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53-398: On Thursday, March 3, 1966, the atmosphere over Mississippi was ripe for a violent tornado. In the upper-levels of the troposphere , a fairly strong jet stream , with winds estimated at 140 to 150 miles per hour (230 to 240 km/h), oriented itself northeastward over the state, providing strong diffluence . A large mid-level trough , centered near Sioux Falls, South Dakota , was

106-442: A capping inversion , limiting the number of thunderstorms that could develop. Later on, a warm front moved past Jackson, Mississippi , allowing more moist air into the region and increasing lapse rates . While this cap served to prevent a widespread tornado outbreak , it did allow for the formation of a few discrete strong storms. With this, a supercell thunderstorm developed over Louisiana and produced three tornadoes, including

159-522: A few cars were tossed upwards of one-half mile (0.80 km) by the tornado. Many homes and businesses in the area were completely destroyed by the tornado, including a glass factory that was severely mangled. A brick Baptist church was destroyed with such force that it seemingly "exploded". Once it moved through Jackson, the storm crossed the Pearl River and entered Rankin County . In Rankin County,

212-709: A moon of Saturn, and Triton , a moon of Neptune, have atmospheres mainly of nitrogen . When in the part of its orbit closest to the Sun, Pluto has an atmosphere of nitrogen and methane similar to Triton's, but these gases are frozen when it is farther from the Sun. Other bodies within the Solar System have extremely thin atmospheres not in equilibrium. These include the Moon ( sodium gas), Mercury (sodium gas), Europa (oxygen), Io ( sulfur ), and Enceladus ( water vapor ). The first exoplanet whose atmospheric composition

265-508: A planet from atmospheric escape and that for some magnetizations the presence of a magnetic field works to increase the escape rate. Other mechanisms that can cause atmosphere depletion are solar wind -induced sputtering, impact erosion, weathering , and sequestration—sometimes referred to as "freezing out"—into the regolith and polar caps . Atmospheres have dramatic effects on the surfaces of rocky bodies. Objects that have no atmosphere, or that have only an exosphere, have terrain that

318-573: A section on the tornado titled "If the Tornado Happened Today," briefly detailing the scale of damage in relation to new development just to the east of Jackson in the communities of Pearl and Flowood . Given exactly the same path that took place in 1966, the loss of life would be considerably higher. Striking at rush hour , numerous vehicles would be in the path of the tornado as it crossed Interstates 20 and 55 as well as US 80 and MS 25 . Despite vastly improved warning systems,

371-451: A variable amount of water vapor is also present, on average about 1% at sea level. The low temperatures and higher gravity of the Solar System's giant planets — Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus and Neptune —allow them more readily to retain gases with low molecular masses . These planets have hydrogen–helium atmospheres, with trace amounts of more complex compounds. Two satellites of the outer planets possess significant atmospheres. Titan ,

424-464: A wide range of velocities, there will always be some fast enough to produce a slow leakage of gas into space. Lighter molecules move faster than heavier ones with the same thermal kinetic energy , and so gases of low molecular weight are lost more rapidly than those of high molecular weight. It is thought that Venus and Mars may have lost much of their water when, after being photodissociated into hydrogen and oxygen by solar ultraviolet radiation,

477-724: Is agreement on this feature, the results have not been implemented into the National Climatic Data Center 's severe weather database, thus it is still officially considered one tornado. According to the study by Grazulis, the tornado dissipated over Leake County and a second tornado, estimated at F2 strength, touched down in Pickens County, Alabama. On the 50th anniversary of the tornado, the National Weather Service in Jackson published

530-423: Is covered in craters . Without an atmosphere, the planet has no protection from meteoroids , and all of them collide with the surface as meteorites and create craters. For planets with a significant atmosphere, most meteoroids burn up as meteors before hitting a planet's surface. When meteoroids do impact, the effects are often erased by the action of wind. Wind erosion is a significant factor in shaping

583-625: Is originally determined by the stellar nebula's chemistry and temperature, but can also by a product processes within the astronomical body outgasing a different atmosphere. The atmospheres of the planets Venus and Mars are principally composed of carbon dioxide and nitrogen , argon and oxygen . The composition of Earth's atmosphere is determined by the by-products of the life that it sustains. Dry air (mixture of gases) from Earth's atmosphere contains 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and traces of hydrogen, helium, and other "noble" gases (by volume), but generally

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636-401: Is the lowest layer of the atmosphere. This extends from the planetary surface to the bottom of the stratosphere . The troposphere contains 75–80% of the mass of the atmosphere, and is the atmospheric layer wherein the weather occurs; the height of the troposphere varies between 17 km at the equator and 7.0 km at the poles. The stratosphere extends from the top of the troposphere to

689-499: Is used to make nucleotides and amino acids ; plants , algae , and cyanobacteria use carbon dioxide for photosynthesis . The layered composition of the atmosphere minimises the harmful effects of sunlight , ultraviolet radiation, solar wind , and cosmic rays and thus protects the organisms from genetic damage. The current composition of the atmosphere of the Earth is the product of billions of years of biochemical modification of

742-596: The gravity of the object. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. A stellar atmosphere is the outer region of a star, which includes the layers above the opaque photosphere ; stars of low temperature might have outer atmospheres containing compound molecules . The atmosphere of Earth is composed of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.04%) and trace gases. Most organisms use oxygen for respiration ; lightning and bacteria perform nitrogen fixation which produces ammonia that

795-477: The paleoatmosphere by living organisms. Atmospheres are clouds of gas bound to and engulfing an astronomical focal point of sufficiently dominating mass , adding to its mass, possibly escaping from it or collapsing into it. Because of the latter, such planetary nucleus can develop from interstellar molecular clouds or protoplanetary disks into rocky astronomical objects with varyingly thick atmospheres, gas giants or fusors . Composition and thickness

848-487: The 1,900-foot (580 m) broadcast tower for Jackson television station WLBT . Around 4:30 p.m. CST, the storm struck the southern limits of Jackson as an F4 or F5 tornado and mostly leveled the Candlestick Park shopping center. Cinder-blocks from the structure were scattered for long distances. A number of homes and businesses were also destroyed in this area. Eyewitness reported pavement scouring, and that

901-479: The 1930s, gaining federal recognition as the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians . Even in the 1970s, eighty percent of their people continued to speak Choctaw. The white-dominated state legislature passed a new constitution in 1890, that effectively disenfranchised most freedmen and other non-whites, such as Native Americans. This exclusion was maintained well into the 20th century, but activists in

954-471: The 1960s increasingly worked to restore voting rights throughout the state. At various times, 76 post offices were established within the county. Around the turn of the 20th century, 40 small post offices were operating at the same time. By 1971, only the post offices in Philadelphia and Neshoba were still operational. Today, only the one in Philadelphia remains. Neshoba County is known as the site of

1007-541: The 1988 movie Mississippi Burning . In 1980, Ronald Reagan launched his presidential campaign at the Neshoba County Fair to deliver a speech on economic policy and refer to states' rights . He was believed by some to be referring to southern conservative values, in an area associated with the 1964 murders and at a time when the Republican Party was attracting more white conservatives from

1060-538: The Democratic Party. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 572 square miles (1,480 km ), of which 570 square miles (1,500 km ) is land and 1.5 square miles (3.9 km ) (0.3%) is water. As of the 2020 United States Census , there were 29,087 people, 10,657 households, and 7,184 families residing in the county. As of the census of 2000, there were 28,684 people, 10,694 households, and 7,742 families residing in

1113-601: The July enactment of the Civil Rights Act by President Johnson . The Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians (MBCI), a federally recognized tribe, is based here and has developed one of the largest casino complexes in the state on their reservation, the Pearl River Resort . At the time of European encounter, this was part of the territory of the historic Choctaw people , who occupied most of what later

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1166-500: The Neshoba and Kemper counties. Despite this, about a dozen more homes were destroyed before the tornado crossed into Alabama. After crossing the border, significant damage continued through Pickens and Tuscaloosa Counties before the tornado finally dissipated near the city of Tuscaloosa around 7:45 p.m. CST. During the storm's three-hour-and-forty-five-minute existence, it traveled roughly 202.5 mi (325.9 km), one of

1219-429: The age of 18 living with them, 52.50% were married couples living together, 15.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.60% were non-families. 24.70% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.11. In the county, the population was spread out, with 28.20% under

1272-467: The age of 18, 9.00% from 18 to 24, 27.00% from 25 to 44, 21.60% from 45 to 64, and 14.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 91.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.30 males. The median income for a household in the county was $ 28,300, and the median income for a family was $ 33,439. Males had a median income of $ 28,112 versus $ 19,882 for females. The per capita income for

1325-506: The appearance of life and its evolution . Neshoba County, Mississippi Neshoba County is a county located in the central part of the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2020 census , the population was 29,087. Its county seat is Philadelphia . The county is known for the Neshoba County Fair and harness horse races . It is home of the Williams Brothers Store, which has been in operation since

1378-438: The atmosphere can transport thermal energy from the higher temperature interior up to the surface. From the perspective of a planetary geologist , the atmosphere acts to shape a planetary surface. Wind picks up dust and other particles which, when they collide with the terrain, erode the relief and leave deposits ( eolian processes). Frost and precipitations , which depend on the atmospheric composition, also influence

1431-411: The base of the exosphere at 690 km and contains the ionosphere , where solar radiation ionizes the atmosphere. The density of the ionosphere is greater at short distances from the planetary surface in the daytime and decreases as the ionosphere rises at night-time, thereby allowing a greater range of radio frequencies to travel greater distances. The exosphere begins at 690 to 1,000 km from

1484-428: The bottom of the mesosphere , and contains the ozone layer , at an altitude between 15 km and 35 km. It is the atmospheric layer that absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation that Earth receives from the Sun. The mesosphere ranges from 50 km to 85 km and is the layer wherein most meteors are incinerated before reaching the surface. The thermosphere extends from an altitude of 85 km to

1537-523: The county seat. During the investigation , searchers found the bodies of eight other young black men in nearby locations. Deputy Sheriff Cecil Price was implicated and charged with being part of the group that lynched the three young men and buried them in an earthen dam 15 miles northeast of Philadelphia . Outrage over the crime contributed to congressional passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. The crime and decades-long legal aftermath of investigation and trials inspired

1590-414: The county was $ 14,964. About 17.90% of families and 21.00% of the population were below the poverty line , including 27.20% of those under age 18 and 22.00% of those age 65 or over. School districts include: Choctaw Tribal School System maintains Bogue Chitto Elementary School, Pearl River Elementary School, Tucker Elementary School, Choctaw Central Middle School, and Choctaw Central High School in

1643-418: The county. The population density was 50 people per square mile (19 people/km ). There were 11,980 housing units at an average density of 21 units per square mile (8.1 units/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 65.50% White , 19.33% Black or African American , 13.80% Native American , 0.19% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 0.34% from other races , and 0.81% from two or more races. 1.16% of

1966 Candlestick Park tornado outbreak - Misplaced Pages Continue

1696-426: The diminishing mass of the gas above the point of barometric measurement. The units of air pressure are based upon the standard atmosphere (atm), which is 101,325  Pa (equivalent to 760  Torr or 14.696  psi ). The height at which the atmospheric pressure declines by a factor of e (an irrational number equal to 2.71828) is called the scale height ( H ). For an atmosphere of uniform temperature,

1749-431: The distance from the Sun determines the energy available to heat atmospheric gas to the point where some fraction of its molecules' thermal motion exceed the planet's escape velocity , allowing those to escape a planet's gravitational grasp. Thus, distant and cold Titan , Triton , and Pluto are able to retain their atmospheres despite their relatively low gravities. Since a collection of gas molecules may be moving at

1802-473: The early 1900s. In June 1964, civil rights workers James Chaney , Andrew Goodman , and Michael Schwerner were chased down, tortured, and murdered by members of the Ku Klux Klan . They were buried in an earthen dam on private property off of Highway 21; Goodman was still alive. Initially treated as a missing persons case, their disappearance provoked national outrage and contributed significantly to

1855-442: The hydrogen escaped. Earth's magnetic field helps to prevent this, as, normally, the solar wind would greatly enhance the escape of hydrogen. However, over the past 3 billion years Earth may have lost gases through the magnetic polar regions due to auroral activity, including a net 2% of its atmospheric oxygen. The net effect, taking the most important escape processes into account, is that an intrinsic magnetic field does not protect

1908-400: The large F5 tornado that moved through Mississippi and Alabama . This violent F5 tornado, which may have been a tornado family , first touched down south of Learned, Mississippi around 4:00 p.m. CST . Tracking generally to the northeast, the tornado moved through mostly rural areas south of Raymond though several barns and a few homes were heavily damaged. The tornado also toppled

1961-676: The longest paths ever recorded. Throughout Mississippi, damage from the tornado amounted to $ 75 million (1966 USD ) ($ 704 million (2024 USD)). The most severe damage took place at the Candlestick Park shopping center in southern Jackson where 12 people were killed. Much of the building was leveled and only one wall remained standing. Prior to the Candlestick Park tornado, there had only been one other F5 (the other occurring on December 5, 1953) to touch down in Mississippi. The next storm of this intensity would not take place until April 27, 2011 , when two EF5 tornadoes touched down near

2014-539: The lynching murder of three young activists in July 1964 during Freedom Summer in Mississippi, a period of education and a voter registration drive to prepare African Americans for voting. The three young men, two from the North, disappeared at a time of heightened violence, and they became the subjects of a state and FBI search. White supremacists were found to have murdered three civil rights activists : James Cheney, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner near Philadelphia ,

2067-415: The overall system that produced the tornado. It featured low millibar heights roughly four times below the standard mean. Additionally, an unusually strong mid-level jet stream with 105 mph (169 km/h) winds provided additional energy to the storm system. The final factor in the development of the Candlestick Park storm was a subtle wind shift near the surface. At the higher levels, winds flowed from

2120-406: The past. The circulation of the atmosphere occurs due to thermal differences when convection becomes a more efficient transporter of heat than thermal radiation . On planets where the primary heat source is solar radiation, excess heat in the tropics is transported to higher latitudes. When a planet generates a significant amount of heat internally, such as is the case for Jupiter , convection in

2173-456: The population density of Jackson's eastern suburbs would lean towards a higher likelihood of fatalities. 32°11′N 90°35′W  /  32.18°N 90.58°W  / 32.18; -90.58 Atmosphere An atmosphere (from Ancient Greek ἀτμός ( atmós )  'vapour, steam' and σφαῖρα ( sphaîra )  'sphere') is a layer of gases that envelop an astronomical object , held in place by

1966 Candlestick Park tornado outbreak - Misplaced Pages Continue

2226-533: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 28.6% identified as of American ancestry, 8.8% as Irish and 6.1% as English , according to Census 2000 . Those who identify as having " American " ancestry are predominantly of English descent, but have ancestors who came to the US so long ago that they identify simply as American. 88.7% spoke English and 10.2% Choctaw as their first language. There were 10,694 households, out of which 34.90% had children under

2279-416: The relief. Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history. Conversely, studying the surface of the Earth leads to an understanding of the atmosphere and climate of other planets. For a meteorologist , the composition of the Earth's atmosphere is a factor affecting the climate and its variations. For a biologist or paleontologist , the Earth's atmospheric composition is closely dependent on

2332-468: The scale height is proportional to the atmospheric temperature and is inversely proportional to the product of the mean molecular mass of dry air, and the local acceleration of gravity at the point of barometric measurement. Surface gravity differs significantly among the planets. For example, the large gravitational force of the giant planet Jupiter retains light gases such as hydrogen and helium that escape from objects with lower gravity. Secondly,

2385-441: The southwest to the northeast in relation to the jet stream; however, closer to the surface, the inflow from the low pressure system over South Dakota resulted in a south to north flow, allowing for rotation within storms. In the hours prior to the tornado forming, convective available potential energy (CAPE) values of over 1,500  J /kg were present, indicating moderate instability . However, dry air at higher levels created

2438-413: The surface, and extends to roughly 10,000 km, where it interacts with the magnetosphere of Earth. Atmospheric pressure is the force (per unit-area) perpendicular to a unit-area of planetary surface, as determined by the weight of the vertical column of atmospheric gases. In said atmospheric model, the atmospheric pressure , the weight of the mass of the gas, decreases at high altitude because of

2491-417: The terrain of rocky planets with atmospheres, and over time can erase the effects of both craters and volcanoes . In addition, since liquids cannot exist without pressure, an atmosphere allows liquid to be present at the surface, resulting in lakes , rivers and oceans . Earth and Titan are known to have liquids at their surface and terrain on the planet suggests that Mars had liquid on its surface in

2544-518: The tornado's progress became unclear as it passed through mostly rural areas and an industrial complex. Currently, it is believed to have continued a nearly straight northeastward track through the entire county. However, reports from locals indicate that the tornado turned slightly more northward. Near the Leesburg community, the tornado reached its maximum strength of F5, where multiple homes were swept away, large swaths of trees were leveled, pavement

2597-498: The tornado, reassessments on the history of the storm have been made; most notably the Jackson, Mississippi branch of the National Weather Service and meteorologist Thomas P. Grazulis both indicate that there were two separate tornadoes. Based on reports from residents who experienced the tornado, a second one formed as the original dissipated, a common occurrence in cycling supercell thunderstorms . Though there

2650-399: The towns of Philadelphia and Smithville . Overall, the tornado ranks as the second-deadliest and longest-tracked in the state's history, having killed 57-58 and traveled 202.5 mi (325.9 km); however, excluding outside portions of the track, it ranks third. In general, it is also regarded as one of the most devastating tornadoes to ever strike Mississippi. In the decades following

2703-788: Was defined as Mississippi. Under President Andrew Jackson , the United States conducted Indian removal in the 1830s in the Southeast, and most of the Choctaw were removed to west of the Mississippi River, to land in Indian Territory , now part of Oklahoma. Neshoba was founded by European American settlers in 1833. Descendants of the Choctaw who remained in the state continued to identify as Choctaw. They lived in relatively distinct communities and reorganized in

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2756-461: Was determined is HD 209458b , a gas giant with a close orbit around a star in the constellation Pegasus . Its atmosphere is heated to temperatures over 1,000 K, and is steadily escaping into space. Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and sulfur have been detected in the planet's inflated atmosphere. The atmosphere of Earth is composed of layers with different properties, such as specific gaseous composition, temperature, and pressure. The troposphere

2809-434: Was scoured, and chicken houses were obliterated. Similar damage took place as the system moved into Scott County , though specifics are scarce for this portion of the storm's history. Crossing into Leake County along MS 35 , the tornado took a more northeasterly track, passing near the communities of Madden and Salem . In Neshoba County , the storm began to weaken and may have lifted several times as it moved through both

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