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28-480: (Redirected from Canonic ) Standard or referential form The adjective canonical is applied in many contexts to mean 'according to the canon ' – the standard , rule or primary source that is accepted as authoritative for the body of knowledge or literature in that context. In mathematics, canonical example is often used to mean ' archetype '. Science and technology [ edit ] Canonical form ,

56-463: A SEQUENCE of two INTEGERS – have identical representations on the wire (barring special tag choices to distinguish them). To parse an ASN.1 structure, one must tell the parser what set of structures one is expecting and the parser must match the data type being parsed against the structure options. This adds to the complexity of an ASN.1 parser. A csexp structure carries some indication of its own semantics (encoded in element names), and

84-440: A bitmapped image can be included using base64 ). This means that storing large amounts of non-readable information in uncompressed XML takes more space; on the other hand, it will survive translation between alternate character sets (including transmission through network hosts that may apply differing character sets, line-end conventions, etc.). It has been suggested that XML "merges" a sequence of strings within one element into

112-435: A csexp list, by convention roughly corresponds to an XML element type name in identifying the "type" of the list. However, in csexp this can be any atom in any encoding (e.g., a JPEG, a Unicode string, a WAV file, …), while XML element names are identifiers, constrained to certain characters, like programming-language identifiers. csexp's method is obviously more general; on the other hand, Identifying what encoding such an item

140-487: A few characters (such as "<" and most control characters). This, however, has no effect on the range of structures and semantics that can be represented. XML also provides mechanisms to specify how a given byte sequence is intended to be interpreted: Say, as a Unicode UTF-8 string, a JPEG file, or an integer; csexp leaves such distinctions to external mechanisms. At the most basic level, both csexp and XML represent trees (as do most other external representations). This

168-414: A natural unique representation of an object, or a preferred notation for some object Mathematics [ edit ] Canonical basis  – Basis of a type of algebraic structure Canonical coordinates , sets of coordinates that can be used to describe a physical system at any given point in time Canonical map , a morphism that is uniquely defined by its main property Canonical polyhedron ,

196-585: A parser one or two decimal orders of magnitude smaller than that of either XML or ASN.1. This small size and corresponding speed give csexp its main advantage. In addition to the parsing advantage, there are other differences. csexp and XML differ in that csexp is a data-representation format, while XML includes a data-representation format and also a schema mechanism. Thus, XML can be "configured" for particular kinds of data, which conform to some grammar (say, HTML , ATOM , SVG , MathML , or new ones as needed). It has languages for defining document grammars: DTD

224-413: A polyhedron whose edges are all tangent to a common sphere, whose center is the average of its vertices Canonical ring , a graded ring associated to an algebraic variety Canonical injection , in set theory Canonical representative, in set theory a standard member of each element of a set partition Differential geometry [ edit ] Canonical one-form , a special 1-form defined on

252-511: A probability distribution of microscopic states for an open system, which is being maintained in thermodynamic equilibrium Microcanonical ensemble , a theoretical tool used to analyze an isolated thermodynamic system Computing [ edit ] Canonical Huffman code , a particular type of Huffman code with unique properties which allow it to be described in a very compact manner Canonical link element , an HTML element that helps webmasters prevent duplicate content issues by specifying

280-426: A single string, while csexp allows a sequence of atoms within a list and those atoms remain separate from one another; but this is incorrect. Exactly like S-expressions and csexp, XML has a notion of a "sequence of strings" only if the "strings" are separated somehow: ASN.1 is a popular binary encoding form. However, it expresses only syntax (data types), not semantics. Two different structures – each

308-402: A system of canons of library classification . S. R. Ranganathan developed a theory of facet analysis , which he presented as a detailed series of 46 canons, 13 postulates and 22 principles. There is also the concept of the canons of rhetoric , including five key principles that, when grouped together, are the principles set for giving speeches. This philosophy -related article

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336-432: A unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for communications on the physical network segment Canonicalization , a process for converting data to canonical form Chemistry [ edit ] Canonical form , any of a set of representations of the resonance structure of a molecule each of which contributes to the real structure Religion [ edit ] Canonical coronation , an institutional act of

364-463: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Canonical S-expressions A Canonical S-expression (or csexp ) is a binary encoding form of a subset of general S-expression (or sexp). It was designed for use in SPKI to retain the power of S-expressions and ensure canonical form for applications such as digital signatures while achieving the compactness of a binary form and maximizing

392-604: Is defined by the XML standard itself, while XSD , RelaxNG , and Schematron are commonly used with XML for additional features, and XML can also work with no schema. csexp data can of course be operated on by schemas implemented at a higher level, but provides no such mechanism itself. In terms of characters and bytes, a csexp "string" may have any byte sequence whatsoever (because of the length prefix on each atom), while XML (like regular Lisp S-expressions, JSON, and literals in programming languages), requires alternate representations for

420-486: Is different from Wikidata Canon (basic principle) This principle of grouping has led to more specific uses of the word in different contexts, such as the Biblical canon (which a particular religious community regards as authoritative) and thence to literary canons (of a particular "body of literature in a particular language, or from a particular culture, period, genre"). W.C Sayers (1915–1916) established

448-407: Is encoded as a length-prefixed byte string. No whitespace separating adjacent elements in a list is permitted. The length of an atom is expressed as an ASCII decimal number followed by a ":". The sexp becomes the csexp No quotation marks are required to escape the space character internal to the atom "Canonical S-expression", because the length prefix clearly points to the end of the atom. There

476-481: Is in, and thus how to interpret it, is determined only by a particular user's conventions, meaning that a csexp application must build such conventions for itself, in code, documentation, and so forth. Similarly, csexp atoms are binary (consisting of a length prefix followed by totally arbitrary bytes ), while XML is designed to be human-readable (while arguably less so than JSON or YAML ) – so arbitrary bytes in XML must be encoded somehow (for example,

504-563: Is no whitespace separating an atom from the next element in the list. While csexps generally permit empty lists, empty atoms, and so forth, certain uses of csexps impose additional restrictions. For example, csexps as used in SPKI have one limitation compared to csexps in general: every list must start with an atom, and therefore there can be no empty lists. Typically, a list's first atom is treated as one treats an element name in XML . There are other encodings in common use: Generally, csexp has

532-425: Is not surprising, since XML can be described as a differently-punctuated form for LISP-like S-expressions, or vice versa. However, XML includes additional semantics, which are commonly achieved in csexp by various conventions rather than as part of the language. First, every XML element has a name (csexp applications commonly use the first child of each expression for this). Second, XML provide datatyping, firstly via

560-560: The LISP association list . The XML ID and IDREF attributes have no equivalent in csexp, but can be easily implemented by a csexp application program. Finally, an XML element may contain comments and/or processing instructions. csexp has no specific equivalents, but they are trivial to represent, merely by reserving a name for each. For example, naming them "*COM" and "*PI" (the "*" prevents ever colliding with XML element type names): Both csexp and XML are fully recursive. The first atom in

588-645: The New Testament Canonical criticism , a way of interpreting the Bible that focuses on the text of the biblical canon itself as a finished product Businesses [ edit ] Canonical Ltd. , software company that develops the Ubuntu operating system See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Look up canonical , canonic , canonicals , or canon in Wiktionary,

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616-410: The cotangent bundle T * M of a manifold M Canonical symplectic form , the exterior derivative of this form Canonical vector field , the corresponding special vector field defined on the tangent bundle TM of a manifold M Physics [ edit ] Canonical ensemble , in statistical mechanics, is a statistical ensemble representing a probability distribution of microscopic states of

644-472: The free dictionary. Canon (disambiguation) Text corpus Archetype , in behavior, modern psychological theory, and literary analysis Official § Adjective All pages with titles beginning with canonical Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canonical&oldid=1168686903 " Categories : English words Authority Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

672-488: The pope to legally crown images venerated by the faithful through a papal bull Canonical hours , the divisions of the day in terms of periods of fixed prayer at regular intervals. Canonical law , a set of ordinances and regulations governing a Christian church or community Canonical texts or biblical canon , the texts accepted as part of the Bible Canonical gospel , the four gospels accepted as part of

700-439: The schema grammar. A schema can also, however, distinguish integers, strings, data objects with types (e.g. JPEG) and (especially with XSD ) other types). An XML element may also have attributes , a construct that csexp does not share. To represent XML data in csexp, one must choose a representation for such attributes; an obvious one is to reserve the second item in each S-expression for a list of (name value) pairs, analogous to

728-417: The speed of parsing. The particular subset of general S-expressions applicable here is composed of atoms , which are byte strings, and parentheses used to delimit lists or sub-lists. These S-expressions are fully recursive. While S-expressions are typically encoded as text, with spaces delimiting atoms and quotation marks used to surround atoms that contain spaces, when using the canonical encoding each atom

756-587: The system Canonical quantum gravity , an attempt to quantize the canonical formulation of general relativity Canonical stress–energy tensor , a conserved current associated with translations through space and time Canonical theory , a unified molecular theory of physics, chemistry, and biology Canonical conjugate variables , pairs of variables mathematically defined in such a way that they become Fourier transform duals Canonical transformation , in Hamiltonian mechanics Grand canonical ensemble ,

784-517: The “canonical” or “preferred” version Canonical model , a design pattern used to communicate between different data formats Canonical name record (CNAME record), a type of Domain Name System record Canonical S-expressions , a binary encoding form of a subset of general S-expression Canonical XML , a normal form of XML, intended to allow relatively simple comparison of pairs of XML documents MAC address (formerly canonical number),

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