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62-668: Canandaigua ( / ˌ k æ n ə n ˈ d eɪ ɡ w ə / ; Utaʼnaráhkhwaʼ in Tuscarora ) is a city in Ontario County, New York , United States. Its population was 10,545 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Ontario County; some administrative offices are at the county complex in the adjacent town of Hopewell . The name Canandaigua is derived from the Seneca name of its historic village here, spelled variously Kanandarque, Ganandogan, Ga-nun-da-gwa, or Konondaigua, which

124-570: A brief stop in Canandaigua to give a campaign speech at Atwater Park . In 1945, Marvin Sands founded Canandaigua Wine Company. With a growing American market for wine in the late 20th century, the company expanded rapidly through acquisitions in the 1980s and 1990s. It joined other companies in forming Constellation Brands , and became the world's largest wine and spirits distributor. In 2006, Canandaigua Wine Company rebranded as Centerra Wine Co.,

186-571: A federal policy of depriving the Oneida people of their Article Two rights to the quiet enjoyment of their treaty lands by both failing to prevent New York from purchasing treaty lands and actively "encouraging the removal of the Oneidas... to the west." By 1920, the Oneida Nation retained only 32 acres (13 ha) of treaty land, down from the six million acres (2,400,000 ha) held before

248-588: A nominal, even if it is a verb or particle. The basic word order in Tuscarora is SVO (subject–verb–object), but this can vary somewhat and still form grammatical sentences, depending on who the agents and patients are. For example: If two nouns of the same relative "status" are together in a sentence, the SVO word order is followed. Such is the case, for example, in a noun-predicate-noun sentence in which both nouns are third person zoic (non-human) singular. If one

310-647: A piece of paper held by someone. Attributive suffixes come in many forms: A diminutive indicates something smaller; an augmentive makes something bigger. A simple example would be a diminutive suffix added to the word "cat" to form a word meaning "small cat." A more abstract example would be the diminutive of "trumpet" forming "pipe." Both diminutives and augmentives have suffixes that indicate both smallness and plurality. A (certain) diminutive can be added to any functional nominal. Augmentives usually combine with other morphemes, forming more specific stems. Attributive suffixes can be added to any word that functions as

372-644: A subsidiary of Constellation Wines, U.S., Inc. On March 14, 2006, President George W. Bush visited Canandaigua, giving speeches at Canandaigua Academy and Ferris Hills, an independent residential living community for seniors. He was describing Medicare Part D for senior citizens. The text of his speech at Ferris Hills can be found here . According to the United States Census Bureau , Canandaigua has an area of 4.8 square miles (12.5 km), of which 4.6 square miles (11.9 km) are land and 0.2 square mile (0.6 km) (4.75%)

434-511: A verb root. More complex stems are formed by adding modifiers. Roots might be combined with many different kinds of morphemes to create complicated stems. Possibilities include reflexive, inchoative, reversive, intensifier, and distributive morphemes, instrumental, causative, or dative case markers, and also incorporated noun stems. The base may be further complicated by ambulative or purposive morphemes. Aspect suffixes are temporal indicators, and are used with all indicative verbs. "Aspect"

496-404: A voiceless fricative, it often sounds similar to /s/ . /s/ followed by /j/ or sometimes /i/ often becomes [ʃ] . Used here is a type of linguistic notation. Aloud, the first bullet point would read, " /s/ becomes [ʃ] when preceded by /t/ ." The basic construction of a verb consists of in that order. All verbs contain at least a pronominal prefix and a verb base. These are

558-599: Is covered by water. The city is at the northern end of Canandaigua Lake , in the Finger Lakes region, the largest wine-producing area in New York . The city is on U.S. Route 20 and NY Routes 5 and 21. Köppen Dfa , hot summer humid continental climate. As of the census of 2010, there were 10,545 people, 4,789 households, and 2,470 families residing in the city. As of the census of 2000, there were 11,264 people, 4,762 households, and 2,666 families residing in

620-441: Is less common than other words from other languages or verbal descriptions that turned to nominals. In many cases a pronominal prefix has dropped off, so that only the minimal stem remains. Ownership is divided into alienable and inalienable possession , each of which type has its own construction. An example of inalienable possession would be someone's body part—this cannot be disputed. An example of alienable possession would be

682-485: Is of a "superior" status, it can be indicated by a pronominal prefix, such as hra , and as such SVO, VSO, and OSV are all grammatically correct. The example given in Grammar Tuscarora is: wí:rę:n William wahrákęʔ he-saw-it tsi:r dog. wí:rę:n wahrákęʔ tsi:r William he-saw-it dog. wahrákęʔ Treaty of Canandaigua The Treaty of Canandaigua (or Konondaigua, as spelled in

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744-472: Is part of the Greater Rochester area and Rochester’s southern most suburb. Parts of six neighboring towns also share the Canandaigua mailing address and 14424 ZIP Code. Developed near Canandaigua Lake at the site of the historic Seneca village Ganandogan, by the mid-19th century Canandaigua was an important railroad junction and home port for several steamboats that operated on the lake. After

806-419: Is pronounced [ʃ] . /h/ is generally [h] . There is an affricate is /ts/ . Resonants are /n/ , /ɾ/ , /w/ , /j/ . A rule (below) specifies pre-aspiration under certain circumstances. The resonants can also become voiceless fricatives (as specified below). A voiceless /n/ is described as "a silent movement of the tongue accompanied by an audible escape of breath through the nose." When /ɾ/ becomes

868-515: Is rarely the case that it is repeated too many times. Most nouns end in the morpheme -eh . Some end in -aʔ , -ęʔ , or -ʔ . In addition to the formal nouns mentioned above, clauses, verbs, and unanalyzable particles can also be classified as nominals. Clausal nominals are such things as sentential subjects and compliments. Verbal nominals usually describe their referents. Unanalyzable particles arise from three main sources which overlap somewhat. Onomatopoeia, from Tuscarora or other languages,

930-465: Is realized as a postalveolar fricative [ʃ] . The marginal phonemes l and m occur in loanwords. Tuscarora has three stops: /t/ , /k/ , and /ʔ/ ; in their most basic forms: [t] , [k] , and [ʔ] . [kʷ] could be considered separate, although it is very similar to /k/+/w/ , and can be counted as a variant phonetic realization of these two sounds. Each sound has specific changes that take place when situated in certain positions. These are among

992-668: Is the home of Constellation Brands , founded as Canandaigua Wine Company, which produces Manischewitz wine ; Finger Lakes Community College ; Thompson Health System; the Constellation Brands – Marvin Sands Performing Arts Center (CMAC); Granger Homestead; the Canandaigua Lady paddle-wheel tour boat; and Sonnenberg Gardens and Mansion State Historic Park . French explorers Robert de La Salle and René de Bréhant de Galinée visited

1054-484: Is the subject of the sentence. On account of various changes in the evolution of the language, not all of the possible combinations of distinctions in person, number, and gender are made, and some pronominal prefixes or combinations thereof can represent several acceptable meanings. The verb base is, generally, exactly what it sounds like: it is the barest form of the verb. This is a verb stem that consists solely of one verb root. Verb stems can be made of more than just

1116-512: Is very much like that in verbs. It refers to who or what is being identified. The prefixes vary according to the gender, number, and "humanness" of the noun. Genders include: The prefixes are: Most stems are simple noun roots that are morphologically unanalyzable. These can be referred to as "simplex stems." More complex stems can be derived from verbs this is commonly done as: (verb stem) + (nominalizing morpheme). The process can be repeated multiple times, making more complex stems, but it

1178-629: Is with respect to duration or frequency; "tense" is with respect to the point in time at which the verb's action takes place. Three different aspects can be distinguished, and each distinguished aspect can be furthermore inflected for three different tenses. These are, respectively, punctual, serial, or perfective, and past, future, or indefinite. Nouns , like verbs, are composed of several parts. These are, in this order: Nouns can be divided two ways, formally and functionally, and four ways, into formal nouns, other functional nouns, possessive constructions, and attributive suffixes. The pronominal prefix

1240-573: Is written using mostly symbols from the Roman alphabet , with some variations, additions, and diacritics . Tuscarora is a Northern Iroquoian language. This branch of Iroquois includes Mohawk , Oneida , Onondaga , Seneca , and Cayuga along with Tuscarora and its historic neighbor, Nottoway . Wallace Chafe posits that a larger language, reconstructed as Proto-Northern-Iroquois , broke off into Proto-Tuscarora-Cayuga , and then broke off onto its own, having no further contact with Cayuga or any of

1302-597: The Civil War , local industries included two brick works, the Lisk Manufacturing Company, several mills, and the regionally prominent McKechnie Brewery. The shire town of the original county of western New York, Canandaigua was the site of the trial of Susan B. Anthony in 1873 on charges of voting illegally because only men were allowed to vote. In the 21st century, the town is a center for business, government, health care, and education. Canandaigua

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1364-550: The Indian hemp (hemp dogbane, Apocynum cannabinum ), which they use in many aspects of their society. Skarureh refers to the long shirt worn as part of the men's regalia, and so the name literally means "long shirt people." Tuscarora is recently extinct , the last fluent first language speaker having died in 2020. In the mid-1970s, 50 people spoke it on the Tuscarora Reservation ( Lewiston, New York ) and

1426-665: The Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation (near Brantford, Ontario ). The Tuscarora School in Lewiston has striven to keep Tuscarora alive as a heritage language by teaching children from pre-kindergarten to sixth grade. The language can appear complex to those unfamiliar with it more in terms of its grammar than its sound system. Many ideas can be expressed in a single word. Most words involve several components that must be considered. The language

1488-969: The Treaty of Canandaigua was signed in the town by representatives of the United States of America and the Six Nations of the Iroquois ; the British had ceded Iroquois lands without consulting them, and the US forced most of the Iroquois Native Americans out of the state. It established two small reservations for the Seneca and Oneida, who had been allies of the American rebels, but they suffered considerable enmity and discrimination after

1550-650: The American Revolution. The Oneida Nation of Wisconsin was still receiving an annuity check of $ 1,800 as late as 1941, almost 150 years after the treaty took effect. The Quakers were involved in the aftermath of the treaty. Pickering appointed the Quakers to teach the Haudenosaunee Confederacy “European-style agriculture”. The Friends’ Review , a Quaker publication, recalls “ploughs, axes, and hoes” being “liberally” supplied to

1612-506: The City of Canandaigua, was the site of the trial of Susan B. Anthony , a leader of the women's suffrage movement, who was arrested for voting at a time when only men were allowed to vote. She was found guilty and fined $ 100, which she did not pay. John Willys , born in Canandaigua in 1873, operated a bicycle sales and repair shop there, before later becoming a successful automobile manufacturer. On October 30, 1900, Theodore Roosevelt made

1674-460: The Haudenosaunee Confederacy from America. Article Seven states that if the “perpetual peace and friendship” between the Haudenosaunee Confederacy and America were disturbed in any way, the conflict would be resolved peacefully by a third party. Article Six of the treaty continues to be honored by the contracting parties. It provides that the U.S. government annually provide goods valued at $ 4,500. To date, Haudenosaunee leaders have insisted that

1736-480: The Haudenosaunee Confederacy over its acceptance of land in the Ohio Valley from Great Britain and faced the threat of another war on its western frontier. To avoid war, the United States government sought to define a solid boundary on its western frontier. It also recognized that peace with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy was critical in case another war broke out. The United States attempted to make peace with

1798-581: The Haudenosaunee Confederacy with a series of conferences and treaties: the treaties of Fort Stanwix and Fort Harmar . However, both treaties were considered failures by the United States government because they resulted in increased tension with the confederacy. Henry Knox , the United States secretary of war , began a military operation on the western frontier in September 1790 and appointed Timothy Pickering as Indian commissioner to address

1860-621: The Haudenosaunee Confederacy. The treaty has had a lasting legacy in asserting the sovereignty of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy; historian Robert W. Venables states that “from 1794 to the present day, the treaty has been the legal keystones of relations between the United States and the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. The treaty is at the center of any of the Six Nation’s land claims and their rights to govern their own reservations”. The sovereignty and autonomy established in

1922-532: The Haudenosaunee Confederacy’s grievances with the United States government. Pickering decided to follow a “strategy of conciliation and compromise”, beginning with a conference with the Seneca Nation to offer gifts and peace after the failed treaties of Fort Harmar and Fort Stanwix. A series of conferences followed, in which Pickering opened dialogue between the Haudenosaunee Confederacy and

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1984-505: The Haudenosaunee saw treaty agreements as requiring constant renewal and upkeep. The term they used was ‘brightening the chain of friendship’”. Seneca leader Red Jacket played an integral role in helping Pickering overcome some of these ideological differences throughout the deliberations. He “reminded Pickering that making peace requires declarations that mean one thing—peace—and mixing in language of blame or criticism simply fouls

2046-590: The Mississippi River to the United States. However, Great Britain’s original rights to this territory were unclear, causing resentment among the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, to whom the land originally belonged. Moreover, some indigenous peoples on the western frontier of the United States remained loyal to the British after the American Revolutionary War and were hostile towards the United States. The United States faced resentment from

2108-476: The Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee ( Iroquois ) Confederacy (including the Cayuga , Mohawk , Oneida , Onondaga , Seneca and Tuscarora Nations) and by Timothy Pickering , official agent of President Washington. The Treaty of Canandaigua arose out of a combination of geo-political tensions. In the aftermath of its defeat in the American Revolutionary War, Great Britain was forced to relinquish its land east of

2170-482: The Treaty of 1794 with the United States government”. The conference ended on November 11, 1794, when fifty-nine war chiefs and sachems signed the treaty, and the text of the Canandaigua treaty, which comprised seven articles, was submitted to the U.S. Senate on January 2, 1795, carrying the title: "The Six Nations, and Oneida, Tuscarora, and Stockbridge Tribes'”. The treaty established peace and friendship between

2232-413: The United States held the first conference for the Treaty of Canandaigua in September 1794. The official conference for the Treaty of Canandaigua began on October 18, 1794, with more than 1,500 members of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy present. Deliberations were tense at first because of discrepancies of cultural beliefs on treaties. According to scholar Granville Ganter, “Unlike their Anglo counterparts,

2294-461: The United States of America and the Six Nations and affirmed Haudenosaunee land rights in the state of New York , and the boundaries established by the Phelps and Gorham Purchase of 1788. Article One of the treaty promises “perpetual peace and friendship” between America and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. Article Two acknowledges lands belonging to the Oneida, Onondoga, and Cayuga, and gives them

2356-418: The United States regarding what would become of the land that Great Britain had lost. In October 1791, Knox’s military efforts on the western frontier were failing, and he suggested enlisting the Haudenosaunee Confederacy to fight on behalf of the United States. Pickering and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy were unimpressed by Knox’s request and declined to participate in the war. In 1793, the military operation on

2418-403: The average family size was 2.95. In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 23.3% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 18.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.5 males. The median income for a household in

2480-503: The canal concept. Stephen A. Douglas was a student at Canandaigua Academy between 1830 and January 1833; he later moved west and was elected as US senator from Illinois. He was the 1860 Democratic Party presidential nominee, losing to Republican Abraham Lincoln . This area of New York was a center of activism for women's suffrage and other progressive movements. In 1873, the Ontario County Courthouse , located in

2542-398: The category of resonants. (Mithun Williams, 1976) The range of sounds, though, is more extensive, with palatalization, aspiration, and other variants of the sounds, that usually come when two sounds are set next to each other. There may also be the phonemes /b/ (written as p ) and /f/ (written as f ), although they probably occur only in loan words. The phonemic consonant cluster /sj/

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2604-458: The city in the year 2000 census. The population density was 2,447.5 inhabitants per square mile (945.0/km). There were 5,066 housing units at an average density of 1,100.8 per square mile (425.0/km). The city's racial makeup was 96.04% White , 1.53% Black or African American , 0.22% Native American , 0.66% Asian , 0.06% Pacific Islander , 0.26% from other races , and 1.23% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.02% of

2666-400: The city was $ 37,197, and the median income for a family was $ 47,388. Males had a median income of $ 31,950 versus $ 26,538 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 20,153. About 5.9% of families and 9.5% of the population were below the poverty line , including 8.9% of those under age 18 and 8.9% of those age 65 or over. The Canandaigua City School District serves Canandaigua and

2728-432: The following tables: Thus in the official writing system of Tuscarora, the vowels are a e í u ę. The marginal phonemes ą and o occur in loanwords. The Tuscarora language has ten symbols representing consonants, including three stops ( /k/ , /t/ , and /ʔ/ ), three fricatives ( /s/ , /θ/ , and /h/ ), a nasal ( /n/ ), a rhotic ( /ɾ/ ), and two glides ( /w/ and /j/ ). These last four can be grouped together under

2790-425: The legal right to sell the land if they so wish and Article Three legally defines the perimeter of Seneca territories. Article Four maintains that America must not “claim or disturb” any lands belonging to the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. Article Five legally acknowledges that the road from “Fort Schlosser to Lake Erie, as far south as Buffalo Creek” belongs to the Seneca Nation. Article Six promises $ 4,500 each year to

2852-575: The list of "peripheral" Iroquoian languages. Tuscarora has four oral vowels, one nasal vowel, and one diphthong. The vowels can be either short or long, which makes a total of eight oral vowels , /i ɛ ɔ u iː ɛː ɔː uː/ , and two nasal vowels , /ə̃ ə̃ː/ . Nasal vowels are indicated with an ogonek , long vowels with either a following colon ⟨ : ⟩ or an interpunct ⟨ · ⟩ , and stressed vowels are marked with an acute accent ⟨ú⟩ . The pronunciation of unstressed short vowels varies between dialects, as shown in

2914-478: The others. However, Lounsbury (1961:17) classed Tuscarora, along with Laurentian, Huron-Wyandot, and Cherokee as the "peripheral" Iroquoian languages—in distinction to the five "inner languages" of the Iroquois proper. Blair Rudes, who did extensive scholarship on Tuscarora and wrote a Tuscarora dictionary, concurred with Lounsbury, adding Nottoway and Susquehannock (which Lounsbury ignored in his comparisons) to

2976-413: The payment be made with bolts of cloth, rather than cash, as a means of adhering to the terms of the largely dishonored treaty. The U.S. government dishonored Article Two, which ensured that the land rights of the Oneida, Onondaga, and Cayuga nations would be protected by the U.S. government against state interference. By the early 19th century, federal Indian agents were "deeply involved" in furthering

3038-515: The phonetic (automatic) rules listed below. Since, in certain cases, the sounds [ɡ] and [d] are realized, a more extended list of the stops would be [t] , [d] , [k] , [ɡ] , and [ʔ] . In the written system, however, only t, k, and ′ are used. /k/ is aspirated when it directly precedes another /k/ . The language has two or three fricatives: /s/ , /θ/ , and /h/ . /s/ and /θ/ are distinguished only in some dialects of Tuscarora. Both are pronounced [s] , but in some situations, /s/

3100-407: The population. There were 4,762 households, out of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.7% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.0% were non-families. 35.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and

3162-405: The process”. Another ideological difference between the United States and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy during deliberations was the role of women. No United States settler women were included in the dialogue; however, Haudenosaunee women, in keeping with their significant role in tribal governance, were included. Historian Joan M. Jensen states that Seneca women “spoke during the negotiations of

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3224-438: The region in 1669. They recorded seeing a burning spring known to the Seneca in what is now known as the nearby Town of Bristol . The water of the spring appears to burn as a flame; this is caused by escaping natural gas , and several such burning springs have been noted in the Canandaigua area. The city was the historic site of Kanandaigua, a Seneca village. The village site was later used for West Avenue Cemetery. The village

3286-530: The surrounding region. The district includes Canandaigua Academy as its high school . The main campus of Finger Lakes Community College is located just east of the city. Within the City of Canandaigua, the following buildings, properties and districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places : Tuscarora language The name Tuscarora ( / ˌ t ʌ s k ə ˈ r ɔːr ə / TUS -kə- ROHR -ə ) means "hemp people," after

3348-413: The territory. The American forces attacked Iroquois villages throughout western New York, destroying 40 and burning the winter stores of the people. The Iroquois fled to Fort Niagara as refugees, and many died of starvation that winter. After the war, pioneer settlers came from eastern New York and New England. They founded the city's public high school, Canandaigua Academy , in 1791. On November 11, 1794,

3410-750: The treaty itself), also known as the Pickering Treaty and the Calico Treaty , is a treaty signed after the American Revolutionary War between the Grand Council of the Six Nations and President George Washington , representing the United States of America. It was signed at Canandaigua , New York , on November 11, 1794, by fifty sachems ( hoya:ne:h ) and war chiefs representing the Grand Council of

3472-532: The treaty was also reaffirmed in the State Papers of the London Review of 1796, stating that anyone is able to “freely to pass and repass” through the territory addressed in the treaty, while recognizing the friendship established by the treaty itself. The treaty was signed by fifty sachems and war chiefs. Notable signatories include: To us it is more than a contract, more than a symbol; to us

3534-411: The verb, including person, number, and gender. Since all verbs must have at least a subject, the pronominal prefixes identify the subject, and if the verb is transitive , these prefixes also identify the object. For example: Tuscarora word: rà:weh Translation: He is talking. Breakdown: masculine + 'talk' + serial The rà is the masculine pronominal prefix, indicating that a male person

3596-448: The very first prefixes in a verb. Prepronominal prefixes can indicate In addition, these can mark such distinctions as dualic, contrastive, partitive, and iterative. According to Marianne Mithun Williams , it is possible to find some semantic similarities from the functions of prepronominal prefixes, but not such that each morpheme is completely explained in this way. As it sounds, pronominal prefixes identify pronouns with regards to

3658-685: The war. What is now the city, separated from the Town of Canandaigua to become the Village of Canandaigua in 1815 and a city in 1913. In 1807–1808, Jesse Hawley , a flour merchant from Geneva , served 20 months in the Canandaigua debtors' prison. He was an early proponent of building a canal through the Mohawk Valley to improve shipping and connect the Hudson River with Lake Erie. During his time in prison, he published 14 influential essays on

3720-479: The western frontier broke out into war, escalating the situation in the Ohio Valley. In June 1794, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy proposed a conference at Buffalo Creek . At the conference, the confederacy rejected the Fort Harmar and Fort Stanwix treaties. As a result, the United States ceded land to the Seneca Nation. Afraid that the Haudenosaunee Confederacy would join the opposition at the western frontier,

3782-628: Was established long before any European Americans came to the area. In a modern transcription, the historic village is rendered as tganǫdæ:gwęh , which means "place selected for a settlement" or "at the chosen town". The city is surrounded by the Town of Canandaigua . The City of Canandaigua is on the northern end of Canandaigua Lake , one of the Finger Lakes, 24 miles (39 km) southeast of Rochester , 68 miles (109 km) west of Syracuse , and 93 miles (150 km) east of Buffalo . Canandaigua

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3844-597: Was formed by former residents of the Ganondagan Seneca village, destroyed by the French in 1687. The Kanandaigua Seneca village, consisting of 23 longhouses, was destroyed during the American Revolutionary War by the Sullivan Expedition on September 10, 1779. American rebels had mounted this attack in reprisal for an attack by Mohawk and other British allies on Cherry Valley in the eastern part of

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