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112-580: The association was founded in 1910 by the editors of the Public Health Journal , which became the Canadian Public Health Journal under the auspices of the new organization. CPHA's objective was to establish professional standards for the field of public health and to advance research in the area. Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn was named as the patron of the new organization, and its first president

224-468: A duet , Die Liebe hat uns nun vereint ("Love has now united us"). Felix Mendelssohn described Albert playing the Buckingham Palace organ "so charmingly and clearly and correctly that it would have done credit to any professional". After tuition from George Elvey , the organist at St George's Chapel, Windsor, Albert composed several choral pieces for Anglican worship, including settings of

336-450: A junior Member of the house of Saxe-Coburg ". The position in which Albert was placed by his marriage, while one of distinction, also offered considerable difficulties; in his own words, "I am very happy and contented; but the difficulty in filling my place with the proper dignity is that I am only the husband, not the master in the house." The Queen's household was run by her former governess, Baroness Lehzen . Albert referred to her as

448-662: A lieutenant in the British Army , where he served for some 40 years, seeing service in various parts of the British Empire . During this time, he was also created a royal duke , becoming Duke of Connaught and Strathearn as well as Earl of Sussex . In 1900, he was appointed as Commander-in-Chief, Ireland , which he regretted; his preference was to join the campaign against the Boers in South Africa. In 1911, he

560-405: A minority government and the opposition took advantage of the marriage to weaken his position further. They opposed a British peerage for Albert and granted him a smaller annuity than previous consorts, £30,000 instead of the usual £50,000. Albert claimed that he had no need of a British peerage, writing: "It would almost be a step downwards, for as a Duke of Saxony, I feel myself much higher than

672-612: A peer —partly because of anti-German sentiment and a desire to exclude Albert from any political role. Albert's religious views provided a small amount of controversy when the marriage was debated in Parliament: although as a member of the Lutheran Evangelical Church Albert was a Protestant, the non- Episcopal nature of his church was considered worrisome. Of greater concern, however, was that some of Albert's family were Roman Catholic. Melbourne led

784-548: A "singular example of quartering differenced arms, [which] is not in accordance with the rules of Heraldry, and is in itself an heraldic contradiction." Prior to his marriage Albert used the arms of his father undifferenced, in accordance with German custom. Albert's Garter stall plate displays his arms surmounted by a royal crown with six crests for the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; these are from left to right: 1. "A bull's head caboshed Gules armed and ringed Argent, crowned Or,

896-529: A Duke of York or Kent." For the next seventeen years, Albert was formally titled "HRH Prince Albert" until, on 25 June 1857, Victoria formally granted him the title Prince Consort . Victoria explained, in a letter to Lord Palmerston on 15 March 1857, that she was: "... inclined ... to content herself by simply giving her husband by Letters Patent the title of 'Prince Consort' which can injure no one while it will give him an English title consistent with his position, & avoid his being treated by Foreign Courts as

1008-501: A completely happy man. His family life had not been without sadness. As a younger brother and later the uncle and great-uncle of successive Sovereigns he had always had to play second fiddle in the affairs of the Royal Family. Yet, he never shirked the onerous demands made upon his services. As a sponsor of a multitude of national institutions and undertakings he was a distinguished figure in public life. In his personal philosophy, he

1120-642: A keen interest in the improvement of army training, and was involved in the establishment and development of Aldershot in Hampshire as a garrison town and training base in the 1850s. A wooden Royal Pavilion was built there in which he and Victoria would often stay when they attended military reviews. Albert established and endowed the Prince Consort's Library at Aldershot, which still exists. Biographies published after his death were typically heavy on eulogy. Theodore Martin 's five-volume magnum opus

1232-509: A knighthood for Charles Darwin, after the publication of On the Origin of Species , which was opposed by the Bishop of Oxford . Albert continued to devote himself to the education of his family and the management of the royal household. His children's governess, Lady Lyttelton , thought him unusually kind and patient, and described him joining in family games with enthusiasm. He felt keenly

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1344-585: A liaison with Leonie, Lady Leslie , sister of Jennie Churchill , while still remaining devoted to his wife. Alongside his military career, the Duke continued to undertake royal duties beyond, or only vaguely associated with, the army. He also represented the monarchy throughout the Empire. On the return from a posting in India, he again, this time with his wife, toured Canada in 1890, stopping in all major cities across

1456-486: A number of public engagements. In 1920, he travelled to South Africa to open Chapman's Peak Drive . The following year he travelled to India, where he officially opened the new Central Legislative Assembly , Council of State , and Chamber of Princes . During his time in India, the Indian National Congress 's first satyagraha was ongoing; as part of this, shops were closed and few Indians attended

1568-541: A patron and purchaser of pictures and sculpture, the commission was set up to promote the fine arts in Britain. The commission's work was slow, and the palace's architect, Charles Barry , took many decisions out of the commissioners' hands by decorating rooms with ornate furnishings that were treated as part of the architecture. Albert was more successful as a private patron and collector. Among his notable purchases were early German and Italian paintings—such as Lucas Cranach

1680-539: A public carriage ride, Albert and the pregnant Victoria were shot at by Edward Oxford , who was later judged insane. Neither Albert nor Victoria was hurt, and Albert was praised in the newspapers for his courage and coolness during the attack. He was gaining public support as well as political influence, which showed itself practically when, in August, Parliament passed the Regency Act 1840 to designate him regent in

1792-561: A realignment of the Saxon duchies the following year; and Albert's father became the first reigning duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha . Albert and his elder brother, Ernest , spent their youth in close companionship, which was marred by their parents' turbulent marriage and eventual separation and divorce. After their mother was exiled from court in 1824, she married her lover, Alexander von Hanstein, Count of Pölzig and Beiersdorf . She presumably never saw her children again, and died of cancer at

1904-624: A reputation for supporting public causes, such as educational reform and the abolition of slavery worldwide, and he was entrusted with running the Queen's household , office and estates. He was heavily involved with the organisation of the Great Exhibition of 1851, which was a resounding success. Victoria came to depend more and more on Albert's support and guidance. He aided the development of Britain's constitutional monarchy by persuading his wife to be less partisan in her dealings with

2016-555: A trip to Coburg in October 1860, when he was driving alone in a carriage drawn by four horses that suddenly bolted. As the horses continued to gallop toward a wagon waiting at a railway crossing, Albert jumped for his life from the carriage. One of the horses was killed in the collision, and Albert was badly shaken though his only physical injuries were cuts and bruises. He confided in his brother and eldest daughter that he sensed that his time had come. Victoria's mother and Albert's aunt,

2128-493: Is struck by a bullet, which did not happen in real life. In the United Kingdom, Albert was styled "His Serene Highness Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" in the months before his marriage. He was granted the style of Royal Highness on 6 February 1840, and given the title of Prince Consort on 25 June 1857. Upon his marriage to Queen Victoria in 1840, Prince Albert received a personal grant of arms , being

2240-691: The Te Deum and Jubilate , and an anthem , Out of the Deep . His secular compositions included a cantata , L'Invocazione all'armonia , and Melody for the Violin , which Yehudi Menuhin later described as "pleasant music without presumption". In August 1859, Albert fell seriously ill with stomach cramps. His steadily worsening medical condition led to a sense of despair; the biographer Robert Rhodes James describes Albert as having lost "the will to live". Albert later had an accidental brush with death during

2352-721: The Trent Affair —the forcible removal of Confederate envoys from a British ship, the RMS Trent , by Union forces during the American Civil War —threatened war between the United States and Britain. The British government prepared an ultimatum and readied a military response. Albert was gravely ill but intervened to defuse the crisis. In a few hours, he revised the British demands in a manner that allowed

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2464-607: The 6th Duke of Connaught's Royal Canadian Hussars , which in 1958 amalgamated with 17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars , to become the Royal Canadian Hussars . On 26 June 1902 he was promoted to the post of field marshal , and thereafter served in various important positions, including Commander-in-Chief, Ireland , from January 1900 to 1904, with the dual position of commander of the Third Army Corps from October 1901, and Inspector-General of

2576-507: The Blue Room at Windsor Castle , in the presence of the Queen and five of their nine children. He was 42 years old. The contemporary diagnosis was typhoid fever, but modern writers have pointed out that Albert's ongoing stomach pain, which left him ill for at least two years before his death, may indicate that a chronic disease such as Crohn's disease , kidney failure or abdominal cancer

2688-528: The Bombay Army from December 1886 to March 1890. He went on to be General officer commanding Southern District , at Portsmouth , from September 1890 to 1893. The Prince had hoped to succeed his first cousin once-removed, the elderly Prince George, Duke of Cambridge , as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces , upon the latter's forced retirement in 1895. But this desire was denied to Arthur, and instead he

2800-483: The British Parliament , but he actively disagreed with the interventionist foreign policy pursued during Lord Palmerston 's tenure as Foreign Secretary . Albert died in 1861 at the age of 42, devastating Victoria so much that she entered into a deep state of mourning and wore black for the rest of her life. On her death in 1901, their eldest son succeeded as Edward VII , the first British monarch of

2912-676: The Canadian Paediatric Society , and the Public Health Agency of Canada . Sponsors for the event have included GlaxoSmithKline , Innovative Medicines Canada , Medicago , Merck , Pfizer , Public Health Ontario , Sanofi Pasteur , Seqirus and Valneva SE . Notable presenters include Dr. Shelley Deeks , Chair of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI). CPHA co-hosts the annual Ontario Public Health Convention with

3024-816: The Cape Town Highlanders Regiment — but the Connaughts remained in Canada after the beginning of the global conflict, Arthur emphasising the need for military training and readiness for Canadian troops departing for war, and giving his name to the Connaught Cup for the Royal North-West Mounted Police , to encourage pistol marksmanship for recruits. He was also active in auxiliary war services and charities and conducted hospital visits. Though well intended, upon

3136-726: The Court of St James's . On his mother's birthday (24 May) in 1874, Arthur was created a royal peer , being titled as the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Earl of Sussex . Some years later, Arthur came into the direct line of succession to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in Germany, upon the death in 1899 of his nephew, Prince Alfred of Edinburgh , the only son of his elder brother, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh . He decided, however, to renounce his own and his son's succession rights to

3248-477: The Duchess of Kent stood proxy); and the Duke of Wellington , with whom he shared his birthday and after whom he was named. As with his older brothers, Arthur received his early education from private tutors . It was reported that he became the Queen's favourite child. It was at an early age that Arthur developed an interest in the army, and in 1866 he followed through on his military ambitions by enrolling at

3360-525: The Duchess of Kent , was the sister of both Albert's father—the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha—and King Leopold. Leopold arranged for his sister, Victoria's mother, to invite the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and his two sons to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of meeting Victoria. William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander , second son of

3472-458: The House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , named after the ducal house to which Albert belonged. Prince Albert was born on 26 August 1819 at Schloss Rosenau , near Coburg , Germany, the second son of Ernest III, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld , and his first wife, Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg . His first cousin and future wife, Victoria , had been born earlier in the same year with the assistance of

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3584-473: The Isle of Wight as a private residence for their growing family. Over the next few years a house modelled in the style of an Italianate villa was built to the designs of Albert and Thomas Cubitt . Albert laid out the grounds, and improved the estate and farm. Albert managed and improved the other royal estates; his model farm at Windsor ( Shaw Farm ) was admired by his biographers, and under his stewardship

3696-685: The Lincoln administration to surrender the Confederate commissioners who had been seized from the Trent and to issue a public apology to London without losing face. The key idea, based on a suggestion from The Times , was to give Washington the opportunity to deny that it had officially authorised the seizure and thereby to apologise for the captain's mistake. On 9 December, one of Albert's doctors, William Jenner , diagnosed him with typhoid fever. Albert died at 10:50 p.m. on 14 December 1861 in

3808-692: The Montreal detachment of the Rifle Brigade, undertook a year's training and engaged in defending the Dominion from the Fenian Raids ; there was initially concern that his personal involvement in Canada's defence might put the Prince in danger from Fenians and their supporters in the United States, but it was decided his military duty came first. Following his arrival at Halifax , Arthur toured

3920-466: The Prince of Orange . Victoria was well aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes. She wrote, "[Albert] is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful." Alexander, on

4032-526: The Royal Albert Hall and the Victoria and Albert Museum . The area was referred to as " Albertopolis " by sceptics. In 1852, John Camden Neild , an eccentric miser, left Victoria an unexpected legacy, which Albert used to obtain the freehold of Balmoral. As usual, he embarked on an extensive programme of improvements. The same year, he was appointed to several of the offices left vacant by

4144-685: The Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 , and had to fight for every stage of the project. In the House of Lords , Lord Brougham fulminated against the proposal to hold the exhibition in Hyde Park . Opponents of the exhibition prophesied that foreign rogues and revolutionists would overrun England, subvert the morals of the people, and destroy their faith. Albert thought such talk absurd and quietly persevered, trusting always that British manufacturing would benefit from exposure to

4256-796: The Royal Military Academy, Woolwich , from where he graduated two years later and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Corps of Royal Engineers on 18 June 1868. The Prince transferred to the Royal Regiment of Artillery on 2 November 1868 and, on 2 August 1869, to the Rifle Brigade , his father's own regiment, after which he pursued a long and distinguished career as an army officer, including service in South Africa, Canada in 1869, Ireland, Egypt in 1882, and in India from 1886 to 1890. In Canada, Arthur, as an officer with

4368-600: The Russian and Ottoman empires . Palmerston was more bellicose, and favoured a policy that would prevent further Russian expansion. Palmerston was manoeuvred out of the cabinet in December 1853, but at about the same time a Russian fleet attacked the Ottoman fleet at anchor at Sinop . The London press depicted the attack as a criminal massacre, and Palmerston's popularity surged as Albert's fell. Within two weeks, Palmerston

4480-1170: The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry at the University of Western Ontario . Additional support has come from AstraZeneca , British Columbia Centre for Disease Control , Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health , Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI), Dalla Lana School of Public Health at the University of Toronto , Doctors of BC , GlaxoSmithKline , Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada , Innovative Medicines Canada, Johnson & Johnson , Merck Canada , Novartis , Pfizer , Provincial Health Services Authority , Public Health Ontario , Sanofi Pasteur , University of Alberta School of Public Health, University of Waterloo Faculty of Applied Health Sciences , and Vancouver Coastal Health . Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn , (Arthur William Patrick Albert; 1 May 1850 – 16 January 1942)

4592-577: The University of Bonn , where he studied law, political economy, philosophy and the history of art. He played music and he excelled at sport, especially fencing and riding. His tutors at Bonn included the philosopher Fichte and the poet Schlegel . The idea of marriage between Albert and his first cousin Victoria was first documented in an 1821 letter from his paternal grandmother, the Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, who said that he

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4704-524: The royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced by a white three-point label with a red cross in the centre, quartered with his ancestral arms of Saxony . They are blazoned : "Quarterly, 1st and 4th, the Royal Arms, with overall a label of three points Argent charged on the centre with cross Gules ; 2nd and 3rd, Barry of ten Or and Sable , a crown of rue in bend Vert ". The arms are unusual, being described by S. T. Aveling as

4816-647: The "House Dragon", and manoeuvred to dislodge the Baroness from her position. Within two months of the marriage, Victoria was pregnant. Albert started to take on public roles; he became President of the Society for the Extinction of Slavery (slavery was still lawful in most parts of the world beyond the British Empire); and helped Victoria privately with her government paperwork. In June 1840, while on

4928-613: The Allied strategy after the Tsar decided to fight a purely defensive war. Early British optimism soon faded as the press reported that British troops were ill-equipped and mismanaged by aged generals using out-of-date tactics and strategy. The conflict dragged on as the Russians were as poorly prepared as their opponents. The Prime Minister, Lord Aberdeen , resigned, and Palmerston succeeded him. A negotiated settlement eventually put an end to

5040-759: The Association of Local Public Health Agencies (alPHa) and Public Health Ontario . CPHA developed the Canadian Vaccination Evidence Resource and Exchange Centre (CANVax) with funding from the Public Health Agency of Canada through the Immunization Partnership Fund. CANVax is a member of the World Health Organization -led project Vaccine Safety Net . CPHA receives financial support from corporate partners including Seqirus and

5152-484: The Connaughts made many physical improvements during Arthur's term as governor general. The royal family also took to camping and other outdoor sports, such as hunting and fishing. In 1914, the First World War broke out, with Canadians called to arms against Germany and Austria-Hungary . Arthur maintained a wider role in the empire — for instance, from 1912 until his death, serving as Colonel-in-Chief of

5264-488: The Connaughts' country home, Bagshot Park , in Surrey , and after 1900 at Clarence House , the Connaughts' London residence. Through his children's marriages, Arthur became the father-in-law of Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden ; Princess Alexandra, Duchess of Fife ; and Sir Alexander Ramsay . The Duke's first two children predeceased him; Margaret while pregnant with his sixth grandchild. For many years, Arthur maintained

5376-490: The Curragh, the Prince of Wales was introduced by his fellow officers to Nellie Clifden , an Irish actress. By November, Victoria and Albert had returned to Windsor, and the Prince of Wales had returned to Cambridge, where he was a student. Two of Albert's young cousins, King Pedro V of Portugal and his brother Ferdinand , died of typhoid fever within five days of each other in early November. On top of that news, Albert

5488-405: The Duchess of Kent, died in March 1861, and Victoria was grief-stricken. Albert took on most of the Queen's duties despite his continuing chronic stomach trouble. The last public event over which he presided was the opening of the Royal Horticultural Gardens on 5 June 1861. In August, Victoria and Albert visited the Curragh Camp , Ireland, where the Prince of Wales was attending army manoeuvres. At

5600-401: The Elder 's Apollo and Diana and Fra Angelico 's St Peter Martyr —and contemporary pieces from Franz Xaver Winterhalter and Edwin Landseer . Ludwig Gruner , of Dresden, assisted Albert in buying artworks of the highest quality. Albert and Victoria were shot at again on both 29 and 30 May 1842, but were unhurt. The culprit, John Francis, was detained and condemned to death, although he

5712-410: The Forces , between 1904 and 1907. For a brief period of time, after the May Coup that took place in Serbia in 1903, he was among those considered for the vacant Serbian throne after the extinction of the then ruling Obrenović dynasty . His succession was advocated particularly among the conservative anglophile circles, represented most prominently by Čedomilj Mijatović , then Serbian ambassador to

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5824-436: The Prince and his eldest son were other than deeply affectionate". Philip Magnus wrote in his biography of Albert's eldest son that Albert "tried to treat his children as equals; and they were able to penetrate his stiffness and reserve because they realised instinctively not only that he loved them but that he enjoyed and needed their company". Albert was a talented amateur musician and composer. For his wedding, he composed

5936-528: The Prince and home affairs: His influence over the Queen was on the whole liberal; he greatly admired Peel, was a strong free-trader, and took more interest in scientific and commercial progress, and less in sport and fashion than was at all popular in the best society. In 1847, Albert was elected Chancellor of the University of Cambridge after a close contest with the Earl of Powis . Albert used his position as chancellor to campaign successfully for reformed and more modern university curricula by expanding

6048-410: The Prince of Wales failed at his lessons, Albert caned him. Corporal punishment was common at the time, and was not thought unduly harsh. Albert's biographer Roger Fulford wrote that the relationships between the family members were "friendly, affectionate and normal ... there is no evidence either in the Royal Archives or in the printed authorities to justify the belief that the relations between

6160-462: The Six Nations. Of the Prince, Lady Lisgar, wife of then Governor General of Canada Lord Lisgar , noted in a letter to Victoria that Canadians seemed hopeful Prince Arthur would one day return as governor general. Arthur was promoted to the honorary rank of colonel on 14 June 1871, substantive lieutenant-colonel in 1876, colonel on 29 May 1880 and, on 1 April 13 years later, was made a general. He gained military experience as Commander-in-Chief of

6272-413: The age of 30 in 1831. The following year, their father married his niece Princess Marie of Württemberg ; their marriage was not close, however, and Marie had little—if any—impact on her stepsons' lives. The brothers were educated privately at home by Christoph Florschütz and later studied in Brussels , where Adolphe Quetelet was one of their tutors. Like many other German princes, Albert attended

6384-608: The army well into the Second World War, before his death in 1942. He was Queen Victoria's last surviving son. Arthur was born at Buckingham Palace on 1 May 1850, the seventh child and third son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha . The prince was baptised by the Archbishop of Canterbury , John Bird Sumner , on 22 June in the palace's private chapel. His godparents were Prince William of Prussia (the later King of Prussia and German Emperor Wilhelm I); his great-uncle's sister-in-law, Princess Bernard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (for whom his maternal grandmother

6496-443: The best products of foreign countries. Victoria opened the exhibition on 1 May 1851 in a specially designed and built glass building known as the Crystal Palace . It proved a colossal success. A surplus of £180,000 was used to purchase land in South Kensington on which to establish educational and cultural institutions, including the Natural History Museum , Science Museum , Imperial College London and what would later be named

6608-409: The claim that he introduced Christmas trees to Britain, are dismissed by scholars. Recent biographers such as Stanley Weintraub portray Albert as a figure in a tragic romance who died too soon and was mourned by his lover for a lifetime. In the 2009 film The Young Victoria , Albert, played by Rupert Friend , is made into a heroic character. In the fictionalised depiction of the 1840 shooting, he

6720-415: The country and across the British Empire . The most notable are the Royal Albert Hall and the Albert Memorial in London. The plethora of memorials erected to Albert became so great that Charles Dickens told a friend that he sought an "inaccessible cave" to escape from them. After Albert's death, Victoria withdrew from public life and her seclusion eroded some of Albert's work in attempting to remodel

6832-404: The country for eight weeks and made a visit in January 1870 to Washington, D.C., where he met with President Ulysses S. Grant . During his service in Canada he was also entertained by Canadian society; among other activities, he attended an investiture ceremony in Montreal , was a guest at balls and garden parties, and attended the opening of parliament in Ottawa (becoming the first member of

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6944-446: The country's governor general, but when Arthur was sworn in on 13 October 1911 in the salon rouge of the parliament buildings of Quebec , he became the first Governor General who was a member of the British royal family . To Canada, Arthur brought with him his wife and his youngest daughter, the latter of whom would become an extremely popular figure with Canadians. The Governor General and his viceregal family travelled throughout

7056-426: The country, performing such constitutional and ceremonial tasks as opening parliament in 1911 (for which Arthur wore his field marshal's uniform and the Duchess of Connaught wore the gown she had worn at the King's coronation earlier that year) and, in 1917, laying at the newly rebuilt Centre Block on Parliament Hill the same cornerstone his older brother, the late King Edward VII, had set on 1 September 1860, when

7168-400: The country. He also toured Canada in 1906. In January 1903, the Duke and Duchess represented the new King Edward VII at the 1903 Delhi Durbar to celebrate his accession. On their way to India, the couple passed through Egypt where the Duke opened the Aswan dam on 10 December 1902. In 1910, Arthur travelled aboard the Union-Castle Line ship Balmoral Castle to South Africa, to open

7280-412: The death of the Duke of Wellington , including the mastership of Trinity House and the colonelcy of the Grenadier Guards . With Wellington's death, Albert was able to propose and campaign for modernisation of the army, which was long overdue. Thinking that the military was unready for war and that Christian rule was preferable to Islamic rule, Albert counselled a diplomatic solution to conflict between

7392-416: The departure of his eldest daughter for Prussia when she married her fiancé at the beginning of 1858, and was disappointed that his eldest son, the Prince of Wales , did not respond well to the intense educational programme that Albert had designed for him. At the age of seven, the Prince of Wales was expected to take six hours of instruction, including an hour of German and an hour of French every day. When

7504-681: The duchy, which then passed to his other nephew, Prince Charles Edward , the posthumous son of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany . At St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle , on 13 March 1879, Arthur married Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia , the daughter of Prince Frederick Charles and a great-niece of the German Emperor, Arthur's godfather, Wilhelm I. The couple had three children: Princess Margaret Victoria Charlotte Augusta Norah (born 15 January 1882 – 1 May 1920), Prince Arthur Frederick Patrick Albert (born 13 January 1883 – 12 September 1938), and Princess Victoria Patricia Helena Elizabeth (born 17 March 1886 – 12 January 1974), who were all raised at

7616-447: The event of Victoria's death before their child reached the age of majority. Their first child, Victoria , named after her mother, was born in November. Eight other children would follow over the next seventeen years. All nine children survived to adulthood, which was remarkable for the era; biographer Hermione Hobhouse credited the healthy running of the nursery on Albert's "enlightened influence". In early 1841, he successfully removed

7728-455: The first parliament of the newly formed Union of South Africa , and in Johannesburg on 30 November he laid a commemorative stone at the Rand Regiments Memorial , dedicated to the British soldiers that died during the Second Boer War . Prince Arthur was a Freemason and was elected as Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England when his elder brother was obliged to resign the office upon his accession in 1901 as King Edward VII. He

7840-476: The handicap of his position as a member of the royal family and never realised his limitations as Governor General." At the same time, the Duchess of Connaught worked for St John Ambulance , the Red Cross , and other organisations to support the war cause. She was also Colonel-in-Chief of the Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Canadian Rangers battalion, one of the regiments in the Canadian Expeditionary Force , and Princess Patricia also lent her name and support to

7952-571: The houses of the very rich. Albert's funeral was held on 23 December 1861 at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle . His body was temporarily entombed in the chapel's Royal Vault. A year after his death, his remains were deposited at the Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore , which remained incomplete until 1871. The sarcophagus, in which both he and Victoria were eventually laid, was carved from the largest block of granite that had ever been quarried in Britain. Despite Albert's request for no effigies of him to be raised, many public monuments were erected all over

8064-604: The lease from the owner, the Earl Fife . In May the following year, Albert leased Balmoral, which he had never visited. In September 1848 he, his wife and their older children went there for the first time. They came to relish the privacy it afforded. Revolutions spread throughout Europe in 1848 as a result of a widespread economic crisis. Throughout the year, Victoria and Albert complained about Foreign Secretary Palmerston 's independent foreign policy, which they believed further destabilised Continental European powers. Albert

8176-565: The match would take place. Victoria came to the throne on 20 June 1837, aged 18. Her letters of the time show interest in Albert's education for the role he would have to play, although she resisted attempts to rush her into marriage. In the winter of 1838–39, the prince visited Italy, accompanied by the Coburg family's confidential adviser, Baron Stockmar . Albert returned to the United Kingdom with Ernest in October 1839 to visit Victoria, with

8288-593: The monarchy as a national institution by setting a moral, if not political, example. Albert is credited with introducing the principle that the British royal family should remain above politics. Before his marriage to Victoria, she supported the Whigs . For example, early in her reign, Victoria had managed to thwart the formation of a Tory government by Sir Robert Peel by refusing to accept substitutions that Peel wanted to make among her ladies-in-waiting. Albert showed

8400-581: The need for better schooling. A collection of his speeches was published in 1857. Recognised as a supporter of education and technological progress, he was invited to speak at scientific meetings, such as the memorable address he delivered as president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science when it met at Aberdeen in 1859. His espousal of science met with clerical opposition; he and Palmerston unsuccessfully recommended

8512-472: The nursery from Lehzen's pervasive control, and in September 1842, Lehzen left Britain permanently—much to Albert's relief. After the 1841 general election , Melbourne was replaced as prime minister by Sir Robert Peel , who appointed Albert chairman of the Royal Commission in charge of redecorating the new Palace of Westminster . The Palace had burned down seven years before , and was being rebuilt. As

8624-522: The objective of settling the marriage. Albert and Victoria felt mutual affection and the Queen proposed to him on 15 October 1839. Victoria's intention to marry was declared formally to the Privy Council on 23 November, and the couple married on 10 February 1840 at the Chapel Royal , St James's Palace . Just before the marriage, Albert was naturalised by an Act of Parliament, and granted

8736-773: The official ceremonies when he visited Calcutta in the same year. As president of the Boy Scouts Association and one of Lord Baden-Powell 's friends and admirers, he performed the official opening of the 3rd World Scout Jamboree at Arrowe Park . The Duke also returned to military service and continued well into the Second World War, where he was seen as a grandfather figure by aspiring recruits. The Duchess, who had been ill during their years at Rideau Hall, had died in March 1917, and Arthur mostly withdrew from public life in 1928; his last formal engagement

8848-644: The original building was under construction. The family crossed the country a number of times and the Governor General made another trip to the United States in 1912, when he met with President William Howard Taft . When in Ottawa, Connaught maintained a routine of four days each week at his office on Parliament Hill and held small, private receptions for members of all political parties and dignitaries. The Duke learned to ice skate and hosted skating parties at his official residence— Rideau Hall — to which

8960-405: The other hand, she described as "very plain". Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy." Although the parties did not undertake a formal engagement, both the family and their retainers widely assumed that

9072-520: The outbreak of the war, Arthur immediately donned his field marshal's uniform and went, without advice or guidance from his ministers, to training grounds and barracks to address the troops and to see them off before their voyage to Europe. This was much to the chagrin of Prime Minister Robert Borden , who saw the Prince as overstepping constitutional conventions . Borden placed blame on the military secretary, Edward Stanton (whom Borden considered to be "mediocre"), but also opined that Arthur "laboured under

9184-464: The raising of a new Canadian army regiment— Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry . His term as Canada's Governor General ended in 1916. Following the war, Arthur commissioned in memory of Canada's fallen a stained glass window which is located in St. Bartholomew's Church, Ottawa , which the family attended regularly. After his years in Canada, the Duke held no similar public offices but undertook

9296-552: The regiment and act as its honorary colonel. The regiment had recently been converted to the infantry role from the 2nd Battalion, 5th British Columbia Regiment of Canadian Artillery. With the Prince's agreement the unit was renamed 6th Regiment, Duke of Connaught's Own Rifles (DCORs) on 1 May 1900. He was subsequently appointed colonel-in-chief of the regiment, then known as The British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own) , in 1923. He held that appointment until his death. Additionally, in 1890 he became patron of, giving his name to,

9408-658: The revenues of the Duchy of Cornwall —the hereditary property of the Prince of Wales—steadily increased. Unlike many landowners who approved of child labour and opposed Peel's repeal of the Corn Laws , Albert supported moves to raise working ages and free up trade. In 1846, Albert was rebuked by Lord George Bentinck when he attended the debate on the Corn Laws in the House of Commons to give tacit support to Peel. During Peel's premiership, Albert's authority behind, or beside,

9520-411: The rim chequy Gules and Argent" for Mark . 2. "Out of a coronet Or, two buffalo horns Argent, attached to the outer edge of five branches fesswise each with three linden leaves Vert" for Thuringia . 3. "Out of a coronet Or, a pyramidal chapeau charged with the arms of Saxony ensigned by a plume of peacock feathers Proper out of a coronet also Or" for Saxony . 4. "A bearded man in profile couped below

9632-512: The royal family to do so), all of which was documented in photographs that were sent back for the Queen to view. However, Arthur was not just engaged in social and state functions; on 25 May 1870 he was engaged in fending off Fenian invaders during the Battle of Eccles Hill , for which he received the Fenian Medal . Arthur made an impression on many in Canada. He was given on 1 October 1869

9744-859: The same midwife, Charlotte von Siebold . He was baptised into the Lutheran Evangelical Church on 19 September 1819 in the Marble Hall at Schloss Rosenau, with water taken from the local river, the Itz . His godparents were his paternal grandmother, the Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld ; his maternal grandfather, the Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg ; the Emperor of Austria ; the Duke of Teschen ; and Emanuel, Count of Mensdorff-Pouilly . In 1825, Albert's great-uncle, Frederick IV, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg , died, which led to

9856-484: The shoulders clothed paly Argent and Gules, the pointed coronet similarly paly terminating in a plume of three peacock feathers" for Meissen . 5. "A demi griffin displayed Or, winged Sable, collared and langued Gules" for Jülich . 6. "Out of a coronet Or, a panache of peacock feathers Proper" for Berg . The supporters were the crowned lion of England and the unicorn of Scotland (as in the Royal Arms) charged on

9968-465: The style of Royal Highness by an Order in Council . Initially Albert was not popular with the British public; he was perceived to be from an impoverished and undistinguished minor state, barely larger than a small English county. The British prime minister, Lord Melbourne , advised the Queen against granting her husband the title of " King Consort "; Parliament also objected to Albert being created

10080-625: The subjects taught beyond the traditional mathematics and classics to include modern history and the natural sciences. Albert gained public acclaim when he expressed paternalistic yet well-meaning and philanthropic views. In an 1848 speech to the Society for the Improvement of the Condition of the Labouring Classes , of which he was president, he expressed his "sympathy and interest for that class of our community who have most of

10192-711: The throne became more apparent. He had access to all the Queen's papers, was drafting her correspondence and was present when she met her ministers; he would even see them alone in her absence. The clerk of the Privy Council, Charles Greville , wrote of him: "He is King to all intents and purposes." In 1847, Victoria and Albert spent a rainy holiday in the west of Scotland at Loch Laggan , but heard from their doctor, Sir James Clark , that Clark's son had enjoyed dry, sunny days farther east at Balmoral Castle . The tenant of Balmoral, Sir Robert Gordon , died suddenly in early October, and Albert began negotiations to take over

10304-724: The title Chief of the Six Nations by the Iroquois of the Grand River Reserve in Ontario and the name Kavakoudge (meaning the sun flying from east to west under the guidance of the Great Spirit ), enabling him to sit in the tribe's councils and vote on matters of tribe governance. As he became the 51st chief on the council, his appointment broke the centuries-old tradition that there should only be 50 chiefs of

10416-401: The toil and fewest of the enjoyments of this world". It was the "duty of those who, under the blessings of Divine Providence, enjoy station, wealth, and education" to assist those less fortunate than themselves. His progressive and relatively liberal ideas were expressed by his support of emancipation, technological progress, science education, the ideas of Charles Darwin , and the welfare of

10528-491: The war by the March 1856 Treaty of Paris . During the war, Albert arranged the marriage of his fourteen-year-old daughter, Victoria , to Prince Frederick William of Prussia , but Albert delayed the marriage until Victoria was seventeen. Albert hoped that his daughter and son-in-law would be a liberalising influence in the enlarging but very conservative Prussian state. Albert promoted many public educational institutions. Chiefly at meetings in connection with them, he spoke of

10640-452: The working classes. Albert led reforms in university education, welfare and the royal finances, and supported the campaign against slavery. He also had a special interest in applying science and art to manufacturing industry. The Great Exhibition of 1851 arose from the annual exhibitions of the Society of Arts , of which Albert was president from 1843, and owed most of its success to his efforts to promote it. Albert served as president of

10752-521: Was "the pendant to the pretty cousin". By 1836, this idea had also arisen in the mind of their ambitious uncle Leopold , who had been King of the Belgians since 1831. At this time, Victoria was the heir presumptive to the British throne. Her father, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn , the fourth son of King George III , had died when she was an infant, and her elderly uncle, King William IV , had no surviving legitimate children. Her mother,

10864-674: Was T.A. Starkey of McGill University . CPHA received a federal charter in 1912. The organization celebrated its centenary in 2010. The Association journal was later called the Canadian Journal of Public Health . It is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). CPHA is a leading collaborating organization behind the annual Canadian Immunization Conference (CIC) alongside the Canadian Association for Immunization Research, Evaluation and Education (CAIRE),

10976-581: Was also the recipient of many honours, both domestic and foreign. He was an active member of the military, eventually reaching the rank of Field Marshal , and served as personal aide-de-camp to four successive sovereigns. [REDACTED] (The previous version with the coat of arms of the Royal House of Saxony inescutcheon.) Named in his honour: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Franz August Karl Albert Emanuel; 26 August 1819 – 14 December 1861)

11088-848: Was appointed Governor General of Canada, replacing Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey , as viceroy . He occupied this post until he was succeeded by Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire , in 1916. He acted as the King's, and thus the Canadian Commander-in-Chief 's, representative through the first years of the First World War . After the end of his viceregal tenure, Arthur returned to the United Kingdom and performed various royal duties there and in Ireland, while also again taking up military duties. Though he retired from public life in 1928, he continued to make his presence known in

11200-429: Was authorised and supervised by Queen Victoria, and her influence shows in its pages. Nevertheless, it is an accurate and exhaustive account. Lytton Strachey 's Queen Victoria (1921) was more critical, but it was discredited in part by mid-20th-century biographers such as Hector Bolitho and Roger Fulford , who, unlike Strachey, had access to Victoria's journal and letters. Popular myths about Prince Albert, such as

11312-456: Was concerned for many of his royal relatives, a number of whom were deposed by revolutionaries. He and Victoria, who gave birth to their daughter Louise during that year, spent some time away from London in the relative safety of Osborne . Although there were sporadic demonstrations in England, no effective revolutionary action took place. According to historian G. M. Trevelyan , regarding

11424-716: Was given, between 1893 and 1898, command of the Aldershot District Command . He was appointed Colonel-in-Chief of the Rifle Brigade in 1880 and of the 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons in 1897, and Honorary Colonel of the 3rd (West Kent Militia) Battalion, Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regiment) in 1884. In August 1899 the 6th Battalion, Rifles of the Canadian Non-Permanent Active Militia , located in Vancouver , British Columbia , asked Prince Arthur to give his name to

11536-549: Was informed that gossip was spreading in gentlemen's clubs and the foreign press that the Prince of Wales was involved with Nellie Clifden. Albert and Victoria were horrified by their son's indiscretion and feared blackmail, scandal or pregnancy. Although Albert was ill and at a low ebb, he travelled to Cambridge to see the Prince of Wales on 25 November and discuss the indiscreet affair. In his final weeks, Albert suffered from pains in his back and legs. Also in November 1861,

11648-478: Was later reprieved. Some of the couple's early unpopularity came about because of their stiffness and adherence to protocol in public, though in private the couple were more easy-going. In early 1844, Victoria and Albert were apart for the first time since their marriage when he returned to Coburg on the death of his father. By 1844, Albert had managed to modernise the royal finances and, through various economies, had sufficient capital to purchase Osborne House on

11760-727: Was placed temporarily in the Royal Vault beneath the chapel. He was reburied on 19 March 1942 in the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore . He was Queen Victoria's last surviving son. His will was sealed in Llandudno after his death in 1942. His estate was valued at £150,677 (or £4.9 million in 2022 when adjusted for inflation). His great-nephew King Edward VIII remembered Prince Arthur in his memoirs: "His manners were faultless; his courtesy invested his simplest action with dignity and naturalness. I would not have called him

11872-569: Was re-appointed a minister. As public outrage at the Russian action continued, false rumours circulated that Albert had been arrested for treason and was being held prisoner in the Tower of London . By March 1854, Britain and Russia were embroiled in the Crimean War . Albert devised a master plan for winning the war by laying siege to Sevastopol while starving Russia economically, which became

11984-457: Was subsequently re-elected an additional 37 times before 1939, when the Prince was nearly 90 years of age. It was announced on 6 March 1911 that King George V had, by commission under the royal sign-manual , approved the recommendation of his British prime minister, H.H. Asquith , to appoint Arthur as Governor General of Canada , the representative of the monarch. His brother-in-law, John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll , had previously served as

12096-454: Was the cause of death. The Queen's grief was overwhelming, and the tepid feelings that the public had for Albert were replaced by sympathy. The widowed Victoria never recovered from Albert's death; she entered into a deep state of mourning and wore black for the rest of her life. Albert's rooms in all his houses were kept as they had been even with hot water brought in the morning and linen and towels changed daily. Such practices were common in

12208-554: Was the husband of Queen Victoria . As such, he was consort of the British monarch from their marriage on 10 February 1840 until his death in 1861. Victoria granted him the title Prince Consort in 1857. Albert was born in the Saxon duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld to a family connected to many of Europe's ruling monarchs. At the age of 20, he married Victoria, his first cousin, with whom he had nine children. Initially, he felt constrained by his role as consort, which did not afford him power or responsibilities. He gradually developed

12320-543: Was the opening of the Connaught Gardens in Sidmouth , Devon, on 3 November 1934. Prince Arthur died on 16 January 1942 at Bagshot Park , at the age of 91 years, 8 months and 16 days, the same age as his elder sister, Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll , who had died two years and one month before. A funeral service for the Duke was held at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle on 23 January, after which his body

12432-403: Was the seventh child and third son of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha . He served as Governor General of Canada , the tenth since Canadian Confederation and the only British prince to do so. Arthur was educated by private tutors before entering the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich at 16 years old. Upon graduation, he was commissioned as

12544-423: Was urbane, tolerant and wise. Even when I sometimes found myself in rebellion against some of the things of the world of which he was a part, I nevertheless felt that, while he might not necessarily approve the course I had in mind, he would view it in a sympathetic and understanding light." As a member of the royal family and having been a viceroy, Prince Arthur held a number of titles and styles during his life. He

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