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62-636: (Redirected from Cancun Summit ) Cancun conference or Cancun summit may refer to: the North–South Summit on Cooperation and Development (October 1981) the FAO-led International Conference on Responsible Fishing (6–8 May 1992) that established the principles of Monitoring control and surveillance the conference of the Group of Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries (2002)

124-505: A feature of UN Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals . Participants developed strategies planned to direct food donations, support of agricultural production, financial and technological aid. These strategies included a focus on providing long-term support for nations struggling with famine and malnutrition, as well as ensuring the nations had short-term aid in the meantime. Many attendees including Reagan, Thatcher, Zenko Suzuki , and others, spoke positively about

186-703: A global tourist destination and locating the Summit in Cancún provided necessary exposure and publicity. The Cancún Summit was organized by states’ Ministers of Foreign Affairs. The first meeting was planned by the foreign ministers of Mexico and Austria at the UN General Assembly's XXXV Session in September 1980. Developed nations such as France, Canada, and Sweden, as well as emerging nations such as Algeria, India, Nigeria, and Yugoslavia , were invited by

248-527: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages North%E2%80%93South Summit The North–South Summit , officially the International Meeting on Cooperation and Development , was an international summit held in Cancún , Mexico, from 22 to 23 October 1981. The summit was attended by representatives of 22 countries from five continents. It

310-647: Is different from the Western theory of the Three Worlds or Third World. For example, in the Western theory, China and India belong respectively to the second and third worlds, but in Mao's theory both China and India are part of the Third World which he defined as consisting of exploited nations. Third Worldism is a political movement that argues for the unity of third-world nations against first-world influence and

372-680: Is more affluent and developed, whereas the Global South is less developed and often poorer. To counter this mode of thought, some scholars began proposing the idea of a change in world dynamics that began in the late 1980s, and termed it the Great Convergence . As Jack A. Goldstone and his colleagues put it, "in the twentieth century, the Great Divergence peaked before the First World War and continued until

434-471: Is the only North-South summit conference in history outside of the United Nations organization and set the stage for further global communication between the global North and South. The Summit occurred at a time when previously colonized countries were trying to establish themselves politically domestically and internationally. In the post-war era, unstable economic and political institutions, and

496-514: Is the only north-south summit conference in history. The goal of the conference was focused around economic development of the Global South and revitalizing economic relations with the North. Topics of discussion focused around agricultural development and food, energy, trade and industrialization, and finances. While no substantial agreements or commitments resulted from the conference, it

558-573: The 1970s energy crises , the IMF and World Bank started using structural adjustment programs and other forms of neoliberal economic policies to assist in the development, mostly in the global South. The programs included conditions for governments to enact policies and restructure their governments and economies. While the effects of these policies are contested, critics believed growth in GDP and capital investment remained limited in many countries. Leaders in

620-535: The Eurasian Union . Most Third World countries are former colonies . Having gained independence, many of these countries, especially smaller ones, were faced with the challenges of nation- and institution-building on their own for the first time. Due to this common background, many of these nations were " developing " in economic terms for most of the 20th century, and many still are. This term, used today, generally denotes countries that have not developed to

682-784: The Non-Aligned Movement that did not openly side with the bi-polar political ideologies of the Cold War . Some countries involved in the Non-Aligned Movement helped create the NIEO. With economic development being a prominent international topic, Global North countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, West Germany , and Japan, agreed to attend the Summit in response to calls from other global North powers such as France, Canada, and Mexico, to discuss

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744-492: The Non-Aligned Movement . In the dependency theory of thinkers like Raúl Prebisch , Walter Rodney , Theotônio dos Santos , and others, the Third World has also been connected to the world-systemic economic division as "periphery" countries dominated by the countries comprising the economic "core" . In the Cold War, some European democracies ( Austria , Finland , Ireland , Sweden , and Switzerland ) were neutral in

806-651: The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), which was held in Lima in March 1975. The former economic strategy of export-led and agro-based business growth transitioned to recommendations for a multi-sectoral strategy. To lessen reliance on developed countries for technology, the conference also supported the advancement of science and technology in underdeveloped nations. The Lima conference also called for

868-909: The World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2003 the Latin American and Caribbean Unity Summit (February 2010), 23rd and last summit of the Rio Group, that led to the establishment of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) the 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference the 13th conference (COP13) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2-3 December 2016) See also [ edit ] Cancun Declaration (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

930-564: The 21st century. The differences among nations of the Third World are continually growing throughout time, and it will be hard to use the Third World to define and organize groups of nations based on their common political arrangements since most countries live under diverse creeds in this era, such as Mexico , El Salvador , and Singapore , which each have their distinct political systems. The Third World categorization becomes anachronistic since its political classification and economic system are distinct to be applied in today's society. Based on

992-433: The Cold War were considered as Third World Countries, and normally these countries are defined by high poverty rates, lack of resources, and unstable financial standing. However, based on the rapid development of modernization and globalization, some countries previously considered to be Third World countries, such as Brazil , India , and Indonesia , achieved large economic growth and are no longer considered poor nations in

1054-845: The Creation of a New International Economic Order: Issue Linkage and the Seventh Special Session of the UN General Assembly." International Organization 30, no. 2 (1976): 309–45. JSTOR   2706262 . Migani, Guia. "The Road to Cancun: The Life and Death of a North–South Summit." International Summitry and Global Governance , 2014, 174–97. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315850771 Riding, Alan. "Mexicans Go All out for Talks in Cancun." The New York Times. The New York Times, 18 October 1981. https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/18/world/mexicans-go-all-out-for-talks-in-cancun.html. Thornton, Christy. "A Mexican International Economic Order? Tracing

1116-668: The Franco-Belgian comic book series Buck Danny , published in 1983, 1984 and 1986. Basterra, Francisco G, and Jesús Ceberio. "El ‘Espíritu De Cancún’ Se Materializará En Tímidas Acciones Para Paliar El Hambre De Los Países Más Pobres." El País, 23 October 1981. https://elpais.com/diario/1981/10/24/internacional/372726003_850215.html. Black, Stanley W. 1985. Learning from Adversity: Policy Responses to Two Oil Shocks . Vol. no. 160 (Dec. 1985);no. 160.;. Princeton, N.J: International Finance Section, Dept. of Economics, Princeton University. Brunner, Karl. "Economic Development, Cancun and

1178-682: The French magazine L'Observateur , August 14, 1952, coined the term third world ( tiers monde ), referring to countries that were playing a small role in international trade and business. His usage was a reference to the Third Estate ( tiers état ), the commoners of France who, before and during the French Revolution , opposed the clergy and nobles, who composed the First Estate and Second Estate, respectively (hence

1240-556: The Global South. Therefore, no political collective continued to advocate for the demands brought to the North–South Summit. This lack of global unity and North-South cooperation would contribute to a call for South to South cooperation for economic development. The conference is one of the elements of the 1984 French film The Vengeance of the Winged Serpent . It is also the subject of story arc Nuclear Alert of

1302-555: The Hidden Roots of the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States." Humanity 9, no. 3 (2018): 389–421. https://doi.org/10.1353/hum.2018.0020. Third World Since most Third World countries were economically poor and non-industrialized, it became a stereotype to refer to developing countries as "third-world countries". In political discourse, the term Third World was often associated with being underdeveloped. China

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1364-597: The Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Great Britain, the United States, Venezuela, and the Soviet Union was made during the Vienna pre-meeting. President Reagan received a personal invitation to Cancún from President López Portillo in an effort to ensure U.S. participation. Foreign ministers from the 22 nations invited to the summit met for the final time before the summit on 1–2 August 1981 in Cancún. Attendees discussed

1426-591: The South. In pursuit of the Report's emergency programme, Mexican president José López Portillo and Austrian chancellor Bruno Kreisky , began the organization of the North–South Summit to start discussions between countries from the North and South. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank , two major international financial institutions, took on larger roles in the late 1970s and early 80s. After

1488-520: The Summit. This ideology, however, stood in contrast with the existing neoliberal framework of international financial institutions and neoliberal approaches from the Reagan and Thatcher administrations. No official agenda was set for the meeting, however there were four main topics agreed upon beforehand. The topics were food security and development, trade and industrialization, monetary and financial matters, and energy . The higher income nations from

1550-471: The Third World, from Indonesia to Afghanistan , ranged widely from economically primitive to economically advanced and from politically non-aligned to Soviet- or Western-leaning. An argument could also be made for how parts of the U.S. are more like the Third World. The only characteristic that Bauer found common in all Third World countries was that their governments "demand and receive Western aid," which he strongly opposed. The aggregate term "Third World"

1612-617: The UNCTAD Integrated Program for Commodities, as well the delay in the drafting of new trade agreements were acknowledged in the Summits’ co-presidents’ summary. After the 1979 UN Conference on Science and Technology for Development in Vienna, there was an interest among global actors to implement technological advancements into their domestic development plans. The construction of a World Bank affiliate that would aid developing nations in building their own energy sectors

1674-529: The US, a global superpower, and had a history of domestic policies supporting lower socio-economic classes within the country. With President José López Portillo as a proponent of the NIEO and with the country's post-revolutionist climate, to gain prominence in the international sphere, Cancún became a politically strategic location for the summit. As a new resort city, the Mexican government wished to transform it to

1736-611: The United Kingdom were opposed to any attempt to move the decision-making authority for the UN financial agencies into the UN General Assembly, where they would all be subject to a one-country, one-vote system of control. The fight against hunger was discussed, with an Algerian proposal to eradicate hunger being approved. It was understood that the problem with food supply was distribution and concern for high levels of malnutrition, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South-east Asia,

1798-758: The United Nations Conference of Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) had put together conferences (UNCTAD I-III) throughout the 1970s which established the G77 . The invention of the Brandt Line through the Brandt Report (1980) formed the division of ‘Global North’ and ‘Global South’ countries based on economic development status. This report emphasized the need for a revitalized and efficient cooperation between North and South to reallocate finances and economic resources for quicker development of

1860-594: The United States in Vietnam or the Soviet Union in Cuba). By the end of the Cold War, many Third World countries had adopted capitalist or communist economic models and continued to receive support from the side they had chosen. Throughout the Cold War and beyond, the countries of the Third World have been the priority recipients of Western foreign aid and the focus of economic development through mainstream theories such as modernization theory and dependency theory . By

1922-638: The Western Democracies." The World Economy 5, no. 1 (1982): 61–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.1982.tb00005.x. Dickson, David. "Hopes from the North-South Summit." Nature 293, no. 5835 (1981): 691–92. https://doi.org/10.1038/293691a0. Goldstein, Walter. "Redistributing the World's Wealth." Resources Policy 8, no. 1 (1982): 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-4207(82)90005-8. Gosovic, Branislav, and John Gerard Ruggie. "On

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1984-466: The conference in the media, highlighting the progress the Summit made in global negotiations. The international press in countries including the United States, United Kingdom, Venezuela, Sweden, and other countries, was generally negative due to the lack of concrete results. It had been agreed upon prior to the conference that no common declaration needed to result from the Summit. The NIEO project mostly disappeared from Global South policy objectives after

2046-545: The conference. No other North–South Summit has taken place since. East-West tensions took precedence over North-South relations in the late 1980s therefore the issues concerning the development of the South brought up at Cancún did not resurface as much post-Summit. Based on the outcomes of the Summit, the Global North appeared more focused on wealth generation than addressing inequalities. Additionally, there were conflicting values around economic development paths from

2108-503: The early 1970s, then, after two decades of indeterminate fluctuations, in the late 1980s, it was replaced by the Great Convergence as the majority of Third World countries reached economic growth rates significantly higher than those in most First World countries". Others have observed a return to Cold War-era alignments ( MacKinnon , 2007; Lucas , 2008), this time with substantial changes between 1990–2015 in geography,

2170-864: The end of the 1960s, the idea of the Third World came to represent countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America that were considered underdeveloped by the West based on several characteristics: low economic development, low life expectancy , high rates of poverty and disease, and others. These countries became the targets for aid and support from governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and individuals from wealthier nations. One popular model, known as Rostow's stages of growth , argued that development took place in five stages: traditional society, pre-conditions for take-off, take-off, drive to maturity, and age of high mass consumption. W. W. Rostow argued that "take-off"

2232-667: The foreign ministers to join a summit in Vienna in November 1980. Tanzania and Germany later joined. The attendees discussed which nations to invite to any future summits during their initial meeting in Vienna. They agreed that a future summit would take place in Mexico, but did not specify when it would happen .   The only similar type of meeting to Cancún was a smaller summit in Jamaica in December 1978, convened by Michael Manley ,

2294-470: The global North refused to entertain the NIEO, turning discussions to trade and supply concerns brought forth by the global North representatives. The United States and the United Kingdom in particular, mainly argued for maintaining current relations among the North and the South. The main negotiations were focused on implementing the third United Nations development decade development strategy and to solve international economic struggles. The United States and

2356-454: The global South like López Portillo built political will and an intellectual movement towards a New International Economic Order (NIEO) in the early 1970s. To make the NIEO into an international policy, some developing countries tried to implement a code of conduct for states in their economic relations through the United Nations. A Charter of Economic Rights and Responsibilities, which had been under discussion at UNCTAD since 1972, served as

2418-487: The growing wealth gap of North and South. The effect of the Cold War was still evident during the formation of the summit as the Soviet Union chose not to attend the Summit, and Cuba was excluded at the request of the United States. China and Yugoslavia were the only communist countries to attend the summit. Located geographically directly below the United States, Mexico had sustained diplomatic relations with

2480-481: The head of state's translator. American participation was seen as an essential component to the meeting as the United States provided more funds than any other nation. The goal of the summit was to engage in a discussion regarding the proposal of new cooperation between the North and South for the development of the South. The emphasis was on the newly established NIEO, which would aim to redistribute wealth and resources from developed to developing countries. The NIEO

2542-480: The mismanagement of natural resources resulted in poverty and economic shortages. From 1960 to 1980 the United Nations held two consecutive "Development Decades", to create and support initiatives for the economic development of the Third World . Leading up to the North–South Summit, there were meetings, conferences and reports that directly and indirectly set a foundation for the conference in Cancún. Among them,

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2604-470: The need for international agreements for its stabilization. The 1979–80 oil crisis caused a disparity in the account balance of payment between the Organization of Petroleum Exporting (OPEC) countries and non-oil developing countries estimated in the billions of dollars. However, no proposals were made for any new international agreements on raw material prices. Instead, the delayed implementation of

2666-697: The prime minister of Jamaica, and West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt with diplomats from Australia, Canada, Jamaica, Nigeria, Norway, the German Federal Republic , and Venezuela. In March 1981, a follow-up meeting with the same participants was planned to take place in Vienna. It was decided in the final statement from the preparation sessions that the conference would be political in character, informal in its processes, and not engage into negotiations but instead provide an opportunity for nations to voice their opinions. The decision to invite Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Guyana, Ivory Coast, Japan,

2728-626: The principle of non-interference in other countries' domestic affairs . Groups most notable for expressing and exercising this idea are the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the Group of 77 which provide a base for relations and diplomacy between not just the third-world countries, but between the third-world and the first and second worlds . The notion has been criticized as providing a fig leaf for human rights violations and political repression by dictatorships . Since 1990, this term has been redefined to make it more correct politically. Initially,

2790-583: The redistribution of industrial capacity to boost the current proportion of emerging nations. Among the countries that refused segments of the Lima economic strategies, the United States voted against any economic reform, remaining committed to the existing economic international order and institutions. The G77 gained prominence in the United Nations General Assembly in the late 1960s and early 1970s, with many members forming part of

2852-405: The same levels as OECD countries, and are thus in the process of developing . In the 1980s, economist Peter Bauer offered a competing definition for the term "Third World". He claimed that the attachment of Third World status to a particular country was not based on any stable economic or political criteria, and was a mostly arbitrary process. The large diversity of countries considered part of

2914-557: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Cancun conference . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cancun_conference&oldid=905631540 " Categories : Disambiguation pages International conferences in Mexico Cancún Hidden categories: Short description

2976-476: The sense of not joining NATO, but were prosperous, never joined the Non-Aligned Movement , and seldom self-identified as part of the Third World. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War , the term Third World has decreased in use. It is being replaced with terms such as developing countries , least developed countries or the Global South . The demographer, anthropologist, and historian Alfred Sauvy , in an article published in

3038-420: The specialized financial institutions and their structural adjustment policies, particularly concerning balance of payment issues. Global North countries expressed support for these institutions, and no changes were made to their functioning. Following the discussion on global poverty, one of the only concrete outcomes was the creation of a food plan to eradicate world hunger by the year 2000, which has remained

3100-429: The summit's formal aspects; they did not discuss its content or a specific agenda . The summit was attended by 22 countries from five continents. There were eight leaders from industrialized nations and 14 less economically developed nations. A delegation of no more than ten individuals accompanied the heads of state and government. The delegation often consisted of the minister of foreign affairs, diplomatic aides, and

3162-433: The term "underdeveloped countries" was frequently used to refer to roughly the same group of countries. This term was in turn replaced by 'developing' and 'less-developed' countries, as politicians found that the earlier term contributed to stereotypes or disrespect of this group of countries. The general definition of the Third World can be traced back to the history that nations positioned as neutral and independent during

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3224-459: The term “third world” meant that a nation is “under-developed”. However, today it is replaced by the term “developing". Many times there is a clear distinction between First and Third Worlds. When talking about the Global North and Global South , the majority of the time the two go hand in hand. People refer to the two as "Third World/South" and " First World /North" because the Global North

3286-484: The use of the older form tiers rather than the modern troisième for "third"). Sauvy wrote, "This third world ignored, exploited, despised like the third estate also wants to be something ." In the context of the Cold War , he conveyed the concept of political non-alignment with either the capitalist or communist bloc. Simplistic interpretations quickly led to the term merely designating these unaligned countries. The "Three Worlds Theory" developed by Mao Zedong

3348-550: The vehicle for this. After inconclusive negotiations, the UN General Assembly cast a vote for the application of the new economic Charter. The majority of the developed nations voted against the Charter or abstained as they thought the new Charter was imbalanced. Next, some developing nations tried to broaden international collaboration for development during the Second General Conference of

3410-578: The world economy and relationship dynamics between current and emerging world powers; not necessarily redefining the classic meaning of First , Second , and Third World terms, but rather which countries belong to them by way of association to which world power or coalition of countries, such as the G7 , the European Union , OECD ; G20 , OPEC , N-11 , BRICS , ASEAN ; the African Union , and

3472-479: Was based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. This idea recognized that developed countries had a greater responsibility to address global problems such as poverty and environmental degradation as their historical exploitation of resources in the developing countries resulted in their lack of access to global markets and capital. The G77 concerns included poor trade terms, declining currency values, and debt deficits, which they would discuss at

3534-546: Was challenged as misleading even during the Cold War period, because it had no consistent or collective identity among the countries it supposedly encompassed. During the Cold War, unaligned countries of the Third World were seen as potential allies by both the First and Second World. Therefore, the United States and the Soviet Union went to great lengths to establish connections in these countries by offering economic and military support to gain strategically located alliances (e.g.,

3596-422: Was discussed. Energy rise in the global South was 30% faster than increases to GDP. Lower income countries were unable or struggling to pay for the amount of oil needed for growth. European states, Canada, as well as most of the emerging nations were interested to bring forth this idea. Countries that were members of OPEC also responded positively for a proposal for an energy affiliate. The United States, however,

3658-529: Was labeled 'Third World' for several decades in the 20th century before its robust and phenomenal development of the 21st century. Some countries in the Eastern Bloc , such as Cuba , were often regarded as Third World. The Third World was normally seen to include many countries with colonial pasts in Africa , Latin America , Oceania , and Asia . It was also sometimes taken as synonymous with countries in

3720-406: Was not in favour of a new international organization. Following the discussion, the conclusion from the co-presidents of the Summit mentioned that the energy crisis was a global issue, not just a North-South one. Despite the proposal from French President Mitterrand to establish an energy affiliate before the meeting, the agency was not created at Cancún. Developing nations expressed concerns over

3782-536: Was raised. The Cancún Summit participants agreed that increasing poor nations' capacity to increase their own food production should take precedence over providing direct food aid. However, a number of poorer nations also urged for more direct action. The creation of sizeable emergency food reserves to make up for lack of harvests and increased attempts to create a global food system that encompasses both production and delivery. Countries in Africa that were economically affected by fluctuating raw material prices asserted

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3844-415: Was the critical stage with which the Third World was struggling, which some argued could be facilitated through foreign aid. Since 1990 the term "Third World" evolved to denote countries with less economic development. The term "Third World" is increasingly perceived to be politically incorrect or outdated, as it is a historical term that isn't as relevant in modern day geopolitics . Around the early 1960s,

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