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59-473: Camalig , officially the Municipality of Camalig ( Central Bikol : Banwaan kan Camalig ; Tagalog : Bayan ng Camalig ), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Albay , Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 72,042 people. It is popularly known for its finest delicacy—Pinangat, a Bicolano food delicacy made primarily of taro leaves. With this reputation, it hosts

118-572: A minority of Chinese Filipinos whose ancestral roots trace all the way back from the Guangdong or Guangxi provinces of Southern China . Most Chinese Filipinos raised in the Philippines, especially those of families of who have lived in the Philippines for multiple generations, are typically able and usually primarily speak Philippine English , Tagalog or other regional Philippine languages (e.g., Cebuano , Hiligaynon , Ilocano , etc.), or

177-527: A number of loanwords, largely Spanish ones as a result of Spanish rule in the Philippines. These include swerte ( suerte , 'luck'), karne ( carne , 'meat'), imbestigador ( investigador , 'investigator'), litro ('liter'), pero ('but'), and krimen ( crimen , 'crime'). Another source of loanwords in Bikol is Sanskrit , with examples including words like bahala ('responsibility') and karma . There are 16 consonants in

236-532: A rich set of discourse particles. There exist two types of numerals in Bikol: native Bikol and Spanish numerals. Generally, Bicolanos use the Spanish terms when referring to time, as in the phrase a las singko ('5 o'clock'). However, the native terms can be read in literary books. The Spanish numerals are often encountered in pricing. The angry register of Bikol, also known natively as tamanggot or rapsak ,

295-576: A standardized version of Tagalog , as the national language and an official language along with English . Filipino is regulated by Commission on the Filipino Language and serves as a lingua franca used by Filipinos of various ethnolinguistic backgrounds. Republic Act 11106 declares Filipino Sign Language or FSL as the country's official sign language and as the Philippine government's official language in communicating with

354-405: Is an official language of education, but less important than English as a language of publication (except in some domains, like comic books ) and less important for academic-scientific-technological discourse. Filipino is used as a lingua franca in all regions of the Philippines as well as within overseas Filipino communities, and is the dominant language of the armed forces (except perhaps for

413-437: Is between the regional languages and the minority languages. Here, we label the regional languages as acrolects while the minority languages as the basilect . In this case, the minority language is spoken only in very intimate circles, like the family or the tribe one belongs to. Outside this circle, one would speak in the prevalent regional language, while maintaining an adequate command of Filipino for formal situations. Unlike

472-529: Is spoken in the eastern coast of Albay and the northeastern part of Sorsogon. TLS is the dialect that has been most influenced by the Inland Bikol languages . The Daet dialect, on the other hand, is spoken in the second district of the province of Camarines Norte. The Virac dialect (or Viracnon language) is spoken around Virac, Catanduanes and surrounding towns on the southeastern part of the island of Catanduanes. Like other Philippine languages , Bikol has

531-520: Is the prevalence of code-switching to English when speaking in both their first language and Tagalog. The Constitution of the Philippines provides for the use of the vernacular languages as official auxiliary languages in provinces where Filipino is not the lingua franca . Filipinos by and large are polyglots ; in the case where the vernacular language is a regional language, Filipinos would speak in Filipino when speaking in formal situations while

590-555: Is the sentence "Were you there at the market for a long time?" translated into certain varieties of Bikol. The translation is followed by dialect and corresponding language , and a city/town in Bicol where they are spoken. The final translation is in Tagalog. Below is a chart of Philippine languages. While there have been misunderstandings on which ones should be classified as language and which ones should be classified as dialect ,

649-669: Is used in official documents of business, government, the legal system, medicine, the sciences and as a medium of instruction. Filipinos prefer textbooks for subjects like calculus, physics, chemistry, biology, etc., written in English rather than Filipino. However, the topics are usually taught, even in colleges, in Tagalog or the local language. By way of contrast, native languages are often heard in colloquial and domestic settings, spoken mostly with family and friends. The use of English attempts to give an air of formality, given its use in school, government and various ceremonies. A percentage of

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708-586: Is used primarily in religious activities and education (such as in a madrasa or Islamic school) and rarely for official events or daily conversation. In this respect, its function and use is somewhat like the traditional roles of Latin and Spanish in Filipino Catholicism vis-à-vis other currently spoken languages. Islamic schools in Mindanao teach Modern Standard Arabic in their curriculum. The first significant exposure of Filipinos to

767-690: Is used when angry, shouting, or speaking in a high-pitched voice at someone. Some examples of the register include: Note: Languages of the Philippines There are some 130 to 195 languages spoken in the Philippines , depending on the method of classification. Almost all are Malayo-Polynesian languages native to the archipelago. A number of Spanish-influenced creole varieties generally called Chavacano along with some local varieties of Chinese are also spoken in certain communities. The 1987 constitution designates Filipino ,

826-657: The Batanic languages which includes Ivatan , Babuyan, and Itbayat of the Batanes . Below are the numbers of Filipinos who speak the following 20 languages as their native languages based on the 2020 Census of Population and Housing by the Philippine Statistics Authority . The number of speakers of each language is calculated from the reported number of households by assuming an average household size of 4.1 persons as of 2020. Native languages in

885-682: The English language occurred in 1762 when the British invaded Manila during the Seven Years' War , but this was a brief episode that had no lasting influence. English later became more important and widespread during American rule between 1898 and 1946, and remains an official language of the Philippines. On August 22, 2007, three Malolos City regional trial courts in Bulacan decided to use Filipino, instead of English , in order to promote

944-561: The Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. The following are the four Philippine languages with more than five million native speakers: In addition, there are seven with between one and five million native speakers: One or more of these is spoken natively by more than 90% of the population. A Philippine language sub-family identified by Robert Blust includes languages of north Sulawesi and

1003-434: The Philippine Statistics Authority , the municipality has a land area of 130.90 square kilometres (50.54 sq mi)   constituting 5.08% of the 2,575.77-square-kilometre (994.51 sq mi) total area of Albay. Camalig is politically subdivided into 50 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . In the 2020 census, Camalig had a population of 72,042. The population density

1062-576: The Rizal and Quezon provinces that are believed to be the home of Central Luzon languages such as Kapampangan in Pampanga and southern Tarlac , and Sambalic languages in Zambales province. Because of its broad geographic coverage as compared to other Bikol languages separated by islands and mountains, Central Bikol diverged into six dialects, which are still mutually comprehensible. The division of

1121-695: The Yami language of Taiwan , but excludes the Sama–Bajaw languages of the Tawi-Tawi islands, as well as a couple of North Bornean languages spoken in southern Palawan . Eskayan is an artificial auxiliary language created as the embodiment of a Bohol nation in the aftermath of the Philippine–American War . It is used by about 500 people. A theory that the Brahmic scripts of Sumatra, Sulawesi and

1180-511: The regional languages are spoken in non-formal settings. This is evident in major urban areas outside Metro Manila like Camarines Norte in the Bikol -speaking area, and Davao in the Cebuano -speaking area. As of 2017 , the case of Ilocano and Cebuano are becoming more of bilingualism than diglossia due to the publication of materials written in these languages. The diglossia is more evident in

1239-404: The 135 living languages in the country, (2) "video documentation" of all Philippine languages, (3) "revival of the ancient scripts of the Philippines" where each ethnic group's own script shall be revived and used in schools along with the currently-used Roman script in communities where those script/s used to be known, (4) "teaching of ethnic mother languages first" in homes and schools before

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1298-526: The 14th century. Along with Malay , Arabic was the lingua franca of the Malay Archipelago among Muslim traders and the Malay aristocracy . The 1987 Constitution mandates that Arabic (along with Spanish) is to be promoted on an optional and voluntary basis. As of 2015 Arabic is taught for free and is promoted in some Islamic centres predominantly in the southernmost parts of Philippines. It

1357-529: The Bikol language: /m, n, ŋ, p, t, k, ʔ, b, d, ɡ, s, h, l, w~ʋ, ɾ, j~ʝ/ . Eight sounds are borrowed from loanwords: /f, v, ɲ, tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ, ʎ/ . The sound system of the language according to Mintz in 1971 is as follows. Native words exhibit a three-vowel system whose vowels can be noted as /a, i, u/ , with /u/ realized as [o] in the final syllable. Due to contact with Spanish, modern Central Bikol also has two marginal phonemes /e, o/ distinct from /i, u/ . Like many other Philippine languages , Bikol has

1416-594: The Commission on the Filipino Language , reporting directly to the President and tasked to undertake, coordinate and promote research for the development, propagation and preservation of Filipino and other Philippine languages . On May 13, 1992, the commission issued Resolution 92–1, specifying that Filipino is the ...indigenous written and spoken language of Metro Manila and other urban centers in

1475-607: The Filipino Deaf. While Filipino is used for communication across the country's diverse linguistic groups and in popular culture , the government operates mostly using English. Including second-language speakers, there are more speakers of Filipino than English in the Philippines. The other regional languages are given official auxiliary status in their respective places according to the constitution but particular languages are not specified. Some of these regional languages are also used in education. The indigenous scripts of

1534-571: The Philippines Below are the country's top ten languages by the number of households in which they are spoken, according to the Philippine Statistics Authority. There are a total of 26,388,654 households in the country. ^Boholano, Tausug/Bahasa Sug, Maranao, Karay-a/Kinaray-a, Bukidnon/Binukid-Akeanon/Aklanon, Masbateño/ Masbatenon, Surigaonon, and Zamboagueño-Chavacano Endangered and extinct languages in

1593-579: The Philippines (such as the Kulitan , Tagbanwa and others) are used very little; instead, Philippine languages are today written in the Latin script because of the Spanish and American colonial experience . Baybayin , though generally not understood, is one of the most well-known of the Philippine indigenous scripts and is used mainly in artistic applications such as on current Philippine banknotes , where

1652-660: The Philippines are based on the 3rd world volume released by UNESCO in 2010. Degree of endangerment (UNESCO standard) In a separate study by Thomas N. Headland, the Summer Institute of Linguistics in Dallas, and the University of North Dakota called Thirty Endangered Languages in the Philippines , the Philippines has 32 endangered languages, but 2 of the listed languages in the study are written with 0 speakers, noting that they are extinct or probably extinct. All of

1711-818: The Philippines are descended from an early form of the Gujarati script was presented at the 2010 meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. Philippine languages are often referred to by Filipinos as dialects , partly as a relic of the inaccurate vocabulary used in literature during the American period (1898–1946). While there are indeed many hundreds of dialects in the Philippines, they represent variations of no fewer than 120 distinct languages, and many of these languages maintain greater differences than those between established European languages like French and Spanish. The vast differences between

1770-556: The Philippines used as the language of communication of ethnic groups . In 2013, President Noynoy Aquino 's government launched the country's mother tongue -based multi-lingual education program for students in kindergarten to Grade 3, effectively reviving the usage and proliferation of various indigenous languages in the country. The program also strengthened the Filipino language and English language learning capabilities of students. In 2018, President Rodrigo Duterte signed Republic Act 11106, declaring Filipino Sign Language (FSL) as

1829-456: The Philippines. A National Script bill has been filed in Congress in support of the third and fifth proposal, however, the bill only mandates the usage of the ancient script compatible with the national language, which is Filipino. Arabic is used by some Filipino Muslims in both a liturgical and instructional capacity since the arrival of Islam and establishment of several Sultanates in

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1888-491: The Pilipino language to be co-official, along with English, and mandated the development of a national language , to be known as Filipino . In addition, Spanish regained its official status when President Ferdinand Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 155, s. 1973. The 1987 Constitution under President Corazon Aquino declared Filipino to be the national language of the country. Filipino and English were named as

1947-527: The Pinangat Festival annually in June, showcasing the delicacy itself. In 1952, there was a mass conversion of certain sitio s into barrio s (now barangays ), namely: Anoling, Binanderahan, Cabraran Pequeño, Cabangan, Ilawod, Mabunga, Magogon, Quinuartilan, Solong, and Sumlang. Camalig is 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from Legazpi City and 515 kilometres (320 mi) from Manila . According to

2006-932: The archipelago as a whole may go as far back as the early 10th century during the Song dynasty . Mandarin Chinese is the medium of instruction and subject matter being taught for Chinese class in Chinese schools in the Philippines . However, the Lan-nang-ue variant of Hokkien Chinese is the majority household and heritage language of the Chinese Filipinos who, for generations, mostly trace roots from Southern Fujian province in China . Other varieties of Chinese such as Yue Chinese (especially Taishanese or Cantonese ), Teochew , and Hakka are spoken among

2065-549: The basis that it was the most widely spoken and developed local language. Quezon himself was born and raised in Baler, Aurora , which is a native Tagalog-speaking area. In 1939, President Manuel L. Quezón renamed the Tagalog language as Wikang Pambansa ("national language" in English translation). The language was further renamed in 1959 as Pilipino by Secretary of Education José E. Romero . The 1973 constitution declared

2124-523: The case of other languages such as Pangasinan , Kapampangan , Bikol , Waray , Hiligaynon , Sambal , and Maranao , where the written variant of the language is becoming less and less popular to give way to the use of Filipino. Although Philippine laws consider some of these languages as "major languages" there is little, if any, support coming from the government to preserve these languages. This may be bound to change, however, given current policy trends. There still exists another type of diglossia, which

2183-462: The case of the regional languages, these minority languages are always in danger of becoming extinct because of speakers favoring the more prevalent regional language. Moreover, most of the users of these languages are illiterate and as expected, there is a chance that these languages will no longer be revived due to lack of written records. In addition to Filipino and English, other languages have been proposed as additional nationwide languages. Among

2242-455: The chart confirms that most have similarities, yet are not mutually comprehensible. These languages are arranged according to the regions they are natively spoken (from north to south, then east to west). There is a language spoken by the Tao people (also known as Yami) of Orchid Island of Taiwan which is not included in the language of the Philippines. Their language, Tao (or Yami) is part of

2301-596: The constitution, Filipino is in practice almost completely composed of the Tagalog language as spoken in the capital, Manila; however, organizations such as the University of the Philippines began publishing dictionaries such as the UP Diksyonaryong Filipino in which words from various Philippine languages were also included. The present constitution is also the first to give recognition to other regional languages. Republic Act No. 7104, approved on August 14, 1991, by President Corazon Aquino, created

2360-529: The country's official language for the Filipino deaf community. Filipino is a standardized version of Tagalog , spoken mainly in Metro Manila. Both Filipino and English are used in government, education, print, broadcast media, and business, with third local languages often being used at the same time. Filipino has borrowings from, among other languages, Spanish, English, Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Malay, Chinese, Japanese, and Nahuatl . Filipino

2419-464: The country's official languages, with the recognition of regional languages as having official auxiliary status in their respective regions (though not specifying any particular languages). Spanish and Arabic were to be promoted on an optional and voluntary basis. Filipino also had the distinction of being a national language that was to be "developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages." Although not explicitly stated in

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2478-586: The existing native languages." On November 12, 1937, the First National Assembly created the National Language Institute. President Manuel L. Quezón appointed native Waray speaker Jaime C. De Veyra to chair a committee of speakers of other regional languages . Their aim was to select a national language among the other regional languages . Ultimately, Tagalog was chosen as the base language on December 30, 1937, on

2537-603: The language into different dialects is mainly because of the influence of other Bikol and non-Bikol languages surrounding the region. The Canaman dialect, despite being used only by a small portion of the population in Camarines Sur, is the standard form of Central Bikol used in literature, Catholic religious rites and mass media. Naga City dialect is spoken in the first, second, third districts (except in Del Gallego, where residents are mostly Tagalog speakers), and in

2596-521: The languages can be seen in the following translations of what has been asserted to be the Philippine national proverb: The amount of dialectal variation varies from language to language. Languages like Tagalog, Kapampangan and Pangasinan are known to have very moderate dialectal variation. For the languages of the Bicol Region , however, there is great dialectal variation. There are cities and towns which have their own dialects and varieties. Below

2655-492: The listed languages are Negrito languages, the oldest languages in the Philippines. There have been numerous proposals to conserve the many languages of the Philippines. According to the Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino , there are 135 ethnolinguistic groups in the country, each having their own distinct Philippine language. Among the proposals include (1) "establishing a dictionary & sentence construction manual" for each of

2714-401: The lowest in English out of all of the subjects on their licensing exams. A large influx of English ( American English ) words have been assimilated into Tagalog and the other native languages called Taglish or Bislish . There is a debate, however, on whether there is diglossia or bilingualism, between Filipino and English. Filipino is also used both in formal and informal situations. Though

2773-562: The masses would prefer to speak in Filipino, government officials tend to speak in English when performing government functions. There is still resistance to the use of Filipino in courts and the drafting of national statutes. In parts of Mindanao, English and Tagalog blend with Cebuano to form "Davao Tagalog". Diplomatic ties with the Ming dynasty among some established states or kingdoms in Luzon and direct interactions and trade overall within

2832-542: The media such as cable television and newspapers are also in English; major television networks such as ABS-CBN and GMA and all AM radio stations broadcast primarily in Filipino, as well as government-run stations like PTV and the Philippine Broadcasting Service . However, a 2009 article by a UNICEF worker reported that the level of spoken English language in the Philippines was poor. The article reported that aspiring Filipino teachers score

2891-473: The medium of instruction. Around 600 educators (called " Thomasites ") who arrived in that year aboard the USAT Thomas replaced the soldiers who also functioned as teachers. The 1935 Constitution added English as an official language alongside Spanish. A provision in this constitution also called for Congress to "take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of

2950-407: The most prominent proposals are Spanish and Japanese . According to Ethnologue , a total of 182 native languages are spoken in the nation and four languages have been classified as extinct: Dicamay Agta, Katabaga, Tayabas Ayta and Villaviciosa Agta. Except for English , Spanish , Chavacano and varieties of Chinese ( Hokkien , Cantonese and Mandarin ), all of the languages belong to

3009-541: The national language. Twelve stenographers from Branches 6, 80 and 81, as model courts, had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College of Law of Bulacan State University College of Law following a directive from the Supreme Court of the Philippines . De la Rama said it was the dream of former Chief Justice Reynato Puno to implement the program in other areas such as Laguna , Cavite , Quezón , Nueva Écija , Batangas , Rizal , and Metro Manila. English

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3068-587: The official language of the First Philippine Republic . National hero José Rizal wrote most of his works in Spanish. Following the American occupation of the Philippines and the imposition of English, the use of Spanish declined gradually. Spanish then declined rapidly because of the Japanese occupation in the 1940s. Under the U.S. occupation and civil regime, English began to be taught in schools. By 1901, public education used English as

3127-557: The same as the Kapampangan words meaning 'older' and 'foot, feet', respectively. The word banggi ('night') is another example of this as it is different from the usual Bikol word gab-i but closer to the word bengi of Kapampangan. There is no formal study on the relationship of the Central Luzon languages to Central Bikol but the latter has several words that are also found in the archaic form of Tagalog spoken in

3186-440: The small part of the commissioned officer corps from wealthy or upper-middle-class families) and of a large part of the civil service , most of whom are non-Tagalogs. There are different forms of diglossia that exist in the case of regional languages . Locals may use their mother tongue or the regional lingua franca to communicate amongst themselves, but sometimes switch to foreign languages when addressing outsiders. Another

3245-410: The teaching of Filipino and foreign languages (English, Spanish and Arabic), and (5) "using the ethnic mother language and script first in public signs" followed by Filipino and foreign languages (English, Spanish and Arabic) and scripts, for example, using Cebuano first followed by Filipino and English underneath the sign. Currently, only the fourth proposal has been made by the national government of

3304-505: The western and eastern portions of the fourth district (Caramoan, Garchitorena, Presentacion, Siruma and Tinambac) of Camarines Sur. It is also spoken in San Pascual, Masbate (Burias Island) and the southwestern part of Catanduanes. The Partido dialect is spoken in the eastern part of Camarines Sur centered in the southern portion of the fourth districts (Goa, Lagonoy, Sagñay, San Jose, and Tigaon). The Tabaco-Legazpi-Sorsogon (TLS) dialect

3363-675: The word "Pilipino" is inscribed using the writing system. Additionally, the Arabic script is used in the Muslim areas in the southern Philippines. Tagalog and Bisaya are the most commonly spoken native language groups. Filipino and English are the official languages of the Philippines. The official languages were used as the main modes of instruction in schools, allowing mother tongues as auxiliary languages of instruction. The Philippine Department of Education (DepEd) has put forth initiatives in using mother tongues as modes of instructions over

3422-514: The years. Spanish was the official language of the country for more than three centuries under Spanish colonial rule, and became the lingua franca of the Philippines in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1863, a Spanish decree introduced universal education , creating free public schooling in Spanish . It was also the language of the Philippine Revolution , and the 1899 Malolos Constitution effectively proclaimed it as

3481-474: Was 550 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,400/sq mi). Poverty incidence of Camalig Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Central Bikol language Central Bikol features some vocabulary not found in other Bikol languages nor in other members of the Central Philippine language family like Tagalog and Cebuano . Examples are the words matua and bitis , which are

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