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95-728: The Victoria River is a river in the bioregion of Victoria Bonaparte in the Northern Territory of Australia. It flows for 560 kilometres (350 mi) from its source south of the Judbarra / Gregory National Park to the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf in the Timor Sea . On 12 September 1819, Philip Parker King came to the mouth of the Victoria and, twenty years later, in 1839, Captain J. C. Wickham arrived at

190-422: A coastal strip . A second example, some species of bird depend on water, usually a river, swamp, etc., or water related forest and live in a river corridor . A separate example of a river corridor would be a river corridor that includes the entire drainage, having the edge of the range delimited by mountains, or higher elevations; the river itself would be a smaller percentage of this entire wildlife corridor , but

285-559: A bio-climate range, or bio-climate envelope. The envelope can range from a local to a global scale or from a density independence to dependence. The hierarchical model takes into consideration the requirements, impacts or resources as well as local extinctions in disturbance factors. Models can integrate the dispersal/migration model, the disturbance model, and abundance model. Species distribution models (SDMs) can be used to assess climate change impacts and conservation management issues. Species distribution models include: presence/absence models,

380-432: A broader set of definitions to encompass a range of macroecological phenomena. The term bioregion as it relates to bioregionalism is credited to Allen Van Newkirk, a Canadian poet and biogeographer. In this field, the idea of "bioregion" probably goes back much earlier than published material suggests, being floated in early published small press zines by Newkirk, and in conversational dialogue. This can be exemplified by

475-423: A community. Mapping a bioregion is considered a specific type of bioregional map, in which many layers are brought together to map a "whole life place", and is considered an 'optimal zone of interconnection for a species to thrive', i.e. for humans, or a specific species such as salmon, and uses many different layers to see what boundaries "emerge" and make sense as frameworks of stewardship. A good example of this

570-448: A definition of a bioregion. Helping refine this definition, Author Kirkpatrick Sale wrote in 1974 that "A bioregion is a part of the earth's surface whose rough boundaries are determined by natural rather than human dictates, distinguishable from other areas by attributes of flora, fauna, water, climate, soils and landforms, and human settlements and cultures those attributes give rise to. Several other marine biology papers picked up

665-467: A greater number of successful kills. A prime example of clumped distribution due to patchy resources is the wildlife in Africa during the dry season; lions, hyenas, giraffes, elephants, gazelles, and many more animals are clumped by small water sources that are present in the severe dry season. It has also been observed that extinct and threatened species are more likely to be clumped in their distribution on

760-434: A history of 13 biogeographical concepts in "On Biotas and their names". A recent review of scholarly literature finds 20 unique biotic methods to define bioregions -- based on populations of specific plant and animals species or species assemblages. These range from global and continental scales to sub-continental and regional scales to sub-regional and local scales. In addition, 5 abiotic methods have been utilized to inform

855-452: A human and cultural lens to the strictly ecological idea. A year later, in 1975 A. Van Newkirk published a paper entitled "Bioregions: Towards Bioregional Strategy for Human Cultures" in which he advocates for the incorporation of human activity ("occupying populations of the culture-bearing animal") within bioregional definitions. Bioregion as a term comes from the Greek bios (life), and

950-407: A key role for how a bioregion is defined. A bioregion is defined along watershed and hydrological boundaries, and uses a combination of bioregional layers, beginning with the oldest "hard" lines; geology , topography , tectonics , wind , fracture zones and continental divides , working its way through the "soft" lines: living systems such as soil , ecosystems , climate , marine life, and

1045-437: A main range for the species (contiguous range) or are in an isolated geographic range and be a disjunct range. Birds leaving the area, if they migrate , would leave connected to the main range or have to fly over land not connected to the wildlife corridor; thus, they would be passage migrants over land that they stop on for an intermittent, hit or miss, visit. On large scales, the pattern of distribution among individuals in

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1140-414: A mean annual outflow of 5,000 gigalitres (1.321 × 10 US gal), Several large cattle stations are found along the length of the river, including Riveren where the river originates, Victoria River Downs , Coolibah Station , and Wave Hill Station , which is known for the historic strike known as the " Wave Hill walk-off " in the 1960s to the 1970s. A species of turtle, Emydura victoriae ,

1235-536: A phylogeny. The reasoning behind this is that they share traits that increase vulnerability to extinction because related taxa are often located within the same broad geographical or habitat types where human-induced threats are concentrated. Using recently developed complete phylogenies for mammalian carnivores and primates it has been shown that in the majority of instances threatened species are far from randomly distributed among taxa and phylogenetic clades and display clumped distribution. A contiguous distribution

1330-484: A place’s life. Peter Berg defined a bioregion at the Symposium on Biodiversity of Northwestern California, October 28–30, 1991: A bioregion can be determined initially by the use of climatology, physiography, animal and plant geography, natural history and other descriptive natural sciences. The final boundaries of a bioregion are best described by the people who have lived within it, through human recognition of

1425-687: A plantation. Random distribution, also known as unpredictable spacing, is the least common form of distribution in nature and occurs when the members of a given species are found in environments in which the position of each individual is independent of the other individuals: they neither attract nor repel one another. Random distribution is rare in nature as biotic factors, such as the interactions with neighboring individuals, and abiotic factors, such as climate or soil conditions, generally cause organisms to be either clustered or spread. Random distribution usually occurs in habitats where environmental conditions and resources are consistent. This pattern of dispersion

1520-531: A population is clumped. On small scales, the pattern may be clumped, regular, or random. Clumped distribution , also called aggregated distribution , clumped dispersion or patchiness , is the most common type of dispersion found in nature. In clumped distribution, the distance between neighboring individuals is minimized. This type of distribution is found in environments that are characterized by patchy resources. Animals need certain resources to survive, and when these resources become rare during certain parts of

1615-545: A sense different from the biotic provinces of Raymond Dasmann (1973) or the biogeographical province of Miklos Udvardy. The term refers both to geographical terrain and a terrain of consciousness—to a place and the ideas that have developed about how to live in that place. Within a bioregion, the conditions that influence life are similar, and these, in turn, have influenced human occupancy." This article defined bioregions as distinct from biogeographical and biotic provinces that ecologists and geographers had been developing by adding

1710-494: A survey of damaged lands and unsolved social ills? What underutilized potentials can be put to work to help achieve sustainability? The atlas can become a focus for discussions setting a proactive plan for positive change.” Mapping a Bioregion consists of: Your final map will generally help demarcate a bioregion, or life place. While references to bioregions (or biogeographical regions) have become increasingly common in scholarly literature related to life sciences, "...there

1805-429: A watershed) plus the cultural values that humans have developed for living in harmony with these natural systems. Because it is a cultural idea, the description of a specific bioregion uses information from both the natural sciences and other sources. Each bioregion is a whole “life-place” with unique requirements for human inhabitation so that it will not be disrupted and injured. People are counted as an integral aspect of

1900-403: Is a cultural idea, the description of a specific bioregion is drawn using information from not only the natural sciences but also many other sources. It is a geographic terrain and a terrain of consciousness. Anthropological studies, historical accounts, social developments, customs, traditions, and arts can all play a part. Bioregionalism utilizes them to accomplish three main goals: The latter

1995-412: Is a part of the earth's surface whose rough boundaries are determined by natural and human dictates, distinguishable from other areas by attributes of flora, fauna, water, climate, soils and land-forms, and human settlements and cultures those attributes give rise to. The borders between such areas are usually not rigid – nature works with more flexibility and fluidity than that – but the general contours of

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2090-500: Is accomplished through proactive projects, employment and education, as well as by engaging in protests against the destruction of natural elements in a life-place. Bioregional goals play out in a spectrum of different ways for different places. In North America, for example, restoring native prairie grasses is a basic ecosystem-rebuilding activity for reinhabitants of the Kansas Area Watershed Bioregion in

2185-548: Is bioregional mapping. Instructions for how to map a bioregion were first laid out in a book Mapping for Local Empowerment, written by University of British Columbia by Douglas Aberley in 1993, followed by the mapping handbook Giving the Land a Voice in 1994. This grew from the Tsleil-Waututh First Nation , Nisga'a , Tsilhqotʼin , Wetʼsuwetʼen first nations who used Bioregional Mapping to create some of

2280-486: Is characterized by the lack of any strong social interactions between species. For example; When dandelion seeds are dispersed by wind, random distribution will often occur as the seedlings land in random places determined by uncontrollable factors. Oyster larvae can also travel hundreds of kilometers powered by sea currents, which can result in their random distribution. Random distributions exhibit chance clumps (see Poisson clumping ). There are various ways to determine

2375-654: Is equal to 1, the population is found to be randomly distributed. If it is significantly greater than 1, the population is found to be clumped distribution. Finally, if the ratio is significantly less than 1, the population is found to be evenly distributed. Typical statistical tests used to find the significance of the variance/mean ratio include Student's t-test and chi squared . However, many researchers believe that species distribution models based on statistical analysis, without including ecological models and theories, are too incomplete for prediction. Instead of conclusions based on presence-absence data, probabilities that convey

2470-547: Is little agreement on how to best classify and name such regions, with several conceptually related terms being used, often interchangeably." Bioregions can take many forms and operate at many scales – from very small ecosystems or 'biotopes' to ecoregions (which can be nested at different scales) to continent-scale distributions of plants and animals, like biomes or realms. All of them, technically, can be considered types of bioregions sensu lato and are often referred to as such in academic literature. In 2014, J. Marrone documented

2565-496: Is named after the Victoria River. Bioregion A bioregion is a geographical area, on land or at sea, defined not by administrative boundaries but by distinct characteristics such as plant and animal species, ecological systems, soils and landforms, human settlements and cultures those attributes give rise to, and topographic features such as watersheds. The idea of bioregions were adopted and popularized in

2660-421: Is one in which individuals are closer together than they would be if they were randomly or evenly distributed, i.e., it is clumped distribution with a single clump. Less common than clumped distribution, uniform distribution, also known as even distribution, is evenly spaced. Uniform distributions are found in populations in which the distance between neighboring individuals is maximized. The need to maximize

2755-584: Is otherwise difficult to present is clearly depicted. The community learns about itself in the process of making decisions about its future." Sheila Harrington, in the introduction to Islands of the Salish Sea: A Community Atlas goes one step further, noting that: “The atlas should be used as a jumping off place for decision making about the future. From the holistic image of place that the maps collectively communicate, what actions could be adopted to achieve sustainable prosperity? What priorities emerge from

2850-410: Is presented as a technical process of identifying “biogeographically interpreted culture areas…called bioregions”. Within these territories, resident human populations would “restore plant and animal diversity,” “aid in the conservation and restoration of wild eco-systems,” and “discover regional models for new and relatively non-arbitrary scales of human activity in relation to the biological realities of

2945-404: Is seen in juvenile animals that are immobile and strongly dependent upon parental care. For example, the bald eagle 's nest of eaglets exhibits a clumped species distribution because all the offspring are in a small subset of a survey area before they learn to fly. Clumped distribution can be beneficial to the individuals in that group. However, in some herbivore cases, such as cows and wildebeests,

Victoria River (Northern Territory) - Misplaced Pages Continue

3040-460: Is that a species will occur there also; this leads to a relationship between habitat suitability and species occurrence. Species distribution can be predicted based on the pattern of biodiversity at spatial scales. A general hierarchical model can integrate disturbance, dispersal and population dynamics. Based on factors of dispersal, disturbance, resources limiting climate, and other species distribution, predictions of species distribution can create

3135-746: Is the Cascadia Bioregion , located along the Northwestern rim of North America. The Cascadia bioregion contains 75 distinct ecoregions, and extends for more than 2,500 miles (4,000 km) from the Copper River in Southern Alaska, to Cape Mendocino , approximately 200 miles north of San Francisco , and east as far as the Yellowstone Caldera and continental divide. Species distribution In biology ,

3230-478: Is the phenology of the organism. Plants are well documented as examples showing how phenology is an adaptive trait that can influence fitness in changing climates. Physiology can influence species distributions in an environmentally sensitive manner because physiology underlies movement such as exploration and dispersal . Individuals that are more disperse-prone have higher metabolism, locomotor performance, corticosterone levels, and immunity. Humans are one of

3325-714: Is the Salmon Nation bioregion, which is the Pacific Northwest and northwest rim of the Pacific ocean as defined through the historic and current range of the salmon, as well as the people and ecosystem which have evolved over millennia to depend on them. This style of bioregional mapping can also be found in the works of Henry David Thoreau who when hired to make maps by the United States government, chose instead to create maps "that charts and delineates

3420-503: The Smithsonian Institution . Working with Peter Berg , and also contemporary with Allen Van Newkirk, Dasmann was one of the pioneers in developing the definition for the term "Bioregion", as well as conservation concepts of " Eco-development " and " biological diversity ," and identified the crucial importance of recognizing indigenous peoples and their cultures in efforts to conserve natural landscapes. Because it

3515-539: The flora and fauna , and lastly the "human" lines: human geography , energy , transportation , agriculture , food , music , language , history , indigenous cultures , and ways of living within the context set into a place, and it's limits to determine the final edges and boundaries. This is summed up well by David McCloskey, author of the Cascadia Bioregion map: "An bioregion may be analyzed on physical, biological, and cultural levels. First, we map

3610-525: The range of a species is the geographical area within which that species can be found. Within that range, distribution is the general structure of the species population , while dispersion is the variation in its population density . Range is often described with the following qualities: Disjunct distribution occurs when two or more areas of the range of a taxon are considerably separated from each other geographically. Distribution patterns may change by season , distribution by humans, in response to

3705-662: The Biodiversity of the Klamath-Siskiyou Ecoregion, researchers found that North America contains 116 ecoregions nested within 10 major habitat types. The TEOW framework originally delineated 867 terrestrial ecoregions nested into 14 major biomes, contained with the world's 8 major biogeographical realms. Subsequent regional papers by the co-authors covering Africa, Indo-Pacific, and Latin America differentiate between ecoregions and bioregions, referring to

3800-585: The French region (region), itself from the Latin regia (territory) and earlier regere (to rule or govern). Etymologically, bioregion means life territory or place-of-life. Bioregions became a foundational concept within the philosophical system called Bioregionalism . A key difference between an ecoregions and biogeography and the term bioregion, is that while ecoregions are based on general biophysical and ecosystem data, human settlement and cultural patterns play

3895-727: The Human Environment . In the 1970s he worked with UNESCO where he initiated the Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB), an international research and conservation program. During the same period he was Senior Ecologist for the International Union for Conservation of Nature in Switzerland, initiating global conservation programs which earned him the highest honors awarded by The Wildlife Society , and

Victoria River (Northern Territory) - Misplaced Pages Continue

3990-680: The Midwest, whereas bringing back salmon runs has a high priority for Shasta Bioregion in northern California. Using geothermal and wind as a renewable energy source fits Cascadia Bioregion in the rainy Pacific Northwest. Less cloudy skies in the Southwest's sparsely vegetated Sonoran Desert Bioregion make direct solar energy a more plentiful alternative there. Education about local natural characteristics and conditions varies diversely from place to place, along with bioregionally significant social and political issues. An important part of bioregionalism

4085-560: The Northern Territory. It is the second longest permanent river in the Northern Territory, as defined by international standards, the longest being the Katherine/Daly River . Important wetlands are found in the lower reaches of the river with forming suitable habitat for waterfowl breeding colonies and roosting sites for migratory shorebirds. Large areas of rice-grass floodplain grasslands are also found along

4180-626: The Planet Drum foundation, and become a leading proponent of "bioregions" learned of the term in 1971 while Judy Goldhaft and Peter Berg were staying with Allen Van Newkirk, before Berg attended the first United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm during June 1972. Berg would go on to found the Planet Drum Foundation in 1973, and they published their first Bioregional Bundle in that year, that also included

4275-542: The United nations World Charter for Nature, and historian of the Hudson River Valley was also deeply rooted in the bioregional movement, and helping bioregionalism spread to the east coast of North America. He defined a Bioregion as: A bioregion is simply an indenfidable geographic area whose life systems are self-contained, self- sustaining and self renewing. A bioregion you might say, is a basic unit within

4370-469: The Variance/Mean ratio method, data is collected from several random samples of a given population. In this analysis, it is imperative that data from at least 50 sample plots is considered. The number of individuals present in each sample is compared to the expected counts in the case of random distribution. The expected distribution can be found using Poisson distribution . If the variance/mean ratio

4465-519: The availability of resources, and other abiotic and biotic factors. There are three main types of abiotic factors: An example of the effects of abiotic factors on species distribution can be seen in drier areas, where most individuals of a species will gather around water sources, forming a clumped distribution. Researchers from the Arctic Ocean Diversity (ARCOD) project have documented rising numbers of warm-water crustaceans in

4560-430: The cold and harsh Arctic waters. Even the snow crab has extended its range 500 km north. Biotic factors such as predation, disease, and inter- and intra-specific competition for resources such as food, water, and mates can also affect how a species is distributed. For example, biotic factors in a quail's environment would include their prey (insects and seeds), competition from other quail, and their predators, such as

4655-625: The context of bioregionalism, bioregions can be socially constructed by modern-day communities for the purposes of better understanding a place "... with the aim to live in that place sustainably and respectfully." Bioregions have practical applications in the study of Biology , Biocultural Anthropology , Biogeography , Biodiversity , Bioeconomics , Bioregionalism , Bioregional Financing Facilities , Bioregional Mapping , Community Health , Ecology , Environmental history , Environmental science , Foodsheds , Geography , Natural Resource Management , Urban Ecology, Urban Planning . References to

4750-437: The continental-scale and ultimately the biosphere. Within the life sciences, there are numerous methods used to define the physical limits of a bioregion based on the spatial extent of mapped ecological phenomena -- from Species Distributions and hydrological systems (i.e. Watersheds ) to topographic features (e.g. Landforms ) and climate zones (e.g. Köppen Classification ). Bioregions also provide an effective framework in

4845-533: The corridor is created because of the river. A further example of a bird wildlife corridor would be a mountain range corridor. In the U.S. of North America, the Sierra Nevada range in the west, and the Appalachian Mountains in the east are two examples of this habitat, used in summer, and winter, by separate species, for different reasons. Bird species in these corridors are connected to

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4940-432: The coyote. An advantage of a herd, community, or other clumped distribution allows a population to detect predators earlier, at a greater distance, and potentially mount an effective defense. Due to limited resources, populations may be evenly distributed to minimize competition, as is found in forests, where competition for sunlight produces an even distribution of trees. One key factor in determining species distribution

5035-707: The creosote bushes in the southwestern region of the United States. Salvia leucophylla is a species in California that naturally grows in uniform spacing. This flower releases chemicals called terpenes which inhibit the growth of other plants around it and results in uniform distribution. This is an example of allelopathy , which is the release of chemicals from plant parts by leaching, root exudation, volatilization, residue decomposition and other processes. Allelopathy can have beneficial, harmful, or neutral effects on surrounding organisms. Some allelochemicals even have selective effects on surrounding organisms; for example,

5130-405: The culture-bearing animal (aka humans)....Towards this end a group of projects relating to bioregions or themes of applied human biogeography is envisaged. . For Newkirk, the term Bioregion was a way to combine human culture with earlier work done on Biotic Provinces, and were seen "to be distinguished from biotic provinces", and instead he called this new field "regional human biogeography" and

5225-465: The definition of bioregion., Peter Berg and Judy Goldhaft founded the Planet Drum foundation in 1973, located in San Francisco and which just celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2023. Planet Drum, from their website, defines a bioregion as: A bioregion is a geographical area with coherent and interconnected plant and animal communities, and other natural characteristics (often defined by

5320-665: The delineation of biogeographical extents. Ecoregions are one of the primary building blocks of bioregions, which are made up of "clusters of biotically related ecoregions". An Ecoregion ( ecological region ) is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion, which in turn is smaller than a biogeographic realm . Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water, and contain characteristic, geographically distinct assemblages of natural communities and species . They can include geology physiography, vegetation, climate, hydrology, terrestrial and aquatic fanua, and soils, and may or may not include

5415-448: The dispersal/migration models, disturbance models, and abundance models. A prevalent way of creating predicted distribution maps for different species is to reclassify a land cover layer depending on whether or not the species in question would be predicted to habit each cover type. This simple SDM is often modified through the use of range data or ancillary information, such as elevation or water distance. Recent studies have indicated that

5510-420: The distance is recorded twice, once for each individual. To receive accurate results, it is suggested that the number of distance measurements is at least 50. The average distance between nearest neighbors is compared to the expected distance in the case of random distribution to give the ratio: If this ratio R is equal to 1, then the population is randomly dispersed. If R is significantly greater than 1,

5605-476: The distribution pattern of species. The Clark–Evans nearest neighbor method can be used to determine if a distribution is clumped, uniform, or random. To utilize the Clark–Evans nearest neighbor method, researchers examine a population of a single species. The distance of an individual to its nearest neighbor is recorded for each individual in the sample. For two individuals that are each other's nearest neighbor,

5700-591: The fact that Newkirk had met Peter Berg (another early scholar on Bioregionalism) in San Francisco in 1969 and again in Nova Scotia in 1971 where he shared the idea with Berg. He would go on to found the Institute for Bioregional Research and issued a series of short papers using the term bioregion as early as 1970, which would start to circulate the idea of "bioregion". Peter Berg, who would go on to found

5795-464: The field of Environmental history , which seeks to use "river systems, ecozones, or mountain ranges as the basis for understanding the place of human history within a clearly delineated environmental context". A bioregion can also have a distinct cultural identity defined, for example, by Indigenous Peoples whose historical, mythological and biocultural connections to their lands and waters shape an understanding of place and territorial extent. Within

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5890-620: The first bioregional atlases as part of court cases to defend their sovereignty in the 1980's and 1990's, one such example being the Tsilhqotʼin Nation v British Columbia . In these resources, there are two types of maps: Bioregional Maps and maps of Bioregions, which both include physical, ecological and human lines. A bioregional map can be any scale, and is a community and participatory process to map what people care about. Bioregional maps and atlases can be considered tools and jumping off points for helping guide regenerative activities of

5985-449: The first two levels. " A bioregion is defined as the largest physical boundaries where connections based on that place will make sense. The basic units of a bioregion are watersheds and hydrological basins, and a bioregion will always maintain the natural continuity and full extent of a watershed. While a bioregion may stretch across many watersheds, it will never divide or separate a water basin. As conceived by Van Newkirk, bioregionalism

6080-705: The goals of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), in particular the goal of ecosystem representation in Protected Area networks, the most widely used bioregional delineations include the Resolve Ecoregions and the IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology. In bioregionalism, an ecoregion can also use geography, ecology, and culture as part of its definition. One example of a bioregion

6175-566: The grid size used can have an effect on the output of these species distribution models. The standard 50x50 km grid size can select up to 2.89 times more area than when modeled with a 1x1 km grid for the same species. This has several effects on the species conservation planning under climate change predictions (global climate models, which are frequently used in the creation of species distribution models, usually consist of 50–100 km size grids) which could lead to over-prediction of future ranges in species distribution modeling. This can result in

6270-415: The impacts of human activity (e.g. land use patterns, vegetation changes etc). The biodiversity of flora , fauna and ecosystems that characterize an ecoregion tends to be distinct from that of other ecoregions. The phrase "ecological region" was widely used throughout the 20th century by biologists and zoologists to define specific geographic areas in research. In the early 1970s the term 'ecoregion'

6365-401: The landforms, geology, climate, and hydrology, and how these environmental factors work together to create a common template for life in that particular place. Second, we map the flora and fauna, especially the characteristic vegetative communities, and link them to their habitats. Third, we look at native peoples, western settlement, and current land-use patterns and problems, in interaction with

6460-507: The largest distributors due to the current trends in globalization and the expanse of the transportation industry. For example, large tankers often fill their ballasts with water at one port and empty them in another, causing a wider distribution of aquatic species. On large scales, the pattern of distribution among individuals in a population is clumped. One common example of bird species' ranges are land mass areas bordering water bodies, such as oceans, rivers, or lakes; they are called

6555-497: The latter as "geographic clusters of ecoregions that may span several habitat types, but have strong biogeographic affinities, particularly at taxonomic levels higher than the species level (genus, family)". In 2007, a comparable set of Marine Ecoregions of the World (MEOW) was published, led by M. Spalding, and in 2008 a set of Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (FEOW) was published, led by R. Abell. In 2017, an updated version of

6650-552: The legendary wildlife biologist Aldo Leopold , and earned his Ph.D. in zoology in 1954. He began his academic career at Humboldt State University, where he was a professor of natural resources from 1954 until 1965. During the 1960s, he worked at the Conservation Foundation in Washington, D.C., as Director of International Programs and was also a consultant on the development of the 1972 Stockholm Conference on

6745-463: The likelihood a species will occupy a given area are more preferred because these models include an estimate of confidence in the likelihood of the species being present/absent. They are also more valuable than data collected based on simple presence or absence because models based on probability allow the formation of spatial maps that indicates how likely a species is to be found in a particular area. Similar areas can then be compared to see how likely it

6840-467: The local ecology and its natural history as well as its intersection with a human community". This type of mapping is consistent with, and aligns with an indigenous and western worldview. This is put well by Douglas Aberley and chief Michael George noting that: "Once the bioregional map atlas is completed it becomes the common foundation of knowledge from which planning scenarios can be prepared, and decisions ultimately made. Complex information that

6935-416: The mid-1970s by a school of philosophy called Bioregionalism , which includes the concept that human culture, in practice, can influence bioregional definitions. Bioregions are part of a nested series of ecological scales, generally starting with local watersheds, growing into larger river systems, then Level III or IV Ecoregions (or regional ecosystems), bioregions, then biogeographical Realm , followed by

7030-511: The misidentification of protected areas intended for a species future habitat. The Species Distribution Grids Project is an effort led out of the University of Columbia to create maps and databases of the whereabouts of various animal species. This work is centered on preventing deforestation and prioritizing areas based on species richness. As of April 2009, data are available for global amphibian distributions, as well as birds and mammals in

7125-681: The natural landscape”. His first published article in a mainstream magazine was in 1975 in his article Bioregions: Towards Bioregional Strategy in Environmental Conservation . In the article, Allen Van Newkirk defines a bioregion as: “Bioregions are tentatively defined as biologically significant areas of the Earth’s surface which can be mapped and discussed as distinct existing patterns of plant, animal, and habitat distributions as related to range patterns and… deformations, attributed to one or more successive occupying populations of

7220-459: The natural system of earth. Another way to define a bioregion is in terms of watersheds. Bioregions must develop human populations that accord with their natural context. The human is not exempt from being part of the basic inventory in a bioregion. Kirkpatrick Sale another early pioneer of the idea of bioregions, defined it in his book Dwellers in the Land: A bioregional vision that: A bioregion

7315-455: The population is evenly dispersed. Lastly, if R is significantly less than 1, the population is clumped. Statistical tests (such as t-test, chi squared, etc.) can then be used to determine whether R is significantly different from 1. The variance/mean ratio method focuses mainly on determining whether a species fits a randomly spaced distribution, but can also be used as evidence for either an even or clumped distribution. To utilize

7410-461: The realities of living-in-place. All life on the planet is interconnected in a few obvious ways, and in many more that remain barely explored. But there is a distinct resonance among living things and the factors which influence them that occurs specifically within each separate place on the planet. Discovering and describing that resonance is a way to describe a bioregion. Thomas Berry , an educator, environmentalist, activist and priest, who authored

7505-400: The regions themselves are not hard to identify, and indeed will probably be felt, understood, sensed or in some way known to many inhabitants, and particularly those still rooted in the land. One of the other early proponents of bioregionalism, and who helped define what a bioregion is, was American biologist and environmental scientist Raymond F. Dasmann . Dasmann studied at UC Berkeley under

7600-549: The river. Part of the area adjoining the river mouth has been identified as the Legune (Joseph Bonaparte Bay) Important Bird Area because of its importance for waterbirds . The river has 56 tributaries including the Camfield River, Wickham River , Battle Creek, Angalarri River, Gidyea Creek, and Armstrong River. The river also flows through several waterholes , such as Catfish waterhole and Four Mile Waterhole. It has

7695-552: The route of the "River Victoria" of Thomas Mitchell with a view to finding whether there was a practical route to the Gulf of Carpentaria . This "River Victoria" was later renamed the Barcoo River . Flowing for 560 kilometres (350 mi) from its source, south of the Judbarra / Gregory National Park , until it enters Joseph Bonaparte Gulf in the Timor Sea , the Victoria River is the longest singularly named permanent river in

7790-558: The same spot in HMS ; Beagle and named the river after Queen Victoria . Crew members of the Beagle followed the river upstream into the interior for more than 200 kilometres (120 mi). In August 1855 Augustus Gregory sailed from Moreton Bay and at the end of September reached the estuary of the Victoria River. He sailed up the river and carried out extensive exploration. In 1847 Edmund Kennedy went on an expedition to trace

7885-472: The seas around Norway's Svalbard Islands. ARCOD is part of the Census of Marine Life, a huge 10-year project involving researchers in more than 80 nations that aims to chart the diversity, distribution and abundance of life in the oceans. Marine Life has become largely affected by increasing effects of global climate change . This study shows that as the ocean temperatures rise species are beginning to travel into

7980-502: The space between individuals generally arises from competition for a resource such as moisture or nutrients, or as a result of direct social interactions between individuals within the population, such as territoriality. For example, penguins often exhibit uniform spacing by aggressively defending their territory among their neighbors. The burrows of great gerbils for example are also regularly distributed, which can be seen on satellite images. Plants also exhibit uniform distributions, like

8075-402: The term "bioregion" in academic literature was by E. Jarowski in a 1971, a marine biologist studying the blue crab populations of Louisiana. The author used the term sensu stricto to refer to a "biological region" -- the area within which a crab can be provided with all the resources needed throughout its entire life cycle. The term was quickly adopted by other biologists, but eventually took on

8170-433: The term "bioregion" in scholarly literature have grown exponentially since the introduction of the term -- from a single research paper in 1971 to approximately 65,000 journal articles and books published to date. Governments and multilateral institutions have utilized bioregions in mapping Ecosystem Services and tracking progress towards conservation objectives, such as ecosystem representation. The first confirmed use of

8265-499: The term bioregion in a strictly ecological sense, which separated humans from the ecosystems they lived in, specifically naming that Biotic Provinces of the World Map, was not a map of bioregions. Peter Berg and ecologist Raymond Dasmann said in their 1977 article "Reinhabiting California": "Reinhabitation involves developing a bioregional identity, something most North Americans have lost or have never possessed. We define bioregion in

8360-632: The term, and in 1974 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) published its first global-scale biogeogpraphical map entitled ‘Biotic Provinces of the World’. However, director of the IUCN and founder of the Man and Biosphere project Raymond Dasmann in an article in 1977 named "Reinhabiting California", with Peter Berg pushed back against these global bodies that were attempting to use

8455-542: The terrestrial ecoregions dataset was released in the paper "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm" led by E. Dinerstein with 48 co-authors. Using recent advances in satellite imagery the ecoregion perimeters were refined and the total number reduced to 846 (and later 844), which can be explored on a web application developed by Resolve and Google Earth Engine. For conservation practitioners and organizations monitoring progress towards

8550-471: The tree species Leucaena leucocephala exudes a chemical that inhibits the growth of other plants but not those of its own species, and thus can affect the distribution of specific rival species. Allelopathy usually results in uniform distributions, and its potential to suppress weeds is being researched. Farming and agricultural practices often create uniform distribution in areas where it would not previously exist, for example, orange trees growing in rows on

8645-782: The two approaches are related, the Bailey ecoregions (nested in four levels) give more importance to ecological criteria and climate zones, while the WWF ecoregions give more importance to biogeography, that is, the distribution of distinct species assemblages. Ecoregions can change gradually, and have soft transition areas known as ecotones. Because of this, there can be some variation in how ecoregions are defined. The US Environmental Protection Agency has four ranking systems they use, which lists there being 12 type one ecoregions, and 187 type III ecoregions in North America while another study on

8740-418: The vegetation around them can suffer, especially if animals target one plant in particular. Clumped distribution in species acts as a mechanism against predation as well as an efficient mechanism to trap or corner prey. African wild dogs, Lycaon pictus , use the technique of communal hunting to increase their success rate at catching prey. Studies have shown that larger packs of African wild dogs tend to have

8835-429: The year animals tend to "clump" together around these crucial resources. Individuals might be clustered together in an area due to social factors such as selfish herds and family groups. Organisms that usually serve as prey form clumped distributions in areas where they can hide and detect predators easily. Other causes of clumped distributions are the inability of offspring to independently move from their habitat. This

8930-458: Was introduced (short for ecological region), and R.G. Bailey published the first comprehensive map of U.S. ecoregions in 1976. The term was used widely in scholarly literature in the 1980s and 1990s, and in 2001 scientists at the U.S. conservation organization World Wildlife Fund (WWF) codified and published the first global-scale map of Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World (TEOW), led by D. Olsen, E. Dinerstein, E. Wikramanayake, and N. Burgess. While

9025-400: Was the first to use terms such as "bioregional strategies" and "bioregional framework" for adapting human cultures into a place. This idea was carried forward and developed by ecologist Raymond Dasmann and Peter Berg in article they co-authored called Reinhabiting California in 1977, which rebuked earlier ecologist efforts to only use biotic provinces, and biogeography which excluded humans from

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