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28-836: The formation was deposited in the Galve Sub-basin of the Maestrazgo Basin in central-eastern Spain. During deposition, Iberia was an island, separated by seas from North Africa and France. Underlying the Camarillas Formation is the also highly fossiliferous El Castellar Formation and the Artoles Formation rests on top of the formation. The Camarillas Formation has provided a rich fossil assemblage of fossils of mammals , snakes , turtles , crocodylians , fish , dinosaurs and their eggs . Various tracksites of families of dinosaurs exist in

56-405: A basal spinosaurid as the sister to Baryonychinae and Spinosaurinae. The results of their phylogenetic analyses are shown in the cladogram below: Asfaltovenator Megalosauridae [REDACTED] Monolophosaurus [REDACTED] Baryonyx [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] This theropod -related article

84-602: A phylogenetic analysis, recovering it within the ceratosaurian clade Noasauridae, as the sister taxon to a noasaurid from the Tiourarén Formation of Niger. However, their analysis did not include any spinosaurids. In the 2024 description of the Iberian spinosaurid Riojavenatrix by Isasmendi et al., Camarillasaurus was once again recovered in the Spinosauridae, either as the basalmost spinosaurine or

112-595: A similar conclusion, noting similarities with spinosaur material from Thailand and other taxa within the family. The 2021 description of the Wessex Formation baryonychines Ceratosuchops and Riparovenator by Barker et al. recovered Camarillasaurus as the basalmost member of the Spinosaurinae, further supporting a non-ceratosaurian classification for it. In the 2023 description of Protathlitis , Santos-Cubedo et al. recovered Camarillasaurus as

140-610: A well developed deltaic system. The formation spreads across the Camarillas graben and the Remenderuelas half-graben . The Camarillas Formation has provided a rich fossil assemblage comprising dinosaurs , crocodiles , snakes , turtles , fish and mammals . Several new species were described from the formation, among others the mammals Galveodon nannothus , Eobaatar hispanicus , Crusafontia cuencana , Lavocatia alfambrensis and Parendotherium herreroi ,

168-620: Is mostly buried by Mesozoic and Tertiary cover rocks to the east, but nevertheless outcrops through the Iberian Chain and the Catalan Coastal Ranges. Camarillasaurus Camarillasaurus (meaning " Camarillas lizard") is a genus of theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous period ( Barremian ) of Camarillas , Teruel Province , in what is now northeastern Spain. Described in 2014, it

196-547: Is similar to that described in the Galve area, because the Camarillas Formation shows scarcely any lateral variations in facies within the Galve Sub-basin. The Camarillas Formation sandstone is fluviatile, and four groups of paleochannels are distinguished, the first towards the bottom of the succession. These channels become thinner towards the top, and this was interpreted by Díaz and Yébenes (1987) as evidence that there

224-831: The Bay of Biscay started opening around 126 Ma and completed by 85 Ma. This created the Biscay Abyssal Plain , and parted the Iberian plate from the Trevelyan Escarpment . During this time Iberia rotated anticlockwise relative to Eurasia. This caused the subduction of the Ligurian Basin onto the eastern side. This formed the Betic nappe stack . After 85 Ma the Atlantic Ocean opening started between Ireland and Greenland . This left

252-532: The Camarillas Formation . The type species , Camarillasaurus cirugedae , was described by palaeontologists Bárbara Sánchez-Hernández and Michael J. Benton . The generic name , "' Camarillasaurus ", combines a reference to the geologic formation in which the holotype was found with the Greek "sauros", meaning "lizard". The specific name , " cirugedae ", honors Pedro Cirugeda Buj, the discoverer of

280-582: The Gondwana continent, involving the collisions and accretion of the island arcs of the central Iberian plate , Ossa-Morena plate , South Portuguese plate . The three plates have never separated substantially from each other since that time. In the Mesozoic, Late Jurassic Africa started moving east, and the Alpine Tethys opened. Subsidence related to this caused deep deposits of sediments on

308-500: The Late Jurassic Limusaurus and later "mid"-Cretaceous taxa. They tested its phylogenetic position using a ceratosaurian dataset, and recovered the following results: Limusaurus Camarillasaurus Spinostropheus Elaphrosaurus Ceratosaurus Velocisaurus Genusaurus Noasaurus Laevisuchus Masiakasaurus Abelisauridae However, in an abstract presented at

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336-824: The microcontinent Iberia , Corsica , Sardinia , the Balearic Islands , the Briançonnais zone of the Penninic nappes of the Alps , and the portion of Morocco north of the High Atlas Mountains . The Iberian plate is a part of the Eurasian plate. The Iberian plate came into existence during the Cadomian Orogeny of the late Neoproterozoic, about 650–550  Ma , on the margin of

364-606: The 2019 conference of the European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists, Oliver Rauhut and colleagues suggested it was more likely to be a member of the Megalosauroidea —likely the Spinosauridae —rather than a ceratosaur, based on characters of the posterior caudal vertebrae and newly excavated material at the type locality. A 2021 paper by Samathi, Sander & Chanthasit was published with

392-618: The Bay of Biscay as a failed rift. The rotation of Iberia and its relation to the formation of the Pyrenees has been difficult to decipher with certainty. Detailed aeromagnetic measurements from the sea floor offshore of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland show that Iberia moved as part of the African plate from late Cretaceous to mid- Eocene time, with a plate boundary extending westward from

420-588: The Bay of Biscay. When motion along this boundary ceased, a boundary linking extension in the Kings Trough to compression along the Pyrenees came into existence. Since the late Oligocene , the Iberian plate has been moving as part of the Eurasian plate, with the boundary between Eurasia and Africa situated along the Azores–Gibraltar fracture zone . Continued rotation of the Iberian plate in

448-561: The Galve Sub-basin. Finally, during the Early Cretaceous and Oligocene–Miocene there were compressive phases with tectonic inversion and formation of continental basins. Camarillas Formation, in beds of similar age to the La Maca outcrop in the Galve area where the remains of an iguanodontid dinosaur have been found. The Camarillas fossil site is in light brown clay and limestone rocks with fossil wood remains. The sedimentology

476-730: The Iberian Peninsula consists of a Hercynian cratonic block known as the Iberian Massif. On the northeast this is bounded by The Pyrenean fold belt , and on the southeast it is bounded by the Betic Foldchain . These twofold chains are part of the Alpine belt . To the west, the peninsula is delimited by the continental boundary formed by the magma poor opening of the Atlantic Ocean . The Hercynian Foldbelt

504-523: The basalmost member of the Spinosauridae in their phylogenetic analysis, outside of the Baryonychinae / Spinosaurinae split. They further suggested that, due to similarities in anatomy, phylogenetic position, and age, Iberospinus may be the sister taxon to Camarillasaurus , or synonymous with it. In contrast, in a 2024 review of theropod fossils from India focusing on potential noasaurid bones, Mohabey et al. included Camarillasaurus in

532-907: The early Miocene once again separated the Iberian plate from Eurasia opening the Betic Corridor , a strait of water connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean . As the Iberian plate rotated, it closed the Betic Corridor approximately 5.96 million years ago during the Messinian period of the Miocene, precipitating the Messinian Salinity Crisis , a period when the Mediterranean Sea evaporated partly or completely. The core of

560-489: The east and some sediment remnants in pop downs in central parts of Spain. Two stages of rifting occurred in the east, one from Later Permian to Triassic, and the second from Late Jurassic to early Cretaceous. On the south side deposits of carbonates and clastic sediments formed a shelf in shallow water during late Triassic and Liassic times. This was rifted in Toarcian times (Early Jurassic 190 Ma). Active rifting

588-689: The formation. Dinosaur remains have been recovered from the formation. The Camarillas Formation was first formally defined by Canérot et al. in 1982 and later redefined by Salas (1987). Both Camarillas and Galve are in the Galve Sub-basin, a section of the Aliaga Basin , in the Iberian Range. All these basins were formed during the Permian–Triassic, when the main faults were active, and they are filled with Mesozoic–Quaternary sediments. The Upper Permian to Upper Jurassic deposits at

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616-405: The holotype specimen. Camarillasaurus has a complicated taxonomic history. Having originally been described as a ceratosaur, most later studies have recovered it in various positions within the Spinosauridae. In their 2014 description of Camarillasaurus , Sánchez-Hernández & Benton considered it to be a basal ceratosaur , filling in a "gap" in the known diversity of the clade between

644-585: The site of the Camarillas Formation are all of continental origin. In a second extensional stage during the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, the Atlantic and the Bay of Biscay opened, and the Iberian Peninsula rotated from left to right. At this time, the sediments were marine or showed the influence of the sea, as shown in the deposits of the Higuerueles and Villar del Arzobispo Formations in

672-486: The turtle Galvechelone lopezmartinezae and the crocodyliform Bernissartia fagesii . Newly described dinosaurs include Iguanodon galvensis , Gideonmantellia amosanjuanae and Camarillasaurus cirugedae , named after the formation. The following fossils are reported from the formation: Iberian plate The Iberian plate is a microplate typically grouped with the Eurasian plate that includes

700-420: The west coast of Portugal and Spain, formed 126 Ma. This separated Newfoundland 's Grand Banks , with Galicia Bank and Flemish Cap being split at 118 Ma. By Early Cretaceous , 110 Ma rifting occurs on west and north west edges. During the time of the supercontinent Pangea , the Iberian plate was joined to Armorica (Northern France). During the break-up of Pangea, in the early Cretaceous,

728-401: Was an alluvial fan with a multichannel system. The lithology of the deposits which fill these channels and their geometry are typical of low-sinuosity channels. Towards the top of the Camarillas Formation, there is a predominance of deltaic fan deposits with marked marine influence. Nevertheless, Soria (1997) mentioned that she found no facies association whose evolution and geometry suggested

756-402: Was complete by 160 Ma. After this thermal subsidence occurred till the end of Cretaceous. During this time rifting separated North America from Africa forming a transform zone. In the late Triassic and early Jurassic there were two stages of rifting involving extension and subsidence on the western margin of Iberia. It also extended the western margin. The Iberian Abyssal Plain , off

784-412: Was originally identified as a ceratosaurian theropod, but later studies suggested affinities to the Spinosauridae . If it does represent a spinosaur, Camarillasaurus would be one of several spinosaurid taxa known from the Iberian peninsula, the others being Iberospinus , Protathlitis , Baryonyx , Riojavenatrix , and Vallibonavenatrix . Fossils of Camarillasaurus were discovered in

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