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74-479: The monument was originally situated within Queen's Park when it was unveiled, although the monument was later severed from the park with the construction of Queen's Park Crescent. The monument stands 9 metres (30 ft) tall, and includes a square base made of sandstone blocks with intricate carvings on each side. Atop that is an ornamental shaft with niches that have two life-sized marble figures representing members of

148-526: A capote , a breechcloth , leggings, a blanket, moccasins, a knife and two shirts, The clothing did not constitute a military uniform but was simply Canadian-style civilian wear. Since these men were not paid, this was a relatively economical way of maintaining an effective militia. The men were noted as excellent shots (most came with their own rifle, powder and bullets), and in better physical condition than regulars, because of their tough life, farming, fishing and hunting. Volunteer militiamen were used to support

222-412: A mortal sin . The king and his minister had to listen to and adjudicate upon the appeals from the contending parties until one incident tried their patience. After the adolescent son of Duchesneau was verbally abused on the street by a follower of Frontenac, he physically assaulted him with his cane when Frontenac deemed his explanation unacceptable and, after negotiation between himself, the intendant and

296-621: A brief respite from her enemies, and during the interval Frontenac paid some attention to the social life of the colony and encouraged the revival of drama at the Chateau St-Louis . New France had been under intermittent attack throughout the 17th century. The people, however, were not subdued and for two years after the Phips attack, petty warfare was maintained. The sufferings of the colony, infested by war parties, were extreme. The fur trade, which formed its only resource for subsistence,

370-481: A former vicar apostolic, François-Xavier de Montmorency-Laval , returned to Quebec as bishop, with a jurisdiction over the whole of New France. The governor found a vigorous opponent in Laval, who was determined to render the state subordinate to the church. Frontenac, following in this respect in the footsteps of his predecessors, had issued trading licenses which permitted the sale of intoxicants. The bishop, supported by

444-715: A fort was built at Cataraqui (now Kingston, Ontario ), bearing the governor's name, and conditions of peace had been fairly maintained between the Iroquois on the one hand and the French and their allies, the Ottawas and the Hurons, on the other. Frontenac made his way to Cataraqui to build his post that would facilitate trading with the Iroquois Confederacy. Even though Frontenac was disobeying Colbert's policies, he

518-504: A military uniform but was simply Canadian-style civilian wear. Since these men were not paid, this was a relatively economical way of maintaining an effective militia, the Canadian militia became increasingly adept at guerrilla warfare and took the war into Iroquois territory and attacked a number of English settlements. After waging a war of attrition between 1690 and 1698, the Iroquois fled the raided territory and negotiated for peace with

592-853: A number of occasions in the latter half of the 19th century, including the Fenian raids of 1870–71 , the Wolseley expedition , the North-West Rebellion , and the Second Boer War . The Second Boer War saw more than 8,000 volunteers raised for service in South Africa, from 82 different militia units. From 1875 to 1904, the officer heading the Canadian Militia was the General Officer Commanding

666-661: A result of the Kennedy Report on the Reserve Army . Following the unification of the Canadian Armed Forces in 1968, the Canadian Army became Mobile Command, with its reserve component becoming Mobile Command (Reserve). In 1993, Mobile Command (Reserve) was renamed Land Force Command (Reserve), changing its name to match its Regular Force counterparts (also renamed Land Force Command). In 2011,

740-622: A result, the Militia fielded a much larger officer corps in 1939, when compared to 1914; with the Canadian Militia fielded approximately 5,000 officers spread throughout PAM and NPAM. However, training within the Canadian Militia remained an issue, with little regimental or larger formation training taking place during the interwar period. In 1938, Ian Alistair Mackenzie , the Minister of National Defence , began to encourage General Harry Crerar , Chief of Defence Staff, to plan contingencies for

814-489: A single annual muster. In 1811, the militia strength of Upper Canada was approximately 11,000, although Isaac Brock , the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada , estimated that only 4,000 could be reliably expected to answer roll call. Early in his tenure as Lieutenant Governor, Brock passed legislation that allowed for him to train 2,000 volunteers, or men chosen by ballot, to serve as the flank companies for

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888-662: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Canadian Militia The Canadian Militia is a historical title for military units raised for the defence of Canada. The term has been used to describe sedentary militia units raised from local communities in Canada; as well as the regular army for the Province of Canada and post- confederated Canada , referred to as the active militias. The earliest militia units in Canada dates back to 16th century in New France . In

962-659: Is known of his career for the next fifteen years beyond the fact that he held a high position at court, but in 1669, when France sent a contingent to assist the Venetians in the defense of Crete against the Ottomans, Frontenac was placed in command of the troops on the recommendation of Turenne . In that expedition he won military glory, but his fortune was not improved. In 1664, Frontenac admitted to owing debt of 325,878 livres , plus 17,350 livres of interest to his creditors, which had not been repaid by 1672, when his property

1036-781: The Battle of Quebec . However, Canadien militias saw little expeditionary action during the American Revolution, with Frederick Haldimand , the Governor of Quebec , uncertain if the Canadien militias would remain loyal should they encounter the French Royal Army . While British North American colonies were expected to maintain a colonial militia, the militias were financed by the British government. Given

1110-680: The Canadian Army , with PAM becoming the Army's Regular Force , and NPAM becoming the Army Reserve . The Army Reserve continues to be informally referred to as the militia in Canada. Enrolment in a local sedentary unit was required in the French colony of New France , and the various colonies of British North America ; with these sedentary militia units occasionally conducting drills and training exercises, as well as participating in an annual reviews. Prior to Canadian Confederation ,

1184-548: The Canadian Militia . On top of the ornamental shaft is a marble statue of Britannia with a plumed helmet, a staff in one hand and laurel leaves in the other. Although the surface of the monument was treated in 2005, much of the detailing on the monument has since faded. This article about a building or structure in Ontario is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Toronto -related article

1258-522: The Province of Canada , and the colonies of Atlantic Canada maintained their own militias. Enrolment in the sedentary militias continued for several years after Canadian Confederation, although the practice was ended shortly afterwards, superseded by the active militias. The colonies of British Columbia and Vancouver Island did not require its residents to enrol with a sedentary militia unit, although locally raised "volunteer corps" were established. Use of militias in Canada date back to New France. As

1332-502: The massacre of Lachine on 5 August 1689 must be regarded as one of the unhappy results of his administration. The affairs of the colony were now critical. A man of experience and decision was needed to cope with the difficulties, and Louis XIV, chose Frontenac to represent and uphold the power of France. When on 17 October 1689, Frontenac arrived in Quebec as governor for the second time, he received an enthusiastic welcome, and confidence

1406-570: The Active Militias system of the former Province of Canada to the newly formed Canadian dominion. In 1869, George-Étienne Cartier reported that 37,170 volunteers were enrolled with the Active Militias. However, funding remained an issue for the militia in the 1870s, and 1880s, with British officers urging the Canadian government to either increase the militia's funding, or reduce militia enrolments until its units can be sufficiently trained and equipped. The Active Militias were mobilized on

1480-634: The British during Pontiac's War , when a battalion of three hundred Canadien volunteers took part in Brigadier-General John Bradstreet 's expedition to Detroit. The battalion was led by former members of the New French troupes de la marine . British authorities also mustered the militia in Quebec during the American Revolutionary War , whose members constituted most of the defenders at

1554-520: The British government's preoccupation with Napoleonic France in the early 19th century, militias in the Canadas saw a shortage of supplies and weapons with limited funds provided for the militias during that period. Compulsory militia service for male inhabitants aged 16 to 60 was introduced in Lower Canada in 1803 and Upper Canada in 1808. In peacetime, compulsory service was typically limited to

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1628-534: The Canadian Army through an Order in Council . PAM was reorganized as Canadian Army (Active), whereas NPAM became Canadian Army (Reserve). The two Canadian Army components that were previously PAM and NPAM were renamed following World War II as Canadian Army Regular Force and Canadian Army Reserve Force respectively. However, in 1954, the Reserve Force was once again renamed Canadian Army (Militia) as

1702-711: The Canadian Militia (GOC), a position legally required to be held by an officer of the British Army . However, serious differences in opinion over divisions of responsibilities between the civil and military branches of the Militia Department would see the post virtually abolished under the Militia Act of 1904 . The office of the GOC was replaced by the Militia Council. The six member council included

1776-601: The Canadian Militia was not prepared to undertake an overseas campaign at the outbreak of World War II. Colonel Charles Perry Stacey , a military historian for the Canadian Army from 1940 to 1959, on the readiness of the Canadian Militia at the eve of the Second World War, The tiny Permanent Force did not constitute a striking force capable either of counter attack against a major raid or of expeditionary action. The Non-Permanent Active Militia, with its limited strength, obsolescent equipment, and rudimentary training,

1850-599: The Canadian fur trade. In January 1690, Frontenac approved the use of raiding parties composed of French and Indigenous raiders to attack English border settlements. The parties raided the towns of Schenectady and Salmon Falls and murdered English colonists, but spared the Iroquois. The raids were intended to deter the English from forming an alliance with the Iroquois, but instead united the English colonies against New France. On October 16, 1690, several New England ships under

1924-593: The Château de Versailles. At this period the affairs of New France claimed the unexpected attention of the French court. From the year 1665 the colony had been successfully administered by three men: Daniel de Rémy de Courcelle , the governor , Jean Talon , the intendant , and the Marquis de Tracy , who had been appointed lieutenant general for the French king in America; but a difference of opinion had arisen between

1998-411: The French colony, a compulsory militia of settlers from every parish was raised in order to support the military of New France in the defence and expansion of the colony. Sedentary militia units were also raised by the British, to defend its colonies and to support British military operations on the continent. The sedentary militia eventually fell into disuse in the late-19th century, although vestiges of

2072-537: The French. The result was that the threat of the Iroquois to New France was finally diffused. At the time of his second appointment as governor in 1689, France authorized the importation of enslaved Africans to Quebec from French colonies in the West Indies . Frontenac died on 28 November 1698 at the Chateau St-Louis after a brief illness and was deeply mourned by the Canadian people. The faults of

2146-489: The General Staff's proposal to prepare a 60,000 man force to assist the British in the event of a war was not presented until 29 August 1939, days before the start of the war. On the eve of World War II, the Canadian Militia's nominal strength was over 50,000 men, with PAM fielding 455 officers, and 3,714 soldiers of all other ranks; whereas NPAM fielded 5,272 officers, and 41,249 soldiers of all other ranks. However,

2220-970: The Minister holding supreme authority over it; and the Chief of General Staff becoming the premier military member of the council. The militia also saw several administrative reforms instituted in the early 1900s, with the establishment of the Canadian Army Service Corps in 1901; the Canadian Military Engineers , the Ordnance Stores Corps , and the Signalling Corps in 1903; and the Permanent Active Militia Medical Corps in 1904. During World War I ,

2294-798: The Minister of Militia serving as the council's president, another civilian member, typically the Deputy Minister of Militia, and four members drawn from the Canadian military, the Chief of General Staff, the Adjutant General, the Quartermaster General, and the Master General of the Ordnance. Although modelled after the British Army Council , the Militia Council was purely an advisory body, with

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2368-582: The New Brunswick militia reported 27,532 members in 1845. Prince Edward Island fielded a militia of approximately 8,000 men in 1845. During the Trent Affair in 1861, Nova Scotia revived compulsory militia service, enrolling 59,379 men in the Nova Scotia militia, of which 45,600 were armed. The Militia Act of 1868 extended the sedentary militia system of the former Province of Canada to

2442-502: The North American colony. As one of his first acts as governor, he established his presence as the sovereign delegate of the king by establishing in Canada the three estates – nobles, clergy and people – and convening a colonial Estates General to pledge fealty to him. The arrival of the governor implied that all of the colony's settlers pledge allegiance to the king. Frontenac did not take this lightly. The royal policy, however,

2516-543: The Ottawa; the coveted treasure came safely to Montreal, and the colonists hailed him as their father and deliverer. In 1696 Frontenac decided to take the field against the Iroquois, although at this time he was 74 years old. On July 6, he left Lachine as the head of a considerable force for the village of the Onondagas, where he arrived a month later. In the meantime, the Iroquois had abandoned their villages, and as pursuit

2590-555: The Otter Commission saw links of perpetuation created between CEF and Canadian Militia units; permitting militia units to perpetuate the battle honours earned by CEF units disbanded after the First World War. Improvements to both PAM's and NPAM's officer corps were undertaken in the 1930s, with PAM officers directing officer cadets through courses such as the "Advanced Militia Staff Course," beginning in 1935. As

2664-747: The Permanent Active Militia (PAM), the forces' standing army ; and the Non-Permanent Active Militia (NPAM), a force that acted as a military reserve force . Members of the Active Militia were mobilized during the Fenian raids of 1866. Following Canadian Confederation in July 1867, both PAM, and NPAM were managed by the Canadian Minister of Militia . The Militia Act of 1868 formally extended

2738-588: The Upper Canadian militia. During the War of 1812 , British authorities raised a number of Canadian military and militia units to support the British in defending the Canadas. In 1840, the sedentary militias of the Canadas were made up of 426 battalions, with 235,000 men registered on militia rolls. Sedentary militia were also present in Maritime colonies, with 40,997 reported in Nova Scotia's militia, while

2812-579: The War of 1812, pressure fell on the Parliament of the Province of Canada to provide for its own defence. The Militia Act of 1855 was passed after a commission on militia reform suggested the sedentary force be supplanted with uniformed volunteer regiments. The resulting act led to the creation of the Active Militia, in an effort to bolster the colony's defences. The Active Militia was later split into

2886-468: The air, and sang the war song, his officers following his example. The Christian Indians of the neighboring missions rose and joined them, and so did the Hurons and the Algonquins of Lake Nipissing, while Frontenac led the dance, whooping like the rest. His allies promised war to the death, and several years of conflict followed. After three years of destitution and misery, Frontenac broke the blockade of

2960-473: The bishop, an officer of Frontenac detained and imprisoned Duchesneau's son. Under the king's edict of 1679, it was forbidden for a governor to arbitrarily imprison any subjects. After a deliberation in Versailles, both governor and intendant were recalled to France in the year 1682. During Frontenac's first administration many improvements had been made in the country. The defenses had been strengthened,

3034-399: The command of Sir William Phips , governor of Massachusetts , appeared off l'Île d'Orléans , and an officer was sent ashore to demand the surrender of the fort. Frontenac, bold and fearless, responded with the famous words: "Non, je n'ai point de réponse à faire à votre général que par la bouche de mes canons et de mes fusils." ("No, I have no reply to make to your general other than from

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3108-614: The conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, when he returned to his father's house in Paris and married, without the consent of her parents, Anne de la Grange-Trianon in October 1648. Frontenac courted her because she was set to inherit a large sum of money from her deceased mother and her father upon his death. Anne de la Grange-Trianon's father had remarried and had a second child to ensure that his fortune would not go to his daughter and

3182-400: The course of events he soon became involved in quarrels with the intendant touching questions of precedence and with the ecclesiastics, one or two of whom ventured to criticize his proceedings. The church in New France had been administered for many years by the religious orders; for the see of Quebec, so long contemplated, had not yet been erected. But three years after the arrival of Frontenac,

3256-400: The creation of a compulsory militia that would include every fit male between 16 and 60 years of age. They were organized into companies, usually one per church parish, and structured in the same way as a regular French infantry company. The Governor General, Louis de Buade de Frontenac , arranged during the 1690s to provide all militiamen with clothing and equipment. This consisted generally of

3330-409: The dauphin, afterwards Louis XIII . Frontenac entered the army at an early age. In 1635 he began his military career and he served under the prince of Orange in Holland, and fought with credit and received many injuries during engagements in the Low Countries and in Italy. He was promoted to the rank of colonel in the regiment of Normandy in 1643, and three years later, after distinguishing himself at

3404-431: The defence of Quebec from an English invasion during King William's War , a successful campaign against Iroquois and English settlements that resulted in the elimination of the Iroquois threat against New France and a large expansion of the fur trade using Canadian coureurs des bois . He died before his second recall to France. Frontenac was born in Saint-Germain-en-Laye , France, the son of Henri de Buade, colonel in

3478-457: The governor and the intendant, and each had demanded the other's recall in the public interest. At this crisis in the administration of New France, Frontenac was appointed to succeed Rémy de Courcelle. From the beginning of Frontenac's term, it was evident that he was prepared to effect a policy of colonial expansion. He was also anxious to inaugurate an era of prosperity for Canada. He exercised an independence of action that did not coincide with

3552-433: The governor had been ill-timed. The Iroquois were assuming a threatening attitude towards the inhabitants, and Frontenac's successor, La Barre, was quite incapable of leading an army against such foes. At the end of a year, La Barre was replaced by the Marquis de Denonville , a man of ability and courage, who, though he showed some vigour in marching against the western Iroquois tribes, angered rather than intimidated them, and

3626-404: The governor was not allowed to intervene in matters handled by the Sovereign Council and the intendant, persons in these formal posts had to respect the governor as the ultimate voice of authority. Such compliance was based on the notion that the governor was the king's representative. The governor was not merely an intermediary or a stand-in. The governor extended the king's authority from France to

3700-455: The governor were those of temperament. His nature was turbulent, and from his youth he had been used to command, but underlying a rough exterior there was evidence of a kindly heart. He was fearless, resourceful and decisive, and triumphed as few men could have done over the difficulties and dangers of a most critical position. Many sites and landmarks were named to honour Louis de Buade de Frontenac. They include: Frontenac's coat of arms marks

3774-436: The intendant, tried to suppress this trade and sent an ambassador to France to obtain remedial action. The views of the bishop were upheld and authority was divided. Troubles ensued between the governor and the Sovereign Council , over its expansion and over the corvées required to build the new forts. In particular, despite the opposition of the bishop, he supported selling brandy to the First Nations, which Laval considered

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3848-441: The militia to prepare for expeditionary action , in the event of a war between Germany and the British Empire, without the consent of William Lyon Mackenzie King , the Prime Minister of Canada . Crerar sought to reorganize the Canadian Militia to new standards adopted by the British, mechanize the militia, and prepare PAM, and NPAM for combat in a temperate climate, which was the expected climate they would be operating in. However

3922-504: The militia was not mobilized, with Canadians serving overseas enlisting with the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF), a separate military field force managed by the Ministry of Overseas Military Forces . As World War I drew to a close and the CEF expected to disband, the Otter Commission was launched in an effort to reorganize the Canadian militia. The Commission proposed that PAM field a force of six infantry divisions, one cavalry division, supplemented by personnel from NPAM. Additionally,

3996-425: The militias in New France were formally maintained by the intendant of New France , the system became a basis for centralized administration in the colony. Local militia captains were appointed by the intendant, and typically assisted the civil administration with road-building, and periodic censuses. In 1669, King Louis XIV , concerned about the colony's inability to defend itself adequately against raids, ordered

4070-426: The mouths of my cannons and muskets."). In the ensuing Battle of Quebec , Frontenac's forces completely repulsed the English, who in their hasty retreat left behind a few pieces of artillery on the Beauport shore . The prestige of the governor was increased by this event, and he was prepared to follow up his advantage by an attack on Boston from the sea, but his resources were inadequate. New France now rejoiced in

4144-428: The newly formed Canadian dominion . In 1869, the Minister of Militia and Defence , George-Étienne Cartier , reported that 618,896 men were enrolled with the sedentary militia or "Reserve Militia". The sedentary militia system fell into disuse during the 1870s and 1880s, as annual musters became increasingly sporadic. By 1883, the formal requirement to hold an annual muster was stricken from legislation, and in 1904,

4218-401: The other members of the Sovereign Council over its expansion and over the corvée that were required to build the new forts. In particular, despite the opposition of Bishop François de Laval , he supported selling brandy to the aboriginal tribes , which Laval considered a mortal sin . The conflict with the Sovereign Council led to his recall in 1682. His second term was characterised by

4292-436: The power of the Sovereign Council and by reviving the office of intendant. Responding to his reduction in the Sovereign Council to a figurehead, he expressed his infuriation by challenging the authority of the intendant, Jacques Duchesnau and demanding that the council refer to him as the "chief and president". Frontenac, was a dominant man, jealous of authority, prepared to exact obedience from all and to yield to none. In

4366-402: The provision that formally made every male inhabitant of military age a member of the sedentary Reserve Militia was removed. Although the Reserve Militia was an unorganized service and virtually non-existent by the early-20th century, an officers' roll for the sedentary service was maintained as late as 1921. As the British withdrew soldiers from British North America in the decades following

4440-451: The regiment of Navarre, and Anne Phélypeaux, daughter of Raymond Phélypeaux . The details of his early life are meager, as no trace of the Frontenac papers have been discovered. The de Buades, however, were a family of distinction in the principality of Béarn. Antoine de Buade , seigneur de Frontenac, grandfather of the future governor of New France, attained eminence as a councilor of state under Henri IV; and his children were brought up with

4514-438: The regulars and their First Nation allies on lengthy raids, where they absorbed the skirmishing tactics of the latter. However, little time was spent on conventional European drill. Following the British conquest of New France , local militia units continued to be raised, and support British soldiers stationed in British America / British North America . Members of the militia of the Province of Quebec first saw service with

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4588-476: The sedentary militia system continued into the early-20th century. The Canadian Militia also referred to the regular army established by the Province of Canada under the Militia Act of 1855 . The two organizations that originated from the act, the Permanent Active Militia (PAM), and the Non-Permanent Active Militia (NPAM), continued to serve as Canada's regular army following Canadian Confederation in 1867. In November 1940, both PAM and NPAM were reorganized as

4662-619: The service elements of the Canadian Armed Forces reverted to their pre-1968 names, with Land Force Command (Reserve) reverting its name to the Canadian Army Reserve. Since the unification of the armed forces in 1968, the term militia has not been used to formally describe a Canadian military force. However, the term is used colloquially in Canada in reference to the Canadian Army Reserve. Louis de Buade de Frontenac Louis de Buade, Comte de Frontenac et de Palluau ( French pronunciation: [lwi də bɥad kɔ̃t də fʁɔ̃tənak e də palɥo] ; 22 May 1622 – 28 November 1698)

4736-612: The siege of Orbetello, where he had an arm broken, he was made maréchal de camp. In the 17th century, warfare ceased during the winter months, and Frontenac, being a soldier, needed to keep occupied. Like many military officers, Frontenac took residence at the King's court. Such a lavish lifestyle proved to be costly, and his time at the King's court only led him to amass more debt. His growing debt led him to seek an arrêt du Conseil d'état later in his life to protect his properties from his creditors, who otherwise would have been able to seize them. His service seems to have been continuous until

4810-432: The son-in-law that he disapproved of. Therefore, when Frontenac's father-in-law died, Frontenac did not receive the money he was hoping for as his wife's father left his fortune to his new wife. The marriage was not a happy one, and after the birth of a son incompatibility of temper led to a separation, the count retiring to his estate on the Indre, where by an extravagant course of living, he became hopelessly in debt. Little

4884-418: The views of his minister Colbert . As governor, Frontenac was the most powerful figure within the colony. Among his most prominent duties as governor, Frontenac maintained control over military matters and foreign affairs. Situated within the context of the French colony throughout the seventeenth century, foreign affairs largely encompassed the relations between French settlers and indigenous peoples. Although

4958-445: Was a French soldier, courtier , and Governor General of New France in North America from 1672 to 1682, and again from 1689 to his death in 1698. He established a number of Forts on the Great Lakes and engaged in a series of battles against the English and the Iroquois . In his first term, he supported the expansion of the fur trade , establishing Fort Frontenac (in what is now Kingston, Ontario ) and came into conflict with

5032-401: Was able to continuously act in such a way because he represented the king. Throughout his first term, Frontenac was engaging in the fur trade to increase his own fortune and those of his associates. According to La Salle 's personal memoir, Frontenac was also trying to secure a monopoly over a large part of the fur trade. The progress of events during the next few years proved that the recall of

5106-414: Was at once restored in the public mind. Quebec was not long to enjoy peace. Frontenac's return to New France during the Nine Years' War offered him an opportunity to display his military capabilities against England in North America. Despite the tensions created during his first term as governor-general, Frontenac was still unwilling to share power with the Sovereign Council and continued to profit from

5180-466: Was averse to the granting of extensive political rights to the Canadians, and Frontenac's reforms in this direction were disapproved. In relation to the hierarchy of authority within the colonial setting, any check on the governor's power was absent. In Frontenac's case, France's finance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert, who resided in France, could only impose restraints upon the governor's powers. Thus, measures were adopted to curb his ambition by increasing

5254-410: Was completely cut off, and a great accumulation of furs remained in the trading posts of the upper lakes, prevented from descending by the watchful enemy. To meet the threat, he dispatched Jean Baptiste Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes to establish a trading post and fort at Kekionga , present day Fort Wayne, Indiana . At a grand council of the friendly tribes, Frontenac took up a hatchet, brandished it in

5328-433: Was impracticable, the army commenced its return march on August 10. Frontenac endured the march as well as the youngest soldier, and for his courage and prowess he received the cross of St. Louis. Under Frontenac's leadership, arranged to provide all militiamen with clothing and equipment. This consisted generally of a capote, a breechcloth, leggings, a blanket, moccasins, a knife and two shirts, The clothing did not constitute

5402-437: Was incapable of immediate effective action of any sort against a formidable enemy. The two forces together constituted a useful and indeed essential foundation upon which, over a period of months, an army could be built. They offered, however, no means for rapid intervention in an overseas theatre of operations. Following the suggestion of General Harry Crerar, on 19 November 1940, the military land forces of Canada were renamed as

5476-411: Was seized by creditors. Frontenac, however, was offered the position of governor-general of New France which deferred his debts until the end of his governorship. Frontenac was appointed governor and lieutenant general of New France, Acadia, the island of Newfoundland on 6 April 1672 and arrived in Quebec on 7 September that same year. A 17th-century painting of Anne de la Grange-Trianon can be seen at

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