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16-487: Campanula ( / k æ m ˈ p æ nj ʊ l ə / ) is the type genus of the Campanulaceae family of flowering plants . Campanula are commonly known as bellflowers and take both their common and scientific names from the bell-shaped flowers — campanula is Latin for "little bell". The genus includes over 500 species and several subspecies , distributed across the temperate and subtropical regions of

32-459: A capsule with numerous seeds. Azorina vidalii is found in all nine islands of the Azores . It grows in association with other species tolerant to the sea breeze , mainly in the crevices of the coastal cliffs, but also in steep slopes with sandy deposits, always in heavily exposed habitats. It also appears in replacement habitats such as roofs and walls. It is planted as an ornamental in some of

48-490: A "type genus". The 2008 Revision of the Bacteriological Code states, "The nomenclatural type […] of a taxon above genus, up to and including order, is the legitimate name of the included genus on whose name the name of the relevant taxon is based. One taxon of each category must include the type genus. The names of the taxa which include the type genus must be formed by the addition of the appropriate suffix to

64-461: A family-group name is also the genus that provided the stem to which was added the ending -idae (for families). In botanical nomenclature , the phrase "type genus" is used, unofficially, as a term of convenience. In the ICN this phrase has no status. The code uses type specimens for ranks up to family, and types are optional for higher ranks. The Code does not refer to the genus containing that type as

80-446: A single plant, with larger, broader leaves at the base of the stem and smaller, narrower leaves higher up; the leaf margin may be either entire or serrated (sometimes both on the same plant). Many species contain white latex in the leaves and stems. The flowers are produced in panicles (sometimes solitary), and have a five-lobed corolla , typically large (2–5 cm or more long), mostly blue to purple, sometimes white or pink. Below

96-647: The Azores . Its fragmented population is made up of fewer than 1000 mature plants limited to the coastlines of several of the islands. It is also the only species in this family native to the Azores. Azorina is a small perennial shrub about 30 cm (12 in) tall, but can reach heights of up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in). It has glabrous branches. Leaves are 3–9 cm (1.2–3.5 in) long and 3–9 mm (0.12–0.35 in) wide, glabrous and dark green or reddish-green. The flowers are white or pinkish-pale, up to 3 cm (1.2 in), and bell-shaped. It forms

112-481: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , "The name-bearing type of a nominal family-group taxon is a nominal genus called the 'type genus'; the family-group name is based upon that of the type genus." Any family-group name must have a type genus (and any genus-group name must have a type species , but any species-group name may, but need not, have one or more type specimens). The type genus for

128-656: The Northern Hemisphere , with centers of diversity in the Mediterranean region, Balkans , Caucasus and mountains of western Asia . The range also extends into mountains in tropical regions of Asia and Africa . The species include annual , biennial and perennial plants, and vary in habit from dwarf arctic and alpine species under 5 cm high, to large temperate grassland and woodland species growing to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall. The leaves are alternate and often vary in shape on

144-598: The Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit . The species Campanula rapunculus , commonly known as rampion bellflower, rampion, or rover bellflower, is a biennial vegetable which was once widely grown in Europe for its spinach-like leaves and radish-like roots. In many English translations of the Brothers Grimm 's tale Rapunzel , rampion is the vegetable that is stolen from

160-601: The corolla, 5 leaf-like sepals form the calyx. Some species have a small additional leaf-like growth termed an "appendage" between each sepal, and the presence or absence, relative size, and attitude of the appendage is often used to distinguish between closely related species. The fruit is a capsule containing numerous small seeds . Campanula species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including common pug (recorded on harebell), dot moth , ingrailed clay (recorded on harebell), lime-speck pug and mouse moth . Well-known species include

176-487: The native islands and other parts of the world. Its leaves are edible and can be eaten raw. It was first harvested by Watson, along the coast of Santa Cruz on the Azorean island of Flores , during his botanical expedition in 1843. It was initially designated Campanula vidalii by Watson and published in 1844. Its ecology has been presented in an inconsistent manner; it has been referred to as adapting to cracks in

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192-678: The northern temperate Campanula rotundifolia , commonly known as harebell in England and bluebell in Scotland and Ireland (though it is not closely related to the true bluebells ), and the southern European Campanula medium , commonly known as Canterbury bells (a popular garden plant in the United Kingdom). As well as several species occurring naturally in the wild in northern Europe, there are many cultivated garden species. The cultivars 'Misty Dawn' and 'Kent Belle' have gained

208-829: The sea cliffs, or to deposits, and in abrupt and sandy slopes. Azorina vidalii was protected by the Bern Convention in 1992 (Annex I) and by the Habitats Directive 140/99 (Diário da República, Anexo 2B), where it was considered a priority species in critical risk; it is an endangered species due to habitat degradation by invasive species , pollution , and development. It diverged from its ancestral descendants around 8.3±1.7 million years ago, associated with its first island of colonization, Santa Maria (Olesen et al., 2012), which formed 8-10 million years ago (Serralheiro & Madeira, 1993). Carine et al. (2004) and Fernández-Palacios et al. (2011) also refer to

224-414: The stem of the name of the type genus[…]." In 2019, it was proposed that all ranks above genus should use the genus category as the nomenclatural type. This proposal was subsequently adopted for the rank of phylum. Azorina Azorina is a monotypic genus of flowering plants within the family Campanulaceae , whose sole species, Azorina vidalii , the Azores bellflower , is endemic to

240-988: The witch. ( Rapunzel is a completely different plant, Valerianella locusta .) In the UK the National Collection of campanulas is held at Burton Agnes Hall in East Yorkshire and the National Collection of Alpine Campanulas at Langham Hall, Bury St Edmunds , in Suffolk. The classification of some Campanulaceae genera as either part of Campanula or separate genera can vary by system, including Azorina , Campanulastrum , Canarina , Edraianthus , Musschia , Ostrowskia , and Platycodon . Some genera previously not segregated from Campanula currently are segregated in some systems, including Annaea , Gadellia , and Theodorovia . Hemisphaera

256-605: Was formerly Campanula , subsect. Scapiflorae , and Neocodon was Campanula sect. Rapunculus . There are 448, including: Violdelphin is an anthocyanin, a type of plant pigment, found in the blue flowers in the genus Campanula . Three fossil seeds of † Campanula palaeopyramidalis have been extracted from borehole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians , Poland . Type genus According to

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