60-576: The Canada Aviation and Space Museum (French: Musée de l'Aviation et de l'Espace du Canada ) (formerly the Canada Aviation Museum ( Musée de l'aviation du Canada ) and National Aeronautical Collection ( Collection aéronautique nationale )) is Canada's national aviation history museum. The museum is located in Ottawa , Ontario, Canada, at Ottawa/Rockcliffe Airport . The museum was first formed in 1964 at RCAF Station Rockcliffe as
120-590: A 1946 letter to Alice Johannsen Turham of the McGill University Museums, Harry O. McCurry of the National Gallery of Canada explained: As you know I have always felt that a Canadian Museums Association is essential to the proper development of a Canadian museum service and I hope you feel the same way. I was astonished to hear from one prominent curator, that he thought we ought not to form an association of our own but to link up with
180-432: A 7-winged rocket propelled by 50 okka (140 lbs) of gunpowder . The flight was said to have been undertaken at the time of the birth of Sultan Murad IV 's daughter. As Evliya Celebi wrote, Lagari proclaimed before launching his craft "O my sultan! Be blessed, I am going to talk to Jesus!"; after ascending in the rocket, he landed in the sea, swimming ashore and joking "O my sultan! Jesus sends his regards to you!"; he
240-499: A C$ 7M expansion to begin in May 2009 and to be completed by the fall of 2010. The improvements carried out included an addition of 2600 m (28,000 ft²) giving 18% more space and providing room for a new foyer, auditorium, cafeteria, retail space, a landscaped entrance and classrooms. In April 2010, the parent Canada Science and Technology Museum Corporation announced that the museum would be expanded and that its name would be changed to
300-405: A bird rather than an engine-powered propeller. Leonardo studied bird and bat flight, claiming the superiority of the latter owing to its unperforated wing. He analyzed these and anticipating many principles of aerodynamics. He understood that "An object offers as much resistance to the air as the air does to the object." Isaac Newton did not publish his third law of motion until 1687. From
360-794: A continuing improvement in the qualifications and practices of museum professionals. It is a registered charity, and administers the funds of the former Museums Foundation of Canada, a separate charity that wrapped up in 2020. The CMA is governed by an elected Board of Directors and maintains a full-service Secretariat in Ottawa. Since its founding, CMA has had eleven executive directors: CMA publishes its bilingual bimonthly Muse magazine and offers its members services such as advocacy on broad public policy, an insurance program and awards, among other services. The association regularly appears before parliamentary committees on issues of heritage. CMA also hosts Canadian Museums Day on Parliament Hill to celebrate
420-531: A floating assembly hall on Lake Constance in the Bay of Manzell, Friedrichshafen . This was intended to ease the starting procedure, as the hall could easily be aligned with the wind. The prototype airship LZ 1 (LZ for "Luftschiff Zeppelin") had a length of 128 m (420 ft) was driven by two 10.6 kW (14.2 hp) Daimler engines and balanced by moving a weight between its two nacelles. Its first flight, on 2 July 1900, lasted for only 18 minutes, as LZ 1
480-433: A human body. The science of mechanics might perhaps suggest a means, namely, a strong spiral spring. If these advantages and requisites are observed, perhaps in time to come someone might know how better to utilise our sketch and cause some addition to be made so as to accomplish that which we can only suggest. Yet there are sufficient proofs and examples from nature that such flights can take place without danger, although when
540-482: A light frame covered with strong canvas and provided with two large oars or wings moving on a horizontal axis, arranged so that the upstroke met with no resistance while the downstroke provided lifting power. Swedenborg knew that the machine would not fly, but suggested it as a start and was confident that the problem would be solved. He wrote: "It seems easier to talk of such a machine than to put it into actuality, for it requires greater force and less weight than exists in
600-715: A major "rage" in Europe in the late 18th century, providing the first detailed understanding of the relationship between altitude and the atmosphere. Non-steerable balloons were employed during the American Civil War by the Union Army Balloon Corps . The young Ferdinand von Zeppelin first flew as a balloon passenger with the Union Army of the Potomac in 1863. In the early 1900s, ballooning
660-555: A nut) appeared in Europe in the 14th century AD. From ancient times the Chinese have understood that hot air rises and have applied the principle to a type of small hot air balloon called a sky lantern . A sky lantern consists of a paper balloon under or just inside which a small lamp is placed. Sky lanterns are traditionally launched for pleasure and during festivals. According to Joseph Needham , such lanterns were known in China from
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#1732775774308720-466: A poem by Muhammad I of Córdoba 's 9th-century court poet Mu'min ibn Said, recounts that Firnas flew some distance before landing with some injuries, attributed to his lacking a tail (as birds use them to land). In the 12th century, William of Malmesbury wrote that Eilmer of Malmesbury , an 11th-century Benedictine monk, attached wings to his hands and feet and flew a short distance, but broke both legs while landing, also having neglected to make himself
780-447: A rider's basket, a tail, and a steering rudder. Critics argued that the thin copper spheres could not sustain ambient air pressure, and further experiments proved that his idea was impossible. The technique of using a vacuum to create lift is called a vacuum airship , but it is still impossible to build with the materials available today. In 1709, Bartolomeu de Gusmão approached King John V of Portugal and claimed to have discovered
840-650: A steerable (or dirigible) balloon continued sporadically throughout the 19th century. The first powered, controlled, sustained lighter-than-air flight is believed to have taken place in 1852 when Henri Giffard flew 15 miles (24 km) in France, with a steam engine-driven craft. Another advance was made in 1884, when the first fully controllable free-flight was made in a French Army electric-powered airship, La France , by Charles Renard and Arthur Krebs . The 170-foot (52 m) long, 66,000-cubic-foot (1,900 m ) airship covered 8 km (5.0 mi) in 23 minutes with
900-683: A tail. Many others made well-documented jumps in the following centuries. As late as 1811, Albrecht Berblinger constructed an ornithopter and jumped into the Danube at Ulm. The kite may have been the first form of man-made aircraft. It was invented in China possibly as far back as the 5th century BC by Mozi (Mo Di) and Lu Ban (Gongshu Ban). Later designs often emulated flying insects, birds, and other beasts, both real and mythical. Some were fitted with strings and whistles to make musical sounds while flying. Ancient and mediaeval Chinese sources describe kites being used to measure distances, test
960-688: A tower. The Greek legends of Daedalus and Icarus are some of the earliest known. Others originated in ancient Asia and the European Middle Ages. During this early period, the concepts of lift, stability, and control were not well understood, and most attempts resulted in serious injuries or death. The Andalusian scientist Abbas ibn Firnas (810–887 AD) attempted to fly in Córdoba, Spain , by covering his body with vulture feathers and attached two wings to his arms. The 17th-century Algerian historian Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari , quoting
1020-522: A way for airborne flight. Due to the King's illness, Gusmão's experiment was rescheduled from its initial June 24, 1709, date to August 8. The experiment was carried out in front of the king and other nobles in the Casa da India yard, but the paper ship or device burned down before it could take flight. In France, five aviation firsts were accomplished between June 4 and December 1, 1783: Ballooning became
1080-623: Is Space Shuttle Endeavour ' s Canadarm , the Space Shuttles' Canadian-built robotic arm. It was unveiled on 2 May 2013 with Chris Hadfield on hand from the International Space Station via video screen to aid with the unveiling. While Endeavour ' s Canadarm, officially known as Canadarm 201, was moved back to Canada, Atlantis's and Discovery's Canadarms went to the museums of their respective Shuttles. Also on site are interactive activities on
1140-783: Is a national non-profit organization for the promotion of museums in Canada. It represents Canadian museum professionals both within Canada and internationally. As with most trade associations , it aims to improve the recognition, growth and stability of its constituency. Its staff supports their nearly 2,000 members with conferences, publications, and networking opportunities. CMA members include national museums, non-profit museums, art galleries , science centres, aquariums, archives, sport halls-of-fame, artist-run centres, zoos and historic sites across Canada. They range from large metropolitan galleries to small community museums. All are dedicated to preserving and presenting Canada's cultural heritage to
1200-464: Is considered the earliest example of man-made flight. Leonardo da Vinci 's 15th-century dream of flight found expression in several rational designs, though hindered by the limitations of contemporary science. In the late 18th century, the Montgolfier brothers invented the hot-air balloon and began manned flights. At almost the same time, the discovery of hydrogen gas led to the invention of
1260-610: Is responsible for three museums: the Canada Aviation and Space Museum, the Canada Agriculture Museum and the Canada Science and Technology Museum . The museum is also home to 51 Canada Aviation Museum Squadron, Royal Canadian Air Cadets . The museum's collection contains a wide variety of civilian and military aircraft, representing the history of Canadian aviation from the pioneer era before
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#17327757743081320-577: The First World War up to the present day. Particularly noteworthy is the collection of vintage bushplanes from the 1920s to the 1940s. The military aircraft represent aircraft flown by Canadians in the First World War , Second World War , and the Cold War . The museum's best known exhibit is the surviving components of the Avro Arrow interceptor from the late 1950s. Also at the museum
1380-496: The French Revolution . Experiments with gliders provided the groundwork for learning the dynamics of heavier-than-air craft, most notably by Cayley, Otto Lilienthal , and Octave Chanute . By the early 20th century, advances in engine technology and aerodynamics made controlled, powered flight possible for the first time. In 1903, following their pioneering research and experiments with wing design and aircraft control,
1440-656: The Royal Canadian Air Force . In 1982 the collection was renamed the National Aviation Museum and in 1988 the collection was moved to a new experimental type triangular hangar from the Second World War-era wooden hangars it had been residing in. In 2006 an additional hangar was opened, which allows all of the collection's aircraft to be stored indoors. The museum closed 2 September 2008 for remodeling and rearrangement of
1500-545: The Wright brothers successfully incorporated all of the required elements to create and fly the first aeroplane. The basic configuration with its characteristic tail was established by 1909, followed by rapid design and performance improvements aided by the development of more powerful engines. The first great ships of the air were the rigid dirigible balloons pioneered by Ferdinand von Zeppelin , which soon became synonymous with airships and dominated long-distance flight until
1560-480: The cambered aerofoil , dihedral , diagonal bracing and drag reduction, and contributed to the understanding and design of ornithopters and parachutes . In 1848, he had progressed far enough to construct a glider in the form of a triplane large and safe enough to carry a child. A local boy was chosen but his name is not known. Canadian Museums Association The Canadian Museums Association ( CMA ; French : Association des musées canadiens , AMC ),
1620-467: The hydrogen balloon . Various theories in mechanics by physicists during the same period, such as fluid dynamics and Newton's laws of motion , led to the foundation of modern aerodynamics , most notably by Sir George Cayley . Balloons, both free-flying and tethered, began to be used for military purposes from the end of the 18th century, with the French government establishing balloon companies during
1680-561: The "Canada Aviation and Space Museum" in May 2010. The Canadian Press expressed concern that the name change would cause confusion with the existing Toronto -based Canadian Air and Space Museum . The Canada Aviation and Space Museum is under the control of Ingenium , previously known as the Canadian Science and Technology Museums Corporation. Ingenium is an autonomous Crown corporation which works to preserve and protect Canada's scientific and technical heritage. The corporation
1740-423: The 1930s, when large flying boats became popular. After World War II , the flying boats were in their turn replaced by land planes, and the new and immensely powerful jet engine revolutionized both air travel and military aviation . In the latter half of the 20th century, the development of digital electronics led to major advances in flight instrumentation and "fly-by-wire" systems. The 21st century has seen
1800-430: The 3rd century BC. Their military use is attributed to the general Zhuge Liang (180–234 AD, honorific title Kongming ), who is said to have used them to scare the enemy troops. There is evidence that the Chinese also "solved the problem of aerial navigation" using balloons, hundreds of years before the 18th century. Eventually, after Ibn Firnas 's construction, some investigators began to discover and define some of
1860-667: The Department of Canadian Heritage granted the CMA $ 680,948 to produce a report and recommendations on the implementation of UNDRIP within Canadian museums. The CMA published its report, Moved to Action: Activating UNDRIP in Canadian Museums , in 2022. The CMA is a federally incorporated nonprofit association which advances public museum services in Canada, promotes the welfare and a better administration of museums and fosters
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1920-643: The National Aeronautical Collection from the amalgamation of three separate existing collections. These included the National Aviation Museum at Uplands , which concentrated on early aviation and bush flying; the Canadian War Museum collection, which concentrated on military aircraft, and which included many war trophies, some dating back to World War One, and the RCAF Museum which focused on those aircraft operated by
1980-598: The Secretary of State on 10 September 1947. Founding members and their institutions (at the time): In addition to the above, eight more observers were present at the founding event and are recognized as founding members (as opposed to delegates). The 1988 controversy surrounding The Spirit Sings exhibition at the Glenbow Museum led to the creation of a task force to assess and address issues of Indigenous involvement in museums, access to museum collections and
2040-690: The U.S.A. I am all for most cordial cooperation with the American Museums Association in every way but we need an organization of our own to deal with problems which are particularly Canadian. A small group of representatives from 13 museums met in Quebec City, QC, during the 42nd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Museums (now the American Alliance of Museums). It was granted a charter by
2100-402: The aid of an 8½ horsepower electric motor. However, these aircraft were generally short-lived and extremely frail. Routine, controlled flights did not occur until the advent of the internal combustion engine (see below.) The first aircraft to make routine controlled flights were non-rigid airships (sometimes called "blimps".) The most successful early pioneering pilot of this type of aircraft
2160-399: The aircraft on display. This project was completed and the museum reopened 19 November 2008. The changes made include making space for a new exhibition entitled Canadian Wings: A Remarkable Century of Flight that was unveiled on 23 February 2009, the centennial of the first heavier than air aircraft flight in Canada. In December 2008, the museum announced that approval had been granted for
2220-410: The basics of rational aircraft design. Most notable of these was Leonardo da Vinci , although his work remained unknown until 1797, and so had no influence on developments over the next three hundred years. While his designs are rational, they are not scientific. He particularly underestimated the amount of power that would be needed to propel a flying object, basing his designs on the flapping wings of
2280-807: The contributions of museums to society. Since 1996, the association administers for the Department of Canadian Heritage the Young Canada Works program which provides funds for the hiring of summer students and interns in museums in order for them to obtain experience in the heritage field. It also offers large national conferences each year in various locations across Canada (Ottawa 2017 and Vancouver 2018) as well as specialized conferences on museum issues, such as Museum Traveling Exhibitions, Deaccessioning Standards, Art and Law symposium, Museum Enterprises Conference, Future of Exhibition Design Symposium, etc. The CMA has both formal and informal partnerships with organizations relating to arts and heritage across
2340-491: The development of airships. At the same time that non-rigid airships were starting to have some success, the first successful rigid airships were also being developed. These were far more capable than fixed-wing aircraft in terms of pure cargo-carrying capacity for decades. Rigid airship design and advancement was pioneered by the German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin . Construction of the first Zeppelin airship began in 1899 in
2400-415: The first scientific statement of the problem, "The whole problem is confined within these limits, viz. to make a surface support a given weight by the application of power to the resistance of air". He identified the four vector forces that influence an aircraft: thrust , lift , drag and weight and distinguished stability and control in his designs. He also identified and described the importance of
2460-676: The first trials are made you may have to pay for the experience, and not mind an arm or leg". Swedenborg proved prescient in his observation that a method of powering of an aircraft was one of the critical problems to be overcome. On 16 May 1793, the Spanish inventor Diego Marín Aguilera managed to cross the river Arandilla in Coruña del Conde , Castile , flying 300 – 400 m, with a flying machine. Balloon jumping replaced tower jumping, also demonstrating with typically fatal results that man-power and flapping wings were useless in achieving flight. At
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2520-467: The impracticality of this and later turned to controlled gliding flight, also sketching some designs powered by a spring. In an essay titled Sul volo ( On flight ), Leonardo describes a flying machine called "the bird" which he built from starched linen, leather joints, and raw silk thongs. In the Codex Atlanticus , he wrote, "Tomorrow morning, on the second day of January 1496, I will make
2580-587: The interpretation of artifacts and human remains. In 1992, CMA, in partnership with the Assembly of First Nations , published the report Turning The Page with recommendations on repatriation of human remains and sacred objects to indigenous communities. In 2015, CMA was named in Calls to Action 67 and 68 of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to undertake special roles in the reconciliation process. In 2018,
2640-412: The last years of the 15th century until 1505, Leonardo wrote about and sketched many designs for flying machines and mechanisms, including ornithopters, fixed-wing gliders, rotorcraft (perhaps inspired by whirligig toys), parachutes (in the form of a wooden-framed pyramidal tent) and a wind speed gauge. His early designs were man-powered and included ornithopters and rotorcraft; however, he came to realise
2700-582: The public. In 1932, British Museums Association President Sir Henry Miers visited museums in Canada and found them "in a deplorable state and far behind those of the United States and most European countries." According to notes later left in CMA bylaws, the intention had been to form an association in the 1930s, but this was delayed because of the Second World War. Following the war, the idea for an association began to gain popularity. In
2760-408: The same time scientific study of heavier-than-air flight began in earnest. In 1801, the French officer André Guillaume Resnier de Goué managed a 300-metre glide by starting from the top of the city walls of Angoulême and broke only one leg on arrival. In 1837 French mathematician and brigadier general Isidore Didion stated, "Aviation will be successful only if one finds an engine whose ratio with
2820-616: The science of flight, films, demonstrations, a boutique, and guided tours. A few of the tours take the visitors "behind the scenes" to see conservation and restoration work in progress, and components which are in storage. The museum is affiliated with: CMA , CHIN , and Virtual Museum of Canada . Aviation history The history of aviation spans over two millennia, from the earliest innovations like kites and daring attempts at tower jumping to supersonic and hypersonic flight in powered, heavier-than-air jet aircraft . Kite flying in China, dating back several hundred years BC,
2880-493: The thong and the attempt." According to one commonly repeated, albeit presumably fictional story, in 1505 Leonardo or one of his pupils attempted to fly from the summit of Monte Ceceri . Francesco Lana de Terzi proposed in Prodromo dell'Arte Maestra (1670) that large vessels could float in the atmosphere by applying the principles of the vacuum. Lana designed an airship with four huge copper foil spheres connected to support
2940-509: The weight of the device to be supported will be larger than current steam machines or the strength developed by humans or most of the animals". Sir George Cayley was first called the "father of the aeroplane" in 1846. During the last years of the previous century he had begun the first rigorous study of the physics of flight and later designed the first modern heavier-than-air craft. Among his many achievements, his most important contributions to aeronautics include: Cayley's first innovation
3000-634: The widespread use of pilotless drones for military, civilian, and recreational purposes. With digital controls, inherently unstable aircraft designs, such as flying wings, have also become feasible. The term aviation, noun of action from stem of Latin avis "bird" with suffix -ation meaning action or progress, was coined in 1863 by French pioneer Guillaume Joseph Gabriel de La Landelle (1812–1886) in "Aviation ou Navigation aérienne sans ballons". Since ancient times, there have been stories of men strapping birdlike wings, stiffened cloaks, or other devices to themselves and attempting to fly, typically by jumping off
3060-429: The wind, lift men, signal, and communicate and send messages. Kites spread from China around the world. After its introduction into India, the kite further evolved into the fighter kite , which has an abrasive line used to cut down other kites. Man-carrying kites are believed to have been used extensively in ancient China for civil and military purposes and sometimes enforced as a punishment. An early recorded flight
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#17327757743083120-510: Was a popular sport in Britain. These privately owned balloons usually used coal gas as the lifting gas. This has half the lifting power of hydrogen so the balloons had to be larger, however, coal gas was far more readily available and the local gas works sometimes provided a special lightweight formula for ballooning events. Airships were originally called "dirigible balloons" and are still sometimes called dirigibles today. Work on developing
3180-513: Was established in 1910. Although airships were used in both World War I and II, and continue on a limited basis to this day, their development has been largely overshadowed by heavier-than-air craft. Traveller Evliya Çelebi reported that in 1633, Ottoman scientist and engineer Lagari Hasan Çelebi blasted off from Sarayburnu , (the promontory below the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul ) in
3240-523: Was forced to land on the lake after the winding mechanism for the balancing weight had broken. Upon repair, the technology proved its potential in subsequent flights, bettering the 6 m/s speed attained by the French airship La France by 3 m/s, but could not yet convince possible investors. It was several years before the Count was able to raise enough funds for another try. German airship passenger service known as DELAG (Deutsche-Luftschiffahrts AG)
3300-679: Was rewarded by the Sultan with silver and the rank of sipahi in the Ottoman army . Evliya Çelebi also wrote of Lagari's brother, Hezârfen Ahmed Çelebi , making a flight by glider a year earlier. Italian inventor Tito Livio Burattini , invited by the Polish King Władysław IV to his court in Warsaw , built a model aircraft with four fixed glider wings in 1647. Described as "four pairs of wings attached to an elaborate 'dragon'", it
3360-501: Was said to have successfully lifted a cat in 1648 but not Burattini himself. He promised that "only the most minor injuries" would result from landing the craft. His "Dragon Volant" is considered "the most elaborate and sophisticated aeroplane to be built before the 19th Century". The first published paper on aviation was "Sketch of a Machine for Flying in the Air" by Emanuel Swedenborg published in 1716. This flying machine consisted of
3420-504: Was that of the prisoner Yuan Huangtou , a Chinese prince, in the 6th century AD. Stories of man-carrying kites also occur in Japan, following the introduction of the kite from China around the seventh century AD. At one time, there was a Japanese law against man-carrying kites. The use of a rotor for vertical flight has existed since 400 BC in the form of the bamboo-copter , an ancient Chinese toy. The similar "moulinet à noix" (rotor on
3480-748: Was the Brazilian Alberto Santos-Dumont who effectively combined a balloon with an internal combustion engine. On 19 October 1901, he flew his airship Number 6 over Paris from the Parc de Saint Cloud around the Eiffel Tower and back in under 30 minutes to win the Deutsch de la Meurthe prize . Santos-Dumont went on to design and build several aircraft. The subsequent controversy surrounding his and others' competing claims with regard to aircraft overshadowed his great contribution to
3540-473: Was the first modern heavier-than-air flying machine, having the layout of a conventional modern aircraft with an inclined wing towards the front and adjustable tail at the back with both tailplane and fin. A movable weight allowed adjustment of the model's centre of gravity . In 1809, goaded by the farcical antics of his contemporaries (see above), he began the publication of a landmark three-part treatise titled "On Aerial Navigation" (1809–1810). In it he wrote
3600-415: Was to study the basic science of lift by adopting the whirling arm test rig for use in aircraft research and using simple aerodynamic models on the arm, rather than attempting to fly a model of a complete design. In 1799, he set down the concept of the modern aeroplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control. In 1804, Cayley constructed a model glider which
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