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101-397: Camalaniugan is 90 kilometres (56 mi) from Tuguegarao and 571 kilometres (355 mi) from Manila . The town was named after the "malaniug" trees which grew in abundance during the early years. In Fr. Jose Bugarin's Ibanag dictionary "malaniug, a wild palm...Camalaniugan, place where there are many of these [also] a town in this province." Camalaniugan was founded on June 15, 1596,

202-645: A tropical monsoon climate ( Am ), with only a slight difference between summer and winter temperatures, and high year-round humidity. The average maximum temperature during May is 96 °F (36 °C), one of the highest in the country. On May 11, 1969, the highest temperature in the Philippines was recorded in Tuguegarao at 42.2 °C (108.0 °F), beating the previous record of 39.5 °C (103.1 °F) also measured in Tuguegarao in May 1912. Thus,

303-470: A Japanese settlement and named it " El Puerto de Japón" after its conquest. He then reached Vigan on June 13, 1572, which had been a Chinese trading post from the Fujian province of China . In Vigan, he founded ' Villa Fernandina de Vigan ' and made it the diocesan seat of Nueva Segovia in honor of King Philip II 's son, Prince Ferdinand. Salcedo then proceeded to Laoag , Currimao , and Badoc , rounded

404-856: A centralized public school system in 1901, using English as the medium of instruction. To address a shortage of educators, the colonial government deployed 600 American teachers known as the Thomasites . By September 1902, public secondary schools had been established across the region, including institutions in Lingayen (Pangasinan), Vigan and Santa Maria (Ilocos Sur), Bauang , Bacnotan , and San Fernando (La Union), and Laoag and Dingras (Ilocos Norte) with several US Thomasites serving as educators. The Taft Commission per instructions of US President McKinley introduced free primary education, designed to prepare citizens for civic duties. Additionally, church lands were purchased and redistributed following

505-1000: A combined population of 132,208. Many buildings, including the Agoo Municipal hall, the Museo de Iloko , the parish church of Aringay, and the Basilica Minore of our Lady of Charity , collapsed or were severely damaged. Sitio Nagpanauan in Aringay completely submerged when the sea level rose and the land collapsed during the earthquake. 100,000 families were displaced when two coastal villages sank due to liquefaction . The province suffered many casualties leaving 32 people dead. In Pangasinan, about 90 buildings in Dagupan were damaged, and about 20 collapsed. Some structures sustained damage because liquefaction caused buildings to sink as much as 1 metre (39 inches). The earthquake caused

606-638: A crucial focal point for military operations. On October 20, 1944, the Allied forces initiated the liberation of the Philippines, setting the stage for the Battle of Lingayen Gulf in early 1945. On January 6, 1945, the U.S. Navy , supported by the Royal Australian Navy , began heavy bombardments of Japanese coastal defenses and infrastructure, lasting until January 8. Japanese kamikaze attacks targeted Allied vessels from January 7 to 9, but despite

707-508: A decrease in the elevation of the city and several areas were flooded. The city suffered 64 casualties of which 47 survived and 17 died. Most injuries were sustained during stampedes at a university building and a theater. The Ilocos Region, situated in the northwestern part of Luzon, Philippines, encompasses a total land area of 12,840.2 square kilometers. Of this area, 810,062 hectares are classified as alienable and disposable land, while 473,957 hectares are designated as forest land. The region

808-515: A destination for Ilocano settlers, dating back to the Spanish colonial period when it was part of the larger Ilocos Province , and later, Ilocos Sur . The inclusion of these provinces in the region was part of a broader strategy to expand Ilocano influence among the ethnic communities of the Cordilleras . On July 15, 1987, President Corazon Aquino issued Executive Order No. 220 , creating

909-584: A handsome profit, and the newly-rebuilt local industry to bloom. Stonehill was later deported a decade later, in the 1960s, for tax evasion and bribery of government officials, in what would later be called the Stonehill scandal , but the tobacco industry continued to grow. Various human rights violations were documented in the Ilocos region during the Marcos martial law era , despite public perception that

1010-543: A rather early date because of its proximity to Nueva Segovia (Lallo). San Jacinto de Polonia was selected as their patron saint. The early settlers were the Ybanags and Ilocanos, both peace-loving citizens. They built their houses along the banks of the Cagayan River . They brought with them their knowledge of farming and skills in making weapons. According to the story related by the elders, among these "happy" settlers

1111-506: A return of the tobacco industry to the Ilocos Region. Ever since the end of the tobacco monopoly, tobacco production had declined in the Ilocos as Filipinos started shifting from locally made cigars to foreign made cigarettes. But after reading a feature article series by Maximo Soliven which explained why Virginia tobacco would grow well on Ilocos soil, businessman Harry Stonehill was convinced to invest extensively in rebuilding

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1212-506: A sham election. He disappeared without a trace in August 1980 after unknown men tried to capture him in front of his students the day before. He was later honored by having his name inscribed on the wall of remembrance of the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani in recognition of his martyrdom while resisting authoritarianism. In 1975, Tuguegarao was declared as the capital and seat of the regional government of Cagayan Valley (Region II) being

1313-482: A significant growth of auto-hub companies with the presence of car showrooms in the city. The City Government of Tuguegarao, through the city's Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Council hosted a meeting with IT-BPO companies Sitel Philippines Inc. and Lee Chiu Property Consultants, Inc. in September 2018 to discuss the possibilities of locating their companies in the city. Initial steps have been made for

1414-698: Is DoubleDragon Properties' CityMall Tuguegarao which opened on March 1, 2021, its first mall in the region. Other notable shopping centers include the Tuguegarao City Commercial Center, formerly known as the Mall of the Valley; FCI Citimall, the first shopping mall in Northern Luzon; Brickstone Mall; Primark Town Center Tuguegarao, former site of Paseo Reale Mall; Unitop Mall Tuguegarao; Mart One Department Store and more. Following

1515-584: Is a 1st class component city and capital of the province of Cagayan , Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 166,334 people, making it the most populous city in Cagayan Province, Cagayan Valley and Northeastern Luzon. A major urban center and primary growth center in the Northeastern Luzon, it is the regional center of Cagayan Valley and also its regional institutional and administrative center. The city

1616-627: Is a convergence area for the provinces of Cagayan, Kalinga , Apayao and northern Isabela and one of the fast-emerging cities in the Philippines. Dubbed as the "Gateway to the Ilocandia and the Cordilleras ," the city is located on the southern border of the province where the Pinacanauan River empties into the Cagayan River . It is surrounded by the Sierra Madre Mountains to the east, Cordillera Mountains to

1717-674: Is a field office of the DepEd in Cagayan Valley region. The office governs the public and private elementary and public and private high schools throughout the municipality. Tuguegarao Tuguegarao ( / t ʊ ˈ ɡ ɛ ɡ ʌ r aʊ / or / t ʊ ɡ ɛ ɡ ə ˈ r aʊ / ), officially the City of Tuguegarao ( Ibanag : Siyudad nat Tugegaraw ; Itawit : Siyudad yo Tugegaraw ; Ilocano : Siudad ti Tuguegarao ; Filipino : Lungsod ng Tuguegarao [tʊgɛ̝gäˈɾaʊ] ),

1818-469: Is almost encapsulated by the Cagayan River in the western and southern side, which explains for its northward expansion, and the Pinacanauan River , a tributary of Cagayan River , in the eastern part. Small bodies of waters are found in the city, such as the Balzain Creek which spans the barangays of Caritan Sur and Balzain. Currently, the creek is continuously drying up due to eutrophication and

1919-517: Is now Ilocos Norte , Ilocos Sur , Abra , La Union , and parts of Mountain Province , as his estate. He was also given the title Justicia Mayor de esta Provincia de Ylocos (Province Mayor of Ilocos). By the end of the 1700s, Ilocos had a population of 44,852 native families, 631 Spanish Filipino families, and 10,041 Chinese Filipino families. Despite Spanish efforts, the Ilocanos in

2020-601: Is now the city of Vigan . This site served as a significant hub for early Ilocano trade. In the southern part of the region, the pre-colonial polity ( panarian ) of Caboloan (modern-day Pangasinan), located in the Agno River basin and delta and near the Lingayen Gulf , with Binalatongan as the capital, also became a center for maritime trade. Gold mined from the Cordillera Mountain Range

2121-440: Is renowned for its rich natural and cultural attractions, featuring historic and UNESCO World Heritage sites, surfing spots, pristine beaches, island-hopping adventures, and the well-preserved Spanish baroque churches and colonial city of Vigan . The region was originally inhabited by Negritos as early as 30,000 BC but over time, these early settlers were displaced by successive waves of Austronesian migrants who arrived via

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2222-636: Is strategically positioned with direct access to international sea lanes and features diverse geographical landscapes. It is bordered by the South China Sea to the west and the Central Cordillera Mountain Range to the east. In contrast, Pangasinan occupies the northwestern section of the vast Central Luzon Plain, with the Zambales Mountains forming its natural western boundary. The region's highest peak

2323-481: The 1986-87 coup d'état which tried to unseat the democratic government set up after the 1986 People Power Revolution . Both Bueno and Pedro were later honored among the first 65 people to have their names inscribed on the wall of remembrance of the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani , which honors the martyrs and heroes who fought the dictatorship, and Pedro was listed among Filipino Catholics nominated to be named Servant of God . The integration of provinces into

2424-584: The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR). This order transferred Abra, Mountain Province, and Benguet from the Ilocos Region to the newly established CAR, recognizing the unique cultural and historical identities of the Cordillera's indigenous peoples. As of today, the Ilocos Region consists of four provinces: Ilocos Norte , Ilocos Sur , La Union , and Pangasinan . Meanwhile, Abra, Mountain Province, and Benguet are part of

2525-460: The Cordillera Administrative Region to the east, the Cagayan Valley to the northeast and southeast, Central Luzon to the south, and the South China Sea to the west. The region comprises of four provinces: Ilocos Norte , Ilocos Sur , La Union , and Pangasinan , along with one independent city, Dagupan City . The regional center is the City of San Fernando in La Union, which serves as

2626-527: The first legislative district of the province of Cagayan, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years. The Schools Division of Cagayan governs the town's public education system. The division office

2727-477: The "unutilized potentials" seen as key in the development of the area. New developments are aimed to spread within the metro area with the construction of a new bridge linking Solana and Tuguegarao. When opened, this bridge will help decongest traffic in Buntun Bridge . As a component city and capital of the Province of Cagayan, government officials in the provincial level are voted by the electorates of

2828-530: The Battle of Dagupan against the Spanish army. By August 1898, the revolutionaries had driven Spanish forces out of several towns, including Laoag, Ilocos Norte, marking a turning point in the revolution. On June 12, 1898, General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippine independence and became the first president of the Republic of the Philippines. The American colonization of the Ilocos Region began following

2929-620: The Cordillera Administrative Region. The Ilocos region has produced 3 more Philippine Presidents in the years since the 1986 People Power revolution : Pangasinense Fidel V. Ramos , Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Ilocano on mother's side), and Ferdinand Marcos' son Bongbong Marcos . The southern parts of the region were severely hit by the 1990 Luzon earthquake . Five municipalities in La Union were affected: Agoo , Aringay , Caba , Santo Tomas , and Tubao with

3030-776: The Cordilleran ( Igorot ) groups, such as the Itneg (Tingguian) and the Isnag in the northern highlands, as well as the Kankanaey and Ibaloi in the southern highlands, who arrived during the first wave of migration. The second wave brought the Ilocanos , who settled in the northern coastal areas, alongside the Pangasinans , Bolinao and Zambals , who established communities in the southern and southwestern coastal zones. With

3131-527: The IT and Business Process Association of the Philippines (IBPAP) and Leechiu Property Consultants (LPC), named Tuguegarao as one of the 25 "digital cities" poised to be prospect growth areas of the information technology and business process management (IT-BPM) sector in the country by 2025. Currently, Tuguegarao has two major public markets, namely, the Don Domingo Public Market — located in

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3232-531: The Ilocos Region has evolved over time, shaped by political decisions aimed at administrative restructuring and cultural integration. In 1973, Presidential Decree No. 1 , issued by President Ferdinand Marcos , transferred the province of Pangasinan from Region III ( Central Luzon ) to Region I (Ilocos Region). This realignment was intended to strengthen Ilocano influence in Pangasinan, a province that had already experienced an influx of Ilocano settlers during

3333-467: The Lingayen Gulf region and began advancing into the heart of Luzon, paving the way for the liberation of Manila and the eventual defeat of Japanese forces in the Philippines. The Ilocos region produced two presidents of the Republic of the Philippines within the first two decades after the recognition of Philippine independence: Elpidio Quirino and Ferdinand Marcos . This period also marked

3434-660: The Lingayen Gulf region, which remained under Japanese control for three years, until it was recaptured by Allied forces in 1945. During the occupation, the region was part of the Japanese-controlled puppet republic led by President José P. Laurel . The local population endured widespread atrocities committed by the Japanese Imperial Army , including gang rape, sexual slavery ( comfort women ), torture, and other human rights violations. These brutal acts sparked significant resistance movements across

3535-606: The Martial Law era who came from Laoag was Catholic layperson and social worker Purificacion Pedro , who volunteered in organizations protesting the Chico River Dam Project in the nearby Cordillera Central mountains. Wounded while visiting activist friends in Bataan, she was later killed by Marcos administration soldiers while recuperating in the hospital. Another prominent opponent of the martial law regime

3636-572: The Pangasinense port of Agoo, where porcelain and ceramic or pottery fragments were found during renovations of the Catholic church. These artifacts are now preserved in the Museo de Iloko . Japanese fishermen later established one of their first settlements in the Philippines in Agoo, introducing advanced fishing techniques and technologies to the local population. Another notable aspect of

3737-560: The Philippines (EDCOP) and the Key Engineer Corporation to prepare a master plan for spurring economic growth in the Metro Tuguegarao zone. The metropolitan area, known as PIEST , includes the four municipalities of Peñablanca , Iguig , Enrile , Solana and the city of Tuguegarao. A situation analysis made by the consultative bodies found out that agriculture, water resource and tourism sectors were some of

3838-482: The Philippines through at least two major migration waves. The first wave, approximately 10,000 to 7,000 years ago, brought the ancestors of indigenous groups in the Cordillera Central mountain range . Subsequent migrations introduced additional Austronesian populations, along with agricultural practices, which eventually supplanted the languages of earlier inhabitants. These Austronesian settlers included

3939-539: The Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years. This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses , particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship. In Tuguegarao, Camp Marcelo Adduru became

4040-534: The Philippines. They are seen as highly developed urban centers where a lot of economic activities take place, and is important to urbanization and development. Tuguegarao is eyed as a center of exponential growth for commerce, industry and service, strengthening its stature as the capital of the Cagayan Valley Region . SM Prime , the largest retail operator in the country, opened SM Center Tuguegarao Downtown on October 12, 2017, as its first mall in

4141-532: The Regional Government Center. Launched on February 4, 2020, by real estate developer DataLand, it will feature a mixed-use superblock of retail shops, transport terminal, hotel and residential condominiums and a business park for BPO companies, financial institutions and major corporations. Nuciti by Vista Estates will become one of the future central business district of Tuguegarao spanning at 100-hectares of prime land currently it will house

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4242-654: The Roman Catholic Archdiocese is at St. Peter Metropolitan Cathedral , one of the largest churches in the region. There are also Protestants , Baptist , Church of Christ , Adventists , Born Again groups, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , Jehovah's Witnesses , and Philippine-based groups like the Iglesia Filipina Independiente , Iglesia ni Cristo and Members Church of God International that accounts to

4343-561: The Rosevale Towers, restaurants, cafes and in future developments it will feature commercial blocks, office buildings, meeting spaces, condotels, hotels, condominiums and commercial hubs. In May 2019, the National Economic and Development Authority Regional Development Council - Region 2 worked with consulting firms Pacific Rim Innovation and Management Exponents, Inc. (PRIMEX), Engineering and Development Corporation of

4444-527: The Spanish colonial era in the 19th century. Migration policies under Marcos further encouraged Ilocano settlement in Pangasinan, sometimes to the detriment of the native Pangasinense population. Prior to this decree, Pangasinan had not been part of the Ilocos Region. During the same period, the provinces of Abra , Mountain Province , and Benguet were also included in the Ilocos Region. These provinces, traditionally inhabited by indigenous groups, saw increased Ilocano migration. In particular, Abra had long been

4545-411: The administrative hub of the region. The largest settlement in terms of population is San Carlos City in Pangasinan. The 2020 Philippine Statistic Authority census reported that the major ethnolinguistic group composition of the region is predominantly made up of Ilocanos (58.3%), followed by Pangasinans (29.7%), Tagalogs (4.1%), and various Cordilleran ( Igorot ) indigenous groups. The region

4646-433: The advanced aesthetic traditions, burial, trade practices, and social structures of ancient Filipino communities, offering valuable insights into the region's precolonial culture and history. A year after Miguel López de Legazpi declared Manila the capital of the Philippines on June 24, 1571, Spanish colonization efforts expanded to Northern Luzon to "pacify the people." Spanish conquistador Martín de Goiti began

4747-534: The city and in Cagayan. Its second mall, SM City Tuguegarao , opened on November 18, 2022, marketed as the largest mall in the Cagayan Valley Region. On July 26, 2018, rival Robinsons Land Corporation opened the mixed-use complex shopping mall Robinsons Place Tuguegarao as the first full-service mall in Cagayan, including a Go Hotels branch, the first in the region. A few kilometers away

4848-514: The city and its airfield was bombed at the opening of the Pacific War on 8 December 1941. The city fell to the Japanese Imperial Army on 12 December 1941, as part of the Japanese invasion of Aparri . The General Headquarters of the 11th Infantry Regiment, Philippine Commonwealth Army , USAFIP-NL was activated in 1942 and stationed in Tuguegarao. Following an escalation of fighting during

4949-453: The city was tagged as the "Hottest City in the Philippines". Unusually, in months—usually lasts from December to February—where the cool northeast monsoon or locally as amihan surges, temperatures in the city drop to as low as 15 °C (59 °F)—in 2017 —especially in early mornings. Locals parallel the chills felt with that in Baguio . In the 2020 census, the population of Tuguegarao

5050-460: The city's population. These religious organizations have their own temples and churches sparsely located in the city. Some are Islam where their mosque is found in Centro 10 (Riverside). Poverty incidence of Tuguegarao Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Within the past three decades, its economy gradually shifted from agriculture to trading, commerce and services. The shift

5151-694: The city. Some are of Chinese and Indian descent. Due to a history of Spanish and other foreign missions, Christianity, in the form of Roman Catholicism, is the predominant religion in Tuguegarao. The present Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tuguegarao was chiseled from the Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia formerly located in Lal-lo (Nueva Segovia) . It was initially created as a diocese on April 10, 1910, and elevated as an Archdiocese by Pope Paul VI on September 21, 1974. It has jurisdiction over suffragan bishops of Bayombong , Ilagan and Batanes . The seat of

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5252-412: The city. The provincial government have political jurisdiction over local transactions of the city government. Ilocos Region The Ilocos Region ( Ilocano : Rehion/Deppaar ti Ilocos ; Pangasinan : Rehiyon na Ilocos ; Tagalog : Rehiyon ng Ilocos ), designated as Region I , is an administrative region of the Philippines. Located in the northwestern section of Luzon , it is bordered by

5353-462: The closing months of the war, the Japanese fled to the barrio of Capatan. Tuguegarao was liberated by Allied forces on 25 June 1945. Sitio Capatan was elevated into a barrio (or barangay) of Tuguegarao on April 3, 1959, by Republic Act No. 2107. Loan-funded government spending to promote Ferdinand Marcos’ 1969 reelection campaign caused the Philippine economy took a sudden downwards turn in

5454-621: The combined forces of the Col. Kanno and Gen. Shizuichi Tanaka Detachments advanced south along Route 3. After overcoming Philippine defenses in Bacnotan , they reached San Fernando , La Union, by December 22. The Japanese 14th Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma, had also landed at Lingayen Gulf, gaining control of key areas in Pangasinan and La Union . This marked the beginning of Japanese occupation of Northern Luzon, including

5555-660: The conclusion of the Spanish-American War in 1898, when the Philippines was ceded to the United States under the Treaty of Paris . This marked a period of profound transformation for the region, which came under American colonial administration after the Philippine-American War (1899-1902). On November 18, 1899, American forces landed in the Ilocos Region in pursuit of Emilio Aguinaldo,

5656-463: The conquest of Pangasinan and established several Spanish settlements between 1571 and 1573. By April 5, 1580, Pangasinan became an administrative and judicial district of the province, with Lingayen as its capital. However, its territorial boundaries were first delineated in 1611, with the area originating from the Spanish settlement in Manila through Pampanga . On May 20, 1572, a year after Goiti's conquest, conquistadores led by Juan de Salcedo ,

5757-467: The damage, the U.S. Navy maintained control of the Gulf, securing it for the imminent invasion. On January 9, known as S-Day , Gen. Douglas MacArthur and U.S. Army forces from the Sixth Army landed on a 25-mile beachhead between Lingayen and San Fabian . The landings, supported by over 800 ships and extensive air support, faced light resistance, as the Japanese had concentrated their defenses inland. By January 15, 1945, Allied forces had firmly secured

5858-510: The disestablishment of the Catholic Church, further signaling the shift in socio-political structures under American rule. In 1901, several towns from Nueva Ecija including Balungao , Rosales , San Quintin , and Umingan were annexed to the province of Pangasinan. On November 30, 1903, additional municipalities from northern Zambales such as Agno , Alaminos , Anda , Bani , Bolinao , Burgos , Dasol , Infanta , and Mabini were transferred to Pangasinan. These towns, originally part of

5959-439: The division of Ilocos into two provinces (Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur) on February 2, 1818. The Pangasinans in the south were the last to resist Spanish rule. During the Philippine Revolution of 1896-1898, General Manuel Tinio allied with Emilio Aguinaldo to lead the revolution in Northern Luzon (Ilocos Siege), alongside General Francisco Makabulos . Makabulos led his forces to liberate Pangasinan and led revolutionaries in

6060-457: The effect of pushing moderate student protesters towards the radical left, and causing many of them to go home to their home provinces like Cagayan. Marcos' actions thus lead the Marxist–Leninist–Maoist Communist Party of the Philippines to gain a significant presence in many Cagayan municipalities, although not as much in Tuguegarao itself. With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president Ferdinand Marcos placed

6161-399: The establishment of a Filipino civilian government under American oversight. Civil governance was introduced in the Ilocos Region, as well as the rest of the Philippines, on July 1, 1901, with William H. Taft serving as the first Civil Governor. The position was later renamed Governor-General by the U.S. Congress on February 3, 1903. One of the most notable reforms was the establishment of

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6262-648: The establishment of an IT park and a township where BPO companies could locate. Tuguegarao, as the seat of the regional capital of Cagayan Valley , houses the regional headquarters of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas located at the Regional Government Center in Carig Sur. As of 2019, a total of 53 banks are operating in the city such as BPI , BDO , Chinabank , RCBC , EastWest , UnionBank , Robinsons Bank , PNB , Bank of Commerce , Landbank , UCPB , Philippine Postal Savings Bank and others. Major real estate developers Ayala Land — Avida Settings Tuguegarao — and Vista Land — Camella Tuguegarao, Lessandra Cagayan and

6363-445: The establishment of commercial trading routes in Southeast Asia, settlements in the region flourished both culturally and economically through maritime trade. The Ilocanos , known as Samtoy in pre-colonial times, actively traded goods and products with local and foreign merchants, including the Chinese and Japanese . One notable coastal trading post was Bee Gan (Chinese: 美岸; měi'àn ; bí-gān ), meaning " beautiful shore ," which

6464-444: The expansion of Camella Cagayan (soon Camella Cagayan Trails) — are constructing their housing developments in Cagayan Valley. New condominiums developments are in the city these are Bayani Hall Lecaros, Bayani Hall Twin Towers developed by Vester Corporation and Rosevale Towers developed by Vista Estates. The North Gateway Business Park is an 18-hectare (44-acre) mixed-use township development project located in Barangay Carig Sur, near

6565-415: The far east. Camalaniugan is politically subdivided into 28 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios . In the 2020 census, the population of Camalaniugan was 25,236 people, with a density of 330 inhabitants per square kilometre or 850 inhabitants per square mile. Poverty incidence of Camalaniugan Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Camalaniugan, belonging to

6666-493: The first mayor of the new city. On July 2, 2007, Ting's father, businessman and former municipal mayor Delfin Telan Ting, was elected as the city's second mayor. After the 25-year political dominance of the Tings, however, retired police general Jefferson Soriano won over re-electionist Delfin Ting in the 2013 local elections . However, Soriano's term was marked by multiple charges of corruption that saw him being reinstated several times over his nine years in office. Eventually, he

6767-474: The grandson of Legazpi, ventured northward with eight armed boats and 80 men. They sailed to Lingayen Gulf and landed at the mouth of the Agno River . In 1574, Limahong , a Chinese pirate, fled to Pangasinan after his fleet was driven away from Manila. Limahong attempted to establish a colony in Pangasinan but failed as an army led by Salcedo chased him out of the region after a seven-month siege. Salcedo then continued his journey to Agoo , where he discovered

6868-467: The homeland of the Sambal people, were reassigned due to their geographic distance from their original provincial capitals. Despite resistance from local communities, this decision has remained unchanged. Under the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 , the Ilocos Region experienced significant political, economic, and social changes. Infrastructure development flourished, with the construction of public schools, bridges, railways, airports, and ports, enhancing

6969-400: The hotel. During this melee, Aguinaldo fled with about 90 fighters for mountains in the north and went into hiding for several months until he surrendered, only to be cleared of all legal charges by winning reelection in 1992. Tuguegarao became a component city by virtue of Republic Act 8755 dated November 4, 1999, followed by a plebiscite held on December 18, 1999. Randolph Ting was

7070-421: The industry, establishing the Philippine Tobacco Flue-Curing and Redrying Corporation (PTFCRC) in 1951 and recruiting farmers from throughout Region 1 to produce tobacco. The following year, La Union Congressman Manuel T. Cases filed a bill to "limit the importation of foreign leaf tobacco," which was eventually signed by President Elpidio Quirino as Republic Act 698. This allowed Stonehill's investments to make

7171-438: The landing was delayed by bad weather and American air attacks, which damaged Japanese ships and caused casualties. By December 11, the Japanese forces had successfully captured Vigan and dispatched additional troops to seize Laoag and its airfield. As American forces retreated, Lieutenan Gen. Masaharu Homma left a small garrison in Vigan and redirected the main forces to support operations at Lingayen Gulf . By December 20,

7272-571: The last months of the 1960s. Known as the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis , this led to social unrest throughout the country beginning with the First Quarter Storm protests of 1970, and incidents of violence like the Plaza Miranda bombing . Marcos responded by vilifying his critics as "communists" and suspending the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus through Proclamation No. 889 in August 1971, but this had

7373-432: The leader of the Philippine resistance. While American troops swiftly occupied towns, they faced persistent resistance in the rural areas (barrios), where guerrilla forces led by Gen. Manuel Tinio continued the struggle. Tinio, a veteran of the 1896 Philippine Revolution against Spain, orchestrated a widespread guerrilla campaign, harassing American forces in the countryside. One of the most iconic events during this period

7474-541: The northern parts of the region were less easily swayed and remained resistant to Spanish rule. These resentments led to several uprisings throughout the region's history, including the insurrections of Andrés Malong in 1660, Palaris of Pangasinan in 1762, Pedro Almazán in Ilocos Norte in 1661, Diego Silang and Gabriela Silang in 1764 and Basi Revolt in 1807. After the Basi Revolt, tensions culminated in

7575-612: The opening of 7 Eleven stores in Nueva Vizcaya , and Isabela provinces, the Philippine Seven Corporation expanded its reach to the Cagayan with its two branches in the city at College Avenue, near University of Cagayan Valley and at the new Valley Hotel Tower Mall in Balzain. There are currently more than eight branches of 7 Eleven stores as business expansion continues in the city. The city has seen

7676-413: The other 6 southern municipalities. The city is located 481 kilometres (299 mi) north of Manila , which is an hour by plane and ten hours of land travel. Tuguegarao is politically subdivided and comprises into 49 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios . There are 31 barangays in the city that are considered urban (highlighted in bold ). Tuguegarao experiences

7777-422: The province's main detention center for "political detainees," who were often never formally charged with a crime, and thus technically not counted by Marcos as "prisoners." Others disappeared without the trace for daring to speak against Marcos, such as Romeo G. Crismo, a teacher at Cagayan Teacher’s College and St. Louis College in Tuguegarao, who criticized the 1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite as

7878-573: The region was supportive of Marcos' administration. In Ilocos Norte, various farmers from the towns of Vintar, Dumalneg, Solsona, Marcos, and Piddig were documented to have been tortured, and eight farmers in Bangui and three indigenous community members in Vintar were " salvaged " in 1984. Ilocanos who were critical of Marcos' authoritarian rule included Roman Catholic Archbishop and Agoo, La Union native Antonio L. Mabutas , who spoke actively against

7979-468: The region's early history is the discovery of the Bolinao Skull , which dates to the 14th or 15th century and is associated with the early inhabitants of Pangasinan. The skull is particularly notable for its dental ornamentation , with teeth inlaid with gold . It was found alongside 67 other similarly adorned skulls and trade ware ceramics from the early Ming Dynasty . This discovery highlights

8080-656: The region's geographic center with adequate facilities and amenities needed by such. Multistory buildings were constructed in the poblacion greatly changing Tuguegarao's skyline in the 1980s and 1990s. On March 4, 1990, former colonel and suspended Cagayan governor Rodolfo Aguinaldo seized the Hotel Delfino using his private army of about 300 men. Aguinaldo stood accused of supporting the Dec. 1–9, 1989 coup attempt against President Corazon Aquino . Brigadier General Oscar Florendo, armed forces chief of Civil Military Relations,

8181-869: The region's history. American colonization ended on July 4, 1946 in WWII's aftermath gaining Philippines Independence from the United States. The Japanese invasion of the Philippine Commonwealth began on December 8, 1941 during World War II , when Japan launched an attack on U.S. military installations and residential areas, following the attack on Pearl Harbor . Just two days later, the Japanese Kanno Detachment landed in Vigan, Ilocos Sur , aiming to secure airstrips for further military operations. Although initially unopposed,

8282-501: The region's narrow coastal areas using traditional boats known as balangay boat (referred to as biray or bilog in Ilocano). The migrations are explained by the widely accepted " Out of Taiwan " hypothesis, which posits that Neolithic Austronesian peoples migrated from Taiwan , forming the ancestral populations of contemporary Austronesians. Austronesians are believed to have originated from Southern China or Taiwan and arrived in

8383-536: The region, with several guerrilla groups forming to oppose the Japanese occupation. One prominent leader of the local resistance was Captain Candonino Villalon Gaerlan , who led a successful ambush against Japanese forces in Candon, Ilocos Sur , symbolizing local defiance against the invaders. By 1944, with the United States beginning its campaign to liberate the Philippines, the region became

8484-411: The region’s connectivity with other parts of the country. However, these developments were accompanied by local unrest. Reports of war crimes, forced relocations, extrajudicial killings , and destruction of property by American forces fueled discontent among the population. While the introduction of modern governance and infrastructure brought progress, these human rights abuses left a lasting impact on

8585-470: The tip of Luzón, and continued to pacify the Bicol Region . In 1574, Salcedo returned to Vigan with soldiers and Augustinian missionaries to initiate the evangelization of the Ilocos region. He established a Spanish city to control the neighboring territories and convert the native population to Catholicism . As a reward for his services, Salcedo was granted the province of Ylocos , covering what

8686-477: The torture and killings of church workers. Other La Union natives who fought the dictatorship were student activists Romulo and Armando Palabay of San Fernando, La Union , whose torture and death in a military camp in Pampanga would lead them to being honored as martyrs in the fight against the dictatorship in the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani memorial. In Ilocos Norte, one of the prominent victims of

8787-580: The town in 1898 after landing his vessel, the Compania de Filipinas . It is in this town where the oldest Christian bell in the Far East is located. It is also the birthplace of Don Vicente Nepomuceno, author of the history book "Historia Nac Cagayan" which is written in Ybanag. The town has a church dedicated to San Jacinto or Saint Hyacinth which houses the oldest church bell ( Sancta Maria, 1595 ) in

8888-480: The uncontrollable growth of water lilies. Historically, the town was inhabited by Irayas and Itawes who lived and mainly relied on fishing, farming, hunting and livestock raising. In addition, ancient natives have ventured on weaving cloth and making of household and farm implements. Cagayan is divided into three congressional districts , wherein the city is included in the Third District together with

8989-500: The upper part of Poblacion serving as the convergence of agricultural and aquatic products from neighboring towns and provinces — and the Tuguegarao City Commercial Center — formerly known as Mall of the Valley and is located at the Central Business District, receiving the highest daily foot traffic. Large retail operators have shown significant interest to the growth and increase of land value in cities throughout

9090-654: The west, and the Caraballo Mountains to the south. The highest temperature ever recorded in the Philippines—42.2 °C (108.0 °F)—hit Tuguegarao on May 11, 1969. Taraw is a palm tree in the area and garao is a reference to the "swift river current". The popular version based on legend is the Ibanags' reply to the Spaniards when asked for the name of the place: Tuggi gari yaw ("this

9191-426: Was 166,334 people with a density of 1,100 inhabitants per square kilometre or 2,800 inhabitants per square mile. It is the most populous and densest city in the Cagayan Valley region. Most of the inhabitants are Ilocanos , Ibanags and Itawes . City's other residents include Kapampangans , Pangasinans , Tagalogs , Cebuanos , Hiligaynons , Maranaos , Maguindanaons and Tausugs —all of whom are not native in

9292-421: Was Guiab, a famous strongman and leader of Camalaniugan. He did not like the missionaries. Because of this, he was arrested and later hanged from a malaniug tree by order of Juan Pablo Carreon. For years the people suffered injustice. Between 1887 and 1888, Fray Marcelino Cascos, O.P., built a convent. It was in this convent where Col. Daniel Tirona billeted his men after arresting the missionaries when he occupied

9393-453: Was cleared by fire"). The origin of the city's name is unknown, but historical evidence suggests it was originally a pre-colonial settlement called Tubigarao . In 1591, the place was listed as a Spanish encomienda . [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Spain 1604–1899 [REDACTED]   United States of America 1899–1941 [REDACTED]   Empire of Japan 1941–1945 [REDACTED]   Philippines 1946–present Tuguegarao

9494-498: Was defeated by Maila Ting-Que, daughter of Delfin Ting, in his 4th reelection bid in the 2022 local elections . This made Ting-Que the first woman to be elected mayor of the city. Tuguegarao's location is in the southern portion of the province. The city is bordered by Iguig to the north; to the west by the Cagayan River and Solana ; Peñablanca to the east; and to the south by Enrile and San Pablo, Isabela . The river delta city

9595-542: Was founded on May 9, 1604, as a "mission-pueblo" with the new vicar Fray Tomas Villa, O.P. initiating the construction of a temporary church housing Sts. Peter and Paul as patron saints. In the 1720s, Father Antonio Lobato, O.P. developed a layout of street network together with the construction of the cathedral. In 1839, the provincial capital was transferred to Tuguegarao from Lal-lo as the Cagayan-Manila road opened which spurred socio-economic progress. The town

9696-484: Was human rights advocate and Bombo Radyo Laoag program host David Bueno , who worked with the Free Legal Assistance Group in Ilocos Norte during the later part of the Marcos administration and the early part of the succeeding Aquino administration. He would later be assassinated by motorcycle-riding men in fatigue uniforms on October 22, 1987 – part of a wave of assassinations which coincided with

9797-538: Was occupied by American troops on December 12, 1899. Drastic improvements in Tuguegarao were discerned over the course of provincial administrations—the first Provincial Capitol was completed in 1909, a town hall and public market were built, the provincial high school— Cagayan High School —was founded in a former private residence, and the Cagayan Valley College of Arts & Trades was founded by American educator Claude Andrews. During World War II ,

9898-442: Was sent to Tuguegarao by Aquino to serve Aguinaldo with an arrest warrant. After Aguinaldo's men seized control of Hotel Delfino where the general was staying, Florendo was taken hostage along with more than 50 other hotel guests. Florendo was eventually shot inside the hotel and died of his wounds. Following hours of standoff between the two sides, nearly 1,000 government troops launched an attack to dislodge Aguinaldo's forces from

9999-505: Was the Battle of Tirad Pass on December 2, 1899. Gen. Gregorio del Pilar and his 60 soldiers faced over 300 troops of the U.S. 45th Infantry Division, led by Gen. Peyton C. March . Despite a valiant defense, the Filipinos ultimately lost their position, marking a significant, albeit symbolic, moment in the resistance against American forces. The Philippine-American War officially ended in 1902, following years of intense conflict, with

10100-668: Was transported along the Aringay-Tonglo-Balatok gold trail and traded in settlements like Agoo . At the time, Agoo's coastal shape made it an ideal harbor for foreign vessels. This trade network connected the region to maritime routes spanning the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea . Goods exchanged included porcelain , silk ( inabel ), cotton, beeswax, honey, gemstones, beads, precious minerals, locally crafted burnáy (stoneware jars), and particularly gold. Evidence of this trade has been uncovered in

10201-506: Was ushered by Tuguegarao's role as the Regional Government Center and Center of Commerce in Northern Luzon. In early 2016, Tuguegarao City was named as one of the ten emerging cities in the 2015 Next Wave Cities report, conducted by Department of Science and Technology - Information and Communications Technology Office (DOST-ICTO) . On June 30, 2020, the Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT) , in partnership with

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