors due to

4514-476: The skin like cathelicidin LL-37, human β-defensin 2 and 3.   Xylene and formaldehyde worsen allergic inflammation in animal models. Toluene also increases the dysregulation of filaggrin : a key protein in dermal regulation. this was confirmed by immunofluorescence to confirm protein loss and western blotting to confirm mRNA loss. These experiments were done on human skin samples. Toluene exposure also decreased

SECTION 60

#1732801232635

4588-674: The smog formation process. Prominent is the VOC regulation issued by the South Coast Air Quality Management District in California and by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). However, this specific use of the term VOCs can be misleading, especially when applied to indoor air quality because many chemicals that are not regulated as outdoor air pollution can still be important for indoor air pollution. Following

4662-412: The task. One study found that workers were exposed to peak total VOC concentrations when they were removing the plastic film off of new products. This peak was 7 times higher than total VOC concentration peaks of all other tasks, contributing greatly to retail workers’ exposure to VOCs despite being a relatively short task. One way that VOC concentrations can be kept minimal within retail and hospitality

4736-418: The term VOC are in use. Some examples are presented below. Health Canada classifies VOCs as organic compounds that have boiling points roughly in the range of 50 to 250 °C (122 to 482 °F). The emphasis is placed on commonly encountered VOCs that would have an effect on air quality. The European Union defines a VOC as "any organic compound as well as the fraction of creosote , having at 293.15 K

4810-486: The types depend on the type of store, but common sources of VOCs in retail spaces include motor vehicle exhaust, building materials, cleaning products, products, and fragrances. One study found that VOC concentrations were higher in retail storage spaces compared to the sales areas, particularly formaldehyde. In retail spaces, formaldehyde concentrations ranged from 8.0 to 19.4 µg m compared to 14.2 to 45.0 µg m in storage spaces. Occupational exposure to VOCs also depends on

4884-436: The water in the trans-epidermal layer allowing for vulnerability in the skin's layers. Limit values for VOC emissions into indoor air are published by AgBB , AFSSET , California Department of Public Health , and others. These regulations have prompted several companies in the paint and adhesive industries to adapt with VOC level reductions their products. VOC labels and certification programs may not properly assess all of

4958-731: The workplace. Volatile organic compounds that are classified as hazardous materials are regulated by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration while being transported. Most VOCs in Earth's atmosphere are biogenic, largely emitted by plants. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) encompass VOCs emitted by plants, animals, or microorganisms, and while extremely diverse, are most commonly terpenoids , alcohols, and carbonyls (methane and carbon monoxide are generally not considered). Not counting methane , biological sources emit an estimated 760 teragrams of carbon per year in

5032-436: Was "undertaking a comprehensive strategy to address releases of PFAS from Navy facilities like NWIRP", but denied responsibility for off-site groundwater pollution. When PFAs detected in 15% of the private residential wells south of the site were above New York's maximum contaminant levels, Navy maintained it was not bound by the state's limits, since there were no federal limits yet. Calverton, New York Calverton

5106-405: Was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.0 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $ 36,544, and the median income for a family was $ 44,342. Males had a median income of $ 40,184 versus $ 33,047 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $ 26,609. About 6.5% of families and 10.2% of the population were below

5180-470: Was abandoned following opposition from both Grumman and local residents. In 1974, when the two National Cemeteries on Long Island ( Cypress Hills National Cemetery and Long Island National Cemetery ) were running out of space, the Navy was approached about donating its undeveloped land north of Route 25 for a cemetery. On December 7, 1977, a 902 acres (365 ha) tract was donated to form Calverton National Cemetery . In 2000, more land would be donated by

5254-582: Was built, and most of Grumman's F-14 Tomcat and E-2C Hawkeye aircraft were to pass through the plant. In 1965, Nelson Rockefeller proposed using the base as the fourth major airport for the New York metropolitan area . Grumman and local opposition ended the quest. In 1978, more than 1,000 acres (4.0 km ) of the base were used to create Calverton National Cemetery , which is the largest and busiest (in terms of burials per day) United States national cemetery . In 1995, after Northrop acquired Grumman,

5328-427: Was found that there is a significant association between breathlessness in the elderly population and elevated exposure to VOCs such as toluene and o-xylene , unlike the remainder of the population. Workers in hospitality are also exposed to VOCs from a variety of sources including cleaning products (air fresheners, floor cleaners, disinfectants, etc.), building materials and furnishings, as well as fragrances. One of

5402-664: Was most associated with assembling, flight testing, refitting, and retrofitting naval aircraft like the Grumman A-6 Intruder , E-2 Hawkeye , EA-6B Prowler and Grumman F-14 Tomcat . Older U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps aircraft such as the F9F Panther , F-9 Cougar , and F-11 Tiger were also tested at the facility. They also conducted fire fighting training exercises. The Grumman site consisted of "Plant Six", where final assembly of F-14s, A-6s, EA-6Bs, and E-2Cs took place, and "Plant Seven" for Flight Test. During

5476-522: Was replaced by the Industrial Emissions Directive from 2013. The People's Republic of China defines a VOC as those compounds that have "originated from automobiles, industrial production and civilian use, burning of all types of fuels, storage and transportation of oils, fitment finish, coating for furniture and machines, cooking oil fume and fine particles (PM 2.5)", and similar sources. The Three-Year Action Plan for Winning

#634365