28-677: See text The family Campanulaceae (also bellflower family ), of the order Asterales , contains nearly 2400 species in 84 genera of herbaceous plants , shrubs , and rarely small trees , often with milky sap . Among them are several familiar garden plants belonging to the genera Campanula (bellflower), Lobelia , and Platycodon (balloonflower). Campanula rapunculus (rampion or r. bellflower) and Codonopsis lanceolata are eaten as vegetables. Lobelia inflata (indian tobacco), L. siphilitica and L. tupa (devil's tobacco) and others have been used as medicinal plants. Campanula rapunculoides (creeping bellflower) may be
56-412: A family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to
84-593: A few species, e. g. Cyananthus lobatus , flowers are solitary. Flowers are bisexual ( dioecious in Dialypetalum ) and protandrous . Petals are fused into a corolla with 3 to 8 lobes. It may be bell- or star-shaped in subfamily Campanuloideae, while tubular and bilaterally symmetric in most Lobelioideae. Blue of various shades is the most common petal colour, but purple, red, pink, orange, yellow, white, and green also occur. The corolla may be down to 1 mm wide and long in some species of Wahlenbergia . At
112-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called
140-512: A pollen pump. The style eventually protrudes through the anther tube, and becomes receptive to pollen. In Campanuloideae, the pollen is instead packed between hairs on the style, gradually being released as the hairs invaginate. Subsequently, the stigmatic lobes unfold, and become receptive. Bees and birds (particularly hummingbirds and hawaiian honeycreepers ) are probably the most common pollinators of Campanulaceae. A few confirmed and many probable cases of bat-pollination are known, particularly in
168-595: A troublesome weed, particularly in gardens, while Legousia spp. may occur in arable fields. Most current classifications include the segregate family Lobeliaceae in Campanulaceae as subfamily Lobelioideae . A third subfamily, Cyphioideae, includes the genus Cyphia , and sometimes also the genera Cyphocarpus , Nemacladus , Parishella and Pseudonemacladus . Alternatively, the last three genera are placed in Nemacladoideae, while Cyphocarpus
196-536: Is a capsule 5–10 mm long and 3–5 mm wide, containing numerous small seeds. The leaves are almost cylindrical, blunt, 2.5–7.5 cm long and evergreen . They have no functional stomata . It is one of several unrelated species of plants from low nutrient lakes known as isoetids, owing to their superficial similarity to Isoetes . The leaves of Lobelia dortmanna are, however, easily distinguishable from those of other isoetids in having only two air-canals (Isoetes having four and most others several) and in
224-476: Is a close relative of the extant Campanula pyramidalis . Members of subfamily Lobelioideae contain the alkaloid lobeline . The principal storage carbohydrate of Campanulaceae is inulin , a fructan also occurring in the related Asteraceae . Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It
252-411: Is a species of flowering plant in the bellflower family Campanulaceae. This stoloniferous herbaceous perennial aquatic plant with basal leaf-rosettes and flower stalks grows to 0.7–2 m (2.3–6.6 ft) tall. The flowers are 1–2 cm long, with a five-lobed white to pale pink or pale blue corolla , produced in groups of one to ten on an erect raceme held above the water surface. The fruit
280-431: Is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes
308-424: Is one of the first species to be lost when water levels in lakes are artificially managed. Lobelia dortmanna has relatively low competitive ability and tends to be restricted to areas with low plant cover and relatively low rates of sedimentation at depths of less than 1 metre. It often grows with other isoetids such as Littorella uniflora , Isoetes lacustris , Isoetes echinospora and Subularia aquatica . It
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#1732797627967336-486: Is placed in its own subfamily, Cyphocarpoideae. This family is almost cosmopolitan , occurring on all continents except Antarctica . In addition, species of the family are native to many remote oceanic islands and archipelagos. Hawaii is particularly rich, with well over 100 endemic species of Hawaiian lobelioids . Continental areas with high diversity are South Africa, California and the northern Andes . Habitats range from extreme deserts to rainforests and lakes, from
364-522: Is regarded as an indicator of infertile and relatively pristine shoreline wetlands. Consequently, it is a species that can be put at risk by eutrophication and is used as an indicator species of relatively clear water and the possible occurrence of other less obvious isoetid species. Such lakes are therefore often referred to as Lobelian lakes , as a specific habitat. Scientifically, such aquatic environments are designated as habitat type 3130: "Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of
392-506: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Lobelia dortmanna Lobelia dortmanna , Dortmann's cardinalflower or water lobelia ,
420-851: The boreal zone of North America and Europe, and Howellia aquatilis , an elodeid growing in ponds in SW North America. There is usually abundant, white latex, but occasionally the exudate is clear and/or very sparse, as in Jasione . Tubers occur in several genera, e.g. Cyphia . Leaves are often alternate , more rarely opposite (e. g. Codonopsis ) or whorled ( Ostrowskia ). They are simple ( Petromarula one of very few exceptions) entire (repeatedly divided in spp. of Cyanea ), but often with dentate margin. Stipules are absent. Inflorescences are quite diverse, including both cymose and racemose types. In Jasione they are strongly condensed and resemble asteraceous capitula . In
448-459: The east, and British Columbia south to Oregon in the west). It reaches its northern limit in northern Norway, north of the Arctic circle. The plant typically occurs in shallow water on sandy, peaty or rocky lakeshores, in pools, and in some kinds of wetlands . It is rarely found in rivers. Low water periods may leave it temporarily emersed, although it is sensitive to prolonged emersion and
476-540: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
504-458: The family into five subfamilies. Campanuloideae Lobelioideae Cyphioideae Cyphocarpoideae Nemacladoideae The earliest known occurrence of Campanulaceae pollen is from Oligocene strata . Earliest Campanulaceae macrofossils dated, are seeds of † Campanula paleopyramidalis from 17-16 million years old Miocene deposits in the Nowy Sacz , Carpathians , Poland . It
532-428: The genus Burmeistera . Brighamia and Hippobroma have pale or white flowers with a long-tubed corolla, and are pollinated by hawkmoths . Pollination by lizards has been reported for Musschia aurea and Nesocodon mauritianus . The ovary is usually inferior or, in some species, semi-inferior. Very rarely is it completely superior (e.g. Cyananthus ). In Campanumoea javanica , calyx and corolla diverge from
560-533: The high Andes , while gigant rosette-forming lobelias (e.g., Lobelia deckenii ) are a characteristic component of the vegetation in the alpine zone on the tropical African volcanoes. In the Himalaya Campanula modesta and Cyananthus microphyllus reach even higher, probably setting the altitudinal record for the family at 4800 m. Several species are associated with freshwater, such as Lobelia dortmanna , an isoetid common in oligotrophic lakes in
588-412: The number of stigmatic lobes. The style is in various ways involved in the "presentation" of the pollen, as in several other families of the order Asterales. In Lobelioideae , pollen is, already in the bud stage, released into the tube formed by the anthers . During flowering, it is pushed up by the elongating style and "presented" to visiting pollinators at the apex of the tube, a mechanism described as
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#1732797627967616-565: The other extreme, it reaches a width of 15 cm in Ostrowskia . Stamens are equal in number to, and alternating with the petals. Anthers may be fused into a tube, as in all species of Lobelioideae and some Campanuloideae (e.g. Symphyandra ) Within the family pollen grains are often tricolporate , less commonly triporate , tricolpate , or pantoporate . Carpel number is usually 2, 3 or 5 (8 in Ostrowskia ), and corresponds to
644-577: The ovary at different levels. Berries are a common fruit-type in Lobelioideae ( Burmeistera , Clermontia , Centropogon , Cyanea etc.), whilst rare in Campanuloideae ( Canarina being one of few examples). Capsules, with very varying modes of dehiscence, are otherwise the predominating fruit type in the family. Seeds are mostly small (<2 mm) and numerous. 95 genera are accepted. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website divides
672-509: The peculiar perennial stem succulent Brighamia rockii in Hawaii . Insular and tropical montane species in particular are often more or less woody and may bear the leaves in a dense rosette. When, in addition, the plant is unbranched, the result may be a palm- or treefern-like habit, as in species of the hawaiian genus Cyanea , which comprises the tallest of Campanulaceae, C. leptostegia (up to 14 m). Lysipomia are minute cushion plants of
700-526: The presence of milky sap. The plant has the unusual ability of removing carbon dioxide from the rooting zone rather than from the atmosphere. Lobelia dortmanna is native to cool temperate regions of northern Europe (from the British Isles and northwest France to northwest Russia ) and northern North America (both coasts; Newfoundland south to New Jersey and west to the Great Lakes in
728-575: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted
756-695: The tropics to the high Arctic ( Campanula uniflora ), and from sea cliffs to high alpine habitats. Although most Campanulaceae are perennial herbs (sometimes climbing, as in Codonopsis ), there is also a large number of annuals e.g. species of Legousia . Isotoma hypocrateriformis is a succulent annual from Australia's dry interior. There are also biennials , e.g. the commonly cultivated ornamental Campanula medium ( Canterbury bells). Many perennial campanuloids grow in rock-crevices, such as Musschia aurea ( Madeira ) and Petromarula pinnata ( Crete ). Some lobelioids also grow on rocks, e.g.
784-549: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
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