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43-567: Campus Area Bus Service ( CABS ) is a free public transportation system at the Ohio State University 's Columbus campus. The system consists of five bus routes that connect various points of Ohio State's campus, and the immediate off-campus area. The system connects with the Central Ohio Transit Authority 's bus routes at several points. The system is one of the largest campus transit systems in

86-487: A city government to ease bottlenecks or fill short gaps in the transport network. Zero-fare transport is often operated as part of the services offered within a public facility, such as a hospital or university campus shuttle or an airport inter-terminal shuttle. Some zero-fare services may be built to avoid the need for large transport construction. Port cities where shipping would require very high bridges might provide zero-fare ferries instead. These are free at

129-416: A goal of cutting down drunk driving. The University of Nottingham offers free Hopper Bus between its University Park and Jubilee, Sutton Bonington and Royal Derby Hospital campuses, where no other bus companies operate direct routes between. However, this service requires passengers to tap their university ID to board, meaning that members of the public cannot ride on these buses. In some regions transport

172-484: A group of students chartered a bus from the Columbus Transit Company to act as a shuttle between on-campus and off-campus arrest. Two routes served the area, one each for North and South campuses. When the service began, it cost $ 4 for a quarter-long pass, or 25¢ per ride. It was originally operated as a flag-stop service, meaning that students could board the bus from any intersection by signaling to

215-529: A local government. Zero-fare transport can make the system more accessible and fair for low-income residents. Other benefits are the same as those attributed to public transport generally: Global benefits of zero-fare transport are also the same as those attributed to public transport generally. If use of personal cars is discouraged, zero-fare public transport could mitigate the problems of global warming and oil depletion . On average, cars emit one pound of CO2 per mile driven. Public transport helps to reduce

258-490: Is student transport , where students travelling to or from school do not need to pay. The University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point partly funds the Stevens Point Transit system. All students at the university can use any of the four citywide campus routes and the other four bus routes throughout the city free of charge. The university also funds two late night bus routes to serve the downtown free of charge with

301-533: Is a database of projects for use by software developers and the general public. The system has data for multiple projects the organization has been working on. One early goal, to platoon trucks to move efficiently while traveling, was eliminated. Another goal, a mobile app to plan routes using multiple transit options, launched its beta in 2019. The app, Pivot, was not given a payment system as originally planned. Smart Columbus also aimed to help sell 2,998 electric vehicles, as part of its $ 10 million grant from

344-560: Is addressing is vehicle safety – installing technology in 350 to 500 private vehicles and 750 city, county, and transit vehicles. The equipment installed is to give real-time safety alerts to drivers, and assess how it impacts driver safety. The study is to take place in and around Linden, home to seven of 100 intersections with the highest volume of car crashes in Central Ohio. The roads studied are North High Street , Morse Road, and Cleveland Avenue. The Smart Columbus Operating System

387-531: Is free because the revenues are lower that expenses from fare collection is already partially paid by government or company or service (for example BMO railway road in Moscow, most part of is used to as service transport and officially pick up passengers). Many large amusement parks have trams servicing large parking lots or distant areas. Disneyland in Anaheim, California , runs a tram from its entrance, across

430-408: Is fully funded by means other than collecting fares from passengers. It may be funded by national, regional or local government through taxation , and/or by commercial sponsorship by businesses. Alternatively, the concept of "free-ness" may take other forms, such as no-fare access via a card which may or may not be paid for in its entirety by the user. On 29 February 2020, Luxembourg became

473-503: Is high in Columbus – 85 percent of residents in the region drive to and from work. One of the program's initiatives is to install 925 electric vehicle charging stations in Central Ohio by the end of 2020. As of September 2020, the organization had installed 914. Smart Columbus has also been testing driverless shuttle technology through pilot programs beginning in 2018. The organization has developed six "Smart Mobility Hubs" along

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516-580: Is set for mid-2021, extended from originally around August 2020. As of June 2020, there are still numerous projects to accomplish. One goal met was to have at least 3,200 electric vehicles sold by March 2020, and it expects to hit its goal of 1,000 electric vehicle charging stations. In 2018, the organization piloted a free driverless shuttle system on a three-mile route around the Scioto Mile. The white-and-green self-driving shuttles had with six seats, including one for an attendant, able to take control of

559-546: The Central Ohio Transit Authority and King County Metro , offer free public transport during snow emergencies to reduce the number of vehicles on the street. During the COVID-19 pandemic , several agencies paused the collection of fares to alleviate concerns that the virus could be transmitted on surfaces, to keep travelers from coming into close contact with employees, or to allow rear door boarding on their vehicles. These agencies are mostly located in smaller cities where

602-591: The Central Ohio Transit Authority 's CMAX bus line. The mobility hubs aim to solve last-mile problems by linking the bus rapid transit line with conventional and electric bicycles, electric scooters, and automobiles. The hubs will have chargers and docks for scooters and bikes, spots for car-share vehicles, and ride-hailing drop-off points. They will also feature interactive kiosks that share transit information, provide free Wi-Fi, list nearby restaurants, retail, and resources, issue public service announcements, and have an emergency call button. Another issue Smart Columbus

645-539: The Muckleshoot , Spokane , Umatilla and Yakama Indian Reservations . During natural disasters, pandemics, and other area-wide emergencies, some transit agencies offer zero-fare transport. Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit commuter rail temporarily offered free service for those needing transportation alternatives during the 2017 Tubbs Fire and 2019 Kincade Fire . Some agencies, including

688-606: The Olentangy River . By the 1960s, there were 19 buses in the fleet, and buses ran as far north as Ohio State University Airport , and as far south as the Children's Hospital . There was both regularly scheduled service, and on-demand service available by calling the bus operator. In the 1970s, there were a series of pushes by the student governments to provide bus service between the campus area, and off-campus area where most students lived due to safety concerns. In 1971,

731-613: The Swedish network Planka.nu , see zero-fare public transport as a low-cost, high-impact approach to reducing economic inequality . It has also been argued that transportation to and from work is essential to the employer in the managing of work hours, so financing of public transportation should fall to employers rather than private individuals or public funds. Smart Columbus Smart Columbus has 12 full-time employees. Smart Columbus aims to replace conventional automobiles with public and electric transportation. Car dependency

774-648: The University of California, Los Angeles covered fares for the university community, ridership increased by 56% in the first year and solo driving fell by 20% (though one older study showed no measurable impact on automobile use). In the United States, mass transit systems that collect fares are only expected to generate about 10% of the annual revenue themselves, with the remainder covered by either public or private investment and advertisements. Therefore, politicians and social-justice advocacy groups, such as

817-1093: The farebox recovery ratio is low as they could afford to implement this policy without a major hit to revenue. A study was conducted to detail the ways that fare collection during the pandemic varied geographically and demographically. During this time, 63.5% of the 263 public transit agencies studied had suspended fare collection. Geographically, the alleviation of fares was common around urban centers like San Francisco, Los Angeles, Seattle, New York City, etc and less obvious in northwestern states. Transport operators can benefit from faster boarding and shorter dwell times, allowing faster timetabling of services. Although some of these benefits can be achieved in other ways, such as off-vehicle ticket sales and modern types of electronic fare collection, zero-fare transport avoids equipment and personnel costs. Passenger aggression may be reduced. In 2008 bus drivers of Société des Transports Automobiles (STA) in Essonne held strikes demanding zero-fare transport for this reason. They claim that 90% of

860-556: The 2020s. Fares for passengers aged 18 and younger have been free on most local and inter-city transit systems in the state since September 2022. The program was part of a larger statewide transportation package and also includes inter-city Amtrak trains operated by the state, as well as the Washington State Ferries system. Local zero-fare shuttles or inner-city loops are far more common than citywide systems. They often use buses or trams . These may be set up by

903-630: The Paul G. Allen Family Foundation. During the course of the program, 3,458 electric vehicles were sold, primarily the battery-electric Tesla models 3, S, and X. The Smart Columbus Experience Center, located on the Scioto Mile in Downtown Columbus , was created as a showroom for electric vehicles. In 2019, it was planned to also feature innovations in connected devices, autonomous technology, and other smart city technology. Smart Columbus

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946-417: The United States. Ridership has grown from 4 million passengers in 2003 to an estimated 5 million passengers in 2015. Bussing has been available at Ohio State since at least 1923. At the time, there was a single 1921 Reo bus that was made out of plywood and had solid rubber tires. When it was first offered, it was primarily used to transport students between the main campus, and the agricultural campus across

989-404: The aggression is related to refusal to pay the fare. Some zero-fare transport services are funded by private businesses, such as the merchants in a shopping mall , in the hope that doing so will increase sales or other revenue from increased foot traffic or ease of travel. Employers often operate free shuttles as a benefit to their employees, or as part of a congestion mitigation agreement with

1032-521: The availability of additional drivers in the event of illness, expansion of service, etc. The Patient Courtesy Shuttle service began overnight service as part of this transition, providing door to door rides for late night staff as well as visitors and patients of the Hospital. On November 23, 2018, a bus carrying Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center employees was hit by a truck at an intersection resulting in at least 17 injuries. The truck driver

1075-528: The bus system. In 2012, the university gave parking operations to a private contractor. The move cut off the bus system's revenue stream, so the university moved to fund the service from its endowment. In 2013, the Wexner Medical Center's Patient Courtesy Shuttle system was transferred to Transportation & Traffic Management, the organization that oversees CABS. This allowed the integration of PCS drivers into one seniority system, and ensured

1118-504: The bus. This off-campus service was discontinued in January 1972 due to low ridership. In 1978, a bus linking the on and off campus areas, this time operated by Ohio State, began due to an increasing rate of rape occurring near campus. In 1991, Ohio State attempted to cut daytime bus service over its cost, but halted the move after receiving negative feedback. Student leaders requested time to notify would-be passengers, and daytime service

1161-584: The buses in the CABS fleet are outfitted with automated passenger counters and GPS devices to gather data about ridership and bus performance as a part of Ohio State's Campus Transit Lab. At least 33 of the 47 total buses in the fleet are powered by compressed natural gas (CNG) in an effort to reduce emissions, including six that were purchased with funds from the Volkswagen emissions scandal settlement. The transition from diesel to CNG began around 2015 due to

1204-654: The company EasyMile. On February 5, 2020, Smart Columbus began testing two 12-passenger self-driving shuttles in Linden , a low-income neighborhood in the city. The program was set to end in February 2021. Its test drives were temporarily halted that February, when one shuttle unexpectedly stopped and caused a passenger to fall, with minor injuries. On July 29, the program resumed, to be completed in March 2021. The pilot will be used to transport boxes of food for people in need during

1247-402: The environmental and cost benefits, prompting a long-term plan to move the entire bus fleet to CNG. The move follows COTA, which began operating its first 30 CNG buses in 2013. CABS' fleet also includes several hybrid-electric vehicles. Free public transport Free public transport , often called fare-free public transit or zero-fare public transport , is public transport which

1290-575: The first country in the world to make all public transport in the country (buses, trams, and trains) free to use. On 1 October 2022, Malta made its public transport free on most routes, though unlike in Luxembourg, this applies only to residents. As some transit lines intended to operate with fares initially start service, the organisation may elect not to collect fares for an introductory period to create interest or to test operations. Several mid-size European cities and many smaller towns around

1333-494: The goal of enticing drivers to take transit instead of driving is not necessarily met: because fare-free systems tend to attract a certain number of "problem riders", zero-fare systems may have the unintended effect of convincing some 'premium' riders to go back to driving their cars. It should be kept in mind that this was a study that only looked at U.S. cities, and the author's conclusions may be less applicable in other countries that have better social safety nets and less crime than

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1376-573: The large U.S. cities studied. Fare-free transit has been repeatedly demonstrated to increase ridership—especially during non-peak travel periods—and customer satisfaction. Several analyses have shown ridership increased by as much as 15% overall and about 45% during the off-peak periods. The effects on public transport operators included schedule adherence problems because of the increased ridership and more complaints about rowdiness from younger passengers, though obviously there were no more direct conflicts with passengers regarding fare collection. When

1419-539: The number of vehicles being driven which results in decreasing carbon emissions. Cars are also responsible for emitting other pollutants such as antifreeze. Several large U.S. municipalities have attempted zero-fare systems, but many of these implementations have been judged unsuccessful by policy makers. A 2002 National Center for Transportation Research report suggests that, while transit ridership does tend to increase, there are also some disadvantages: This U.S. report suggests that, while ridership does increase overall,

1462-539: The parking lot, and across the street to its hotel as well as the bus stop for Orange County and Los Angeles local transit buses. Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California , provides tram service throughout its parking lot. In July 2017, Dubai announced it would offer free bus services for a short period of time on selected days. In the northwestern United States , some tribal governments offer free bus service on their respective reservations, including on

1505-464: The point of use, just as the use of a bridge might have been. Machinery installed within a building or shopping centre can be seen as 'zero-fare transport': elevators , escalators and moving sidewalks are often provided by property owners and funded through the sales of goods and services. Community bicycle programs , providing free bicycles for short-term public use could be thought of as zero-fare transport. A common example of zero-fare transport

1548-515: The shuttle if needed. The program cost was estimated at $ 550,000, co-funded by the Columbus Partnership and DriveOhio. The Transport Workers Union and other employees of the Central Ohio Transit Authority , the local bus system, opposed the shuttle system for customer safety. The program was intended to be the first of three driverless shuttle pilot programs. In May 2019, the city approved $ 1.1 million for automated shuttles from

1591-535: The technologies to be replicated in other cities. The Paul G. Allen Family Foundation gave a $ 10 million grant to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through decarbonizing and electrifying vehicles. The largest private donor, AEP , contributed $ 185 million toward de-carbonization and electric grid projects. The organization's Smart Columbus Experience Center opened in June 2018. A celebratory opening took place on June 29 of that year. Smart Columbus's deadline

1634-552: The world have converted their public transportation networks to zero-fare. The city of Hasselt in Belgium is a notable example: fares were abolished in 1997 and ridership was as much as "13 times higher" by 2006. Tallinn , the capital city of Estonia with more than 420,000 inhabitants, switched to free public transport in 2013 after a public vote. In the U.S. state of Washington , 14 rural transit systems have adopted zero-fare policies, either permanently or through pilots in

1677-722: Was cut in January 1992. In 1998, the university began to heavily invest in bus service, raising its budget from $ 1 million to $ 2.5 million. A traffic study that year determined that adequate parking could never be built. The university found that investing in transit is cheaper than building garages. It raised parking fees for the main campus and used the funds to purchase additional buses and expand service hours (from 29,000 to 83,000). CABS began offering fixed route overnight as well as weekend service as part of these changes. Ridership subsequently increased from 1.2 million in 1998 to 2.3 million in 1999. In 2009, CABS buses were equipped with GPS devices, giving passengers real-time arrival times for

1720-399: Was determined to be at fault. Following the incident, the university stated it would add more buses at peak times on the route to reduce overcrowding and that it was purchasing additional buses. The Covid-19 outbreak in 2020, along with ongoing construction projects on Central and West Campus, led to a reorganization of routes and service times for transit operations. Increased bus frequency

1763-533: Was developed with researchers at Battelle Memorial Institute in 2014. CABS currently operates five routes on Ohio State's main campus. Most routes run from early morning to night on weekdays, with some routes also offering late-night, 24-hour, and weekend service. Additionally, the university provides a pickup and dropoff service for disabled students. The Campus Area Bus Service employs students for bus operation; approximately 67 percent of its drivers were students, provided with on-the-job training, in 2009. All of

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1806-563: Was founded in 2016. The city was selected to receive $ 40 million from the U.S. Department of Transportation to develop a "smart city", a grant which was met with millions of dollars in nonprofit and private investments. The federal grant was part of a competition among 77 cities to receive the funding. Columbus, as the Midwest's fastest-growing city, proposed strong ideas connecting its problems with measurable solutions. The grant would be used to develop technologies and share data, allowing

1849-562: Was initially required after students were permitted to return to campus but required to follow social distancing guidelines. Fixed route overnight service was replaced by a fully on-demand system utilizing shuttle buses which allow greater flexibility along with Medical Center Patient Courtesy Shuttle services. CABS routes can be planned through the Pivot app, a tool developed by Smart Columbus in 2020 for multi-modal trip planning and payment. An earlier service, called Connect and Ride or C-Ride,

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