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49-820: The Canning River ( Nyungar : Djarlgarra or Nyungar : Dyarlgarro ) is a major tributary of the Swan River in the South West Land Division of Western Australia . It is home to much wildlife including dolphins, pelicans, swans and many other bird species. With headwaters on the Darling Scarp , the Canning meanders through suburbs of Perth on the Swan Coastal Plain , including Cannington , Thornlie , Riverton , Shelley , Rossmoyne and Mount Pleasant , before joining

98-406: A linkage is a network of related dialects or languages that formed from a gradual diffusion and differentiation of a proto-language . The term was introduced by Malcolm Ross in his study of Western Oceanic languages ( Ross 1988 ). It is contrasted with a family , which arises when the proto-language speech community separates into groups that remain isolated from each other and do not form

147-581: A dialect of, or closely related to, Wudjari, in which case their language would have been part of the Noongar subgroup. Njakinjaki (Nyakinyaki) was possibly a dialect of Kalaamaya – a language related to, but separate from, the original Noongar subgroup. It is not clear if the Njunga (or Nunga) dialect was significantly different from Wudjari. However, according to Norman Tindale , the Njunga people rejected

196-436: A network. Linkages are formed when languages emerged historically from the diversification of an earlier dialect continuum . Its members may have diverged despite sharing subsequent innovations, or such dialects may have come into contact and so converged. In any dialect continuum, innovations are shared between neighbouring dialects in intersecting patterns. The patterns of intersecting innovations continue to be evident as

245-446: A set of exclusively-shared innovations), but whose common ancestor may not have been discretely separated from its neighbours. For example, a chain of dialects {A B C D E F} may undergo a number of linguistic innovations, some affecting {BCD}, others {CDE}, still others {DEF}. Insofar as each set of dialects was mutually intelligible at the time of the innovations, all can be seen as forming separate languages. Among them, Proto-BCD will be

294-578: A single ancestral language, but that is not the case for Central Malayo-Polynesian. This scenario does not amount to a denial of a common ancestry of the Central Malayo-Polynesian languages. It is only a reinterpretation of the age of the relationship to be just as old as their relationship to Eastern Malayo-Polynesian. François (2014 , p. 171) suggests that most of the world's language families are really linkages that are made up of intersecting, not nested, subgroups. He cites

343-573: A variety of the language by Clive Humphreys of Kellerberrin , and is teaching Noongar to inmates in Perth prisons. Peter Bindon and Ross Chadwick have compiled an authoritative cross referenced "A Nyoongar Wordlist: from the South West of Western Australia", by assembling material from all of the above writers in their original spelling. It is clear from this reference that the orthographies used reflected not only dialectical differences, but also how

392-462: Is also true for intensified or emphatic adjectives, comparable to the English word very . The superlative is formed by the addition of - jil . Statements are negated by adding the appropriate particle to the end of the sentence. There are three negation particles: There is also an adverbial negation word, bru , roughly equivalent to the English less or without . Questions are formed by

441-551: Is an Australian Aboriginal language or dialect continuum , spoken by some members of the Noongar community and others. It is taught actively in Australia, including at schools, universities and through public broadcasting. The country of the Noongar people is the southwest corner of Western Australia . Within that region, many Noongar words have been adopted into English, particularly names of plants and animals. Noongar

490-457: Is because in the Noongar language, -up means "place of". For example, the name Ongerup means "place of the male kangaroo". The word gur , ger or ker in Noongar meant "a gathering". Daisy Bates suggests that central to Noongar culture was the karlupgur , referring to those that gather around the hearth ( karlup ). Noongar words which have been adopted into Western Australian English , or more widely in English , include

539-512: Is continuing as of April 2021 , with the site growing in the Wikimedia Incubator . It is the first Misplaced Pages in an Aboriginal Australian language site, but it is intended to be bilingual , so as to be used as a teaching aid in schools. Singer-songwriter Gina Williams has promoted the use of the language through song, including lullabies for children and a translation of the song " Moon River ". An adaption and translation of

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588-534: Is encouraged by the appearance of Azolla carpets on sections of the Canning River as this fern is known to reduce the amount of sunlight available to the algae as well as absorbing large amounts of phosphorus and other nutrients from the water. However, it is possible that Azolla carpets can cause deoxygenation and emit a strong sulphur smell. Nyungar language Noongar ( / ˈ n ʊ ŋ ɑːr / ; also Nyungar / ˈ n j ʊ ŋ ɡ ɑːr / )

637-735: Is the one formed by the Central Malayo-Polynesian languages of the Banda Sea (a sea in the South Moluccas in Indonesia ). The Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages are commonly divided into two branches, Central Malayo-Polynesian and Eastern Malayo-Polynesian , each having certain defining features that unify them and distinguish them from the other. However, whereas Proto-Eastern and Proto-Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian can be reconstructed (the sibling and

686-862: The Languages Other Than English (LOTE) curriculum which would be taught in schools, it was decided to change to "Noongar". By 2010, 37 schools in the South West and Perth were teaching the language. In 2014, the Noongar Boodjar Language Cultural Aboriginal Corporation (NBLCAC) was incorporated, and the Commonwealth Government provided funding for four years from 2015 under the Indigenous Languages Support program to establish

735-775: The Shakespearean tragedy Macbeth into Noongar was performed at the 2020 Perth Festival . The play, named Hecate , is produced by Yirra Yaakin Theatre Company with Bell Shakespeare , and performed by an all-Noongar cast. The play took years to translate, and has sparked wider interest in reviving the language. On July 2022, rock band King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard released a special edition of their album Butterfly 3000 with all its 10 songs translated into Noongar by Merinda Hansen and Lois Spehn-Jackson; all proceedings of this edition are donated to

784-409: The wave model . The cladistic approach underlying the tree model requires the common ancestor of each subgroup to be discontiguous from other related languages and unable to share any innovation with them after their "separation". That assumption is absent from Ross and François's approach to linkages. Their genealogical subgroups also have languages descended from a common ancestor, as defined by

833-601: The 1930s and then more intensively in the 1960s Wilfrid Douglas learnt and studied Noongar, eventually producing a grammar, dictionary, and other materials. More recently, Noongar people have taken a major role in this work as researchers, for example Rose Whitehurst who compiled the Noongar Dictionary in her work for the Noongar Language and Culture Centre. In 2012 Tim McCabe finished a PhD on Noongar place names, songs and stories, having been taught

882-598: The Canning River. Convicts partly constructed and maintained the Canning River Convict Fence. This structure is still a notable landmark to this day. It was built primarily for the use of barges carrying timber from Mason's Timber Mill in the Darling Ranges. Algal blooms occur naturally in the Canning River system; they are caused by a buildup of nutrients in the river. Human activities including farming, residential gardens and parklands are

931-538: The Langford Aboriginal Association. Several mobile apps have been created that use Noongar language, both written and spoken. These include a plant identification app, dictionary, and cultural information. The following are the sounds in the Noongar language: /r/ can be heard as either [r, ɾ] or a glide [ɹ]. Noongar grammar is fairly typical of Pama–Nyungan languages in that it is agglutinating , with words and phrases formed by

980-626: The Language in Common Use Amongst the Aborigines of Western Australia by George Fletcher Moore , later republished in 1884 as part of Moore's diary . This work included a substantial wordlist of Noongar. The first modern linguistic research on Noongar was carried out by Gerhardt Laves on the variety known as "Koreng", near Albany in 1930, but this material was lost for many years and has only recently been recovered. Beginning in

1029-697: The Noongar Language Centre. The offices are located in Cannington . In 2015 Professor Len Collard from the School of Indigenous Studies at the University of Western Australia challenged the science behind the claim that it is an endangered language, citing the lack of rigour in the data. Collard began leading a project to create the " Noongarpedia ", recording the language in a wiki format, allowing for expansion over time. The project

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1078-400: The Noongar subgroup: Wudjari, Minang, Bibelman (a.k.a. Pibelman; Bibbulman), Kaneang (Kaniyang), Wardandi, Balardung (a.k.a. Ballardong; which probably included Tjapanmay/Djabanmai), and Yuat (Juat). Wiilman, Whadjuk (Wajuk) and Pinjarup are also usually regarded as dialects of Noongar, although this identification is not completely secure. The Koreng (Goreng) people are thought to have spoken

1127-587: The Swan at Melville Water just downstream of the Canning Bridge . The first European contact was in 1801 when a French exploring party spotted the mouth. The crew subsequently named the mouth Entrée Moreau after Charles Moreau, a midshipman with the party. The Canning River received its contemporary name in 1827 when Captain James Stirling aboard HMS  Success following an examination of

1176-414: The addition of affixes to verb and noun stems. Word order in Noongar is free, but generally tends to follow a subject–object–verb pattern. Because there are several varieties of Noongar, aspects of grammar, syntax and orthography are highly regionally variable. Like most Australian languages, Noongar has a complex tense and aspect system. The plain verb stem functions as both the infinitive and

1225-475: The addition of suffixes. Nouns that end in vowels take the plural suffix - man , whereas nouns that end in consonants take - gar . Inanimate nouns, that is, nouns that do not denote human beings, can also be pluralized by the simple addition of a numeral. Noongar pronouns are declined exactly as nouns, taking the same endings. Thus, possessive pronouns are formed by the addition of the regular genitive suffix - ang . Conversely, object pronouns are formed by

1274-589: The addition of the - any suffix. Notably, there does not appear to be a great deal of pronominal variation across dialectal lines. Noongar features a set of dual number pronouns which identify interpersonal relationships based on kinship or marriage. The "fraternal" dual pronouns are used by and for people who are siblings or close friends, "paternal" dual pronouns are used by and for people who are paternal relatives (parent-child, uncle-niece and so forth), and "marital" pronouns are used by and for people who are married to each other or are in-laws. Typically, if

1323-596: The addition of the interrogative interjection kannah alongside the infinitive root of the verb. Many words vary in a regular way from dialect to dialect, depending on the area. For example: the words for bandicoot include quernt (south) and quenda (west); the word for water may be käip (south) or kapi (west), or the word for fire may vary from kaall to karl . A large number of modern place names in Western Australia end in -up , such as Joondalup , Nannup and Manjimup . This

1372-431: The dialect continuum turns into a linkage. According to the comparative method , a group of languages that exclusively shares a set of innovations constitutes a " (genealogical) subgroup ". A linkage is thus usually characterised by the presence of intersecting subgroups. The tree model does not allow for the existence of intersecting subgroups and so is ill-suited to represent linkages, which are better approached using

1421-412: The event of the verb took place. There are no articles in Noongar. Nouns (as well as adjectives) take a variety of suffixes which indicate grammatical case , specifically relating to motion or direction, among other distinctions. The direct object of a sentence (what might be called the dative) can also be expressed with the locative suffix - ak . Grammatical number is likewise expressed by

1470-493: The given name Kylie, "boomerang", gilgie or jilgie , the freshwater crayfish Cherax quinquecarinatus , and gidgie or gidgee , "spear". The word for smoke, karrik , was adopted for the family of compounds known as karrikins . The word kodj "to be hit on the head" comes from the term for a stone axe . The word quokka , denoting a type of small macropod , is thought to come from Noongar. Linkage (linguistics) In historical linguistics ,

1519-452: The language ancestral to the subgroup BCD, Proto-CDE the language ancestral to CDE and so on. As for the language descended from dialect D, it will belong simultaneously to three "intersecting subgroups" (BCD, CDE and DEF). In both the tree and the linkage approaches, genealogical subgroups are strictly defined by their shared inheritance from a common ancestor. Simply, although trees entail that all proto-languages must be discretely separated,

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1568-414: The language. Educators Glenys Collard and Rose Whitehurst started recording elders speaking using Noongar language in 1990. In 1997 at a meeting of around 200 Noongar people at Marribank , a standard orthography was agreed on for teaching the language in schools. A unanimous vote decided that the language would be spelt "Nyoongar", but later, as teaching and learning resources were being developed for

1617-544: The languages of the Noongar people and came to the conclusion that there was much in common between them. Just prior to publication, he received from Mr Bussel of the Busselton district a list of 320 words from that region which was near identical to those he had collected in the Swan River region. Much to Grey's disappointment, his work was published in an unfinished list as he was leaving the colony, but he believed that

1666-404: The linkage model avoids that assumption. François also claims that a tree can be considered a special case of a linkage in which all subgroups happen to be nested and temporally ordered from broadest to narrowest. In order to unravel the genealogical structure of linkages, Kalyan and François have designed a dedicated quantitative method, named Historical glottometry . An example of a linkage

1715-449: The major causes of increases in levels; the blooms are potentially toxic to both mammal and marine life. The Swan River Trust monitors the levels of nutrients and growth of the algae, issuing warnings and closing sections of the river to all activities. The Trust also operates cleanup programs to reduce the amount of nutrients reaching the river, as well phosphorus removal and oxygenation in areas were blooms have been identified. The Trust

1764-406: The map shown here may correspond to the Noongar subgroup. The subdivisions shown correspond to individual varieties . In modern Noongar, these varieties have merged. There is controversy in some cases as to whether all of these varieties were part of the original Noongar subgroup. Some may have been distinct languages and some may have belonged to neighbouring subgroups. Many linguists believe that

1813-564: The modern Noongar language following colonisation. A 1990 conference organised by the Nyoongar Language Project Advisory Panel recognised that the Noongar subgroup included at least three distinct languages. This was highlighted by the 2011 Noongar Dictionary , edited by Bernard Rooney, which was based on the Yuat (Juat) variety, from the northwest part of the Noongar subgroup area. The highlighted area of

1862-554: The name Wudjari and had adopted some of the customs of their non-Noongar-speaking eastern neighbours, the Ngadjunmaya . The Noongar names for birds were included in Serventy and Whittell 's Birds of Western Australia (1948), noting their regional variations. A later review and synthesis of recorded names and consultation with Noongars produced a list of recommended orthography and pronunciation for birds (2009) occurring in

1911-528: The northernmost language shown, Amangu, was not part of the Noongar subgroup, was instead a part of the Kartu subgroup , and may have been a dialect of the Kartu language Nhanda . (As such, Amangu may have been synonymous with a dialect known as Nhanhagardi, which has also been classified, at different times, as a part of Nhanda, Noongar, or Widi .) There is a general consensus that the following varieties belong to

1960-479: The parent of Central Malayo-Polynesian, respectively), a Proto-Central Malayo-Polynesian language reconstruction, distinct from Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian does not seem feasible. It may be that the branches of Central Malayo-Polynesian are each as old as Eastern Malayo-Polynesian but that they went on to exchange features that are now considered to define them as a family. The features common to Eastern Malayo-Polynesian can be assumed to have been present in

2009-404: The present tense. Verb phrases are formed by adding suffixes or adverbs to the verb stem. The following adverbs are used to indicate grammatical tense or aspect . Some tense/aspect distinctions are indicated by use of a verb suffix. In Noongar, the past or preterite tense is the same as the past participle. A few adverbs are used with the past tense to indicate the amount of time since

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2058-411: The publication would assist in communication between settlers and Noongar people. Also noted by Grey was that the Noongar language had no soft ⟨c⟩ sound, there was no use of ⟨f⟩ and that ⟨h⟩ was very rarely used and never at the start of a word. Serious documentation of the Noongar language began in 1842 with the publication of A Descriptive Vocabulary of

2107-527: The region in March 1827 named the river after George Canning , an eminent British statesman who was Prime Minister of Great Britain at the time and whose government facilitated the funds for the expedition. In November 1829, just five months after the founding of the Swan River Colony , an exploring party led by now Governor James Stirling chose a site for a new town named Kelmscott on the banks of

2156-522: The region. The author, Ian Abbott, also published these recommendations for plants (1983) and mammals (2001), and proposed that these replace other vernacular in common use. A number of small wordlists were recorded in the early days of the Swan River Colony , for example Robert Menli Lyon 's 1833 publication A Glance at the Manners and Language of Aboriginal Inhabitants of Western Australia . Lyon acquired much of his information from Yagan while Yagan

2205-687: The south west of Western Australia . As of 2022 it is one of the 24 Aboriginal languages being taught at 68 schools in Western Australia to around 10,000 students. Curtin University offers an open online Noongar language and culture course. The Noongar Language and Culture Centre was set up at the Bunbury Aboriginal Progress Association in 1986, and grew to include offices in Northam and Perth. Authors such as Charmaine Bennell have released several books in

2254-506: The subject of a sentence is not qualified by a numeral or adjective, a subject-marker pronoun is used. Thus: yongka baal boyak yaakiny (lit. "kangaroo it on-rock standing"), "the kangaroo is standing on the rock." Adjectives precede nouns. Some adjectives form the comparative by addition of the suffix - jin but more generally the comparative is formed by reduplication , a common feature in Pama-Nyungan languages. The same

2303-544: The various authors "heard" and transcribed spoken Noongar. An English dialect with Noongar admixture , known as Neo-Nyungar , is the community dialect of the Nyungar people. On the 2016 census , 443 people identified themselves as speaking Noongar at home. Since the late 20th century, there has been increased interest in reviving the Noongar/Nyungar language, including teaching it at many schools throughout

2352-405: Was first recorded in 1801 by Matthew Flinders , who made a number of word lists. It is generally agreed that there was no single, standard Noongar (or Nyungar) language before European settlement: it was a subgroup (or possibly a dialect continuum ) of closely related languages, whose speakers were differentiated geographically and, in some cases, by cultural practices. The dialects merged into

2401-548: Was incarcerated on Carnac Island . Despite the significance of Lyon's work in being the first of its kind, George Fletcher Moore described Lyon's work as "containing many inaccuracies and much that was fanciful". During August and October 1839 the Perth Gazette published Vocabulary of the Aboriginal people of Western Australia , written by Lieutenant Grey of HM 83rd Regiment. Grey spent twelve months studying

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