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105-506: Valais is situated in the southwestern part of the country. It borders the cantons of Vaud and Bern to the north, the cantons of Uri and Ticino to the east, as well as Italy to the south and France to the west. It is one of the three large southern Alpine cantons, along with Ticino and the Grisons , which encompass a vast diversity of ecosystems. It is a bilingual canton, French and German being its two official languages. Traditionally,

210-428: A center of tourism . Population still declined from 7,574 in 1880 to 6,507 in 1920 (loss of employment in tourism during World War I) and began to rise again during the mid-to-late 20th century, to 7,878 in 1950 and 8,189 in 2000. It has slightly declined since, to 7,843 in 2007 and 7,824 in 2016. While total population has remained more or less stable since the mid-20th century, population distribution has shifted from

315-546: A dot of chocolate. Haslital The Oberhasli is a historical Landvogtei or Talschaft in the Bernese Highlands , Switzerland , bordering on the cantons of Obwalden (OW) , Nidwalden (NW) , Uri (UR) and Wallis (VS) . From 1833 to 2009, Oberhasli was incorporated as the Oberhasli district , the easternmost of the 26 districts of the canton of Bern , bordering the district of Interlaken to

420-531: A road network, with elevations ranging from that of Lake Geneva at Le Bouveret to that of the Nufenen Pass , the highest paved road in Valais. The A9, the only motorway, serves the valley up to Sierre , the extension towards Brig being currently under construction. All inhabited side valleys are accessible to motorized transport since the 1960s; the high-elevation reservoirs built during those years, notably

525-538: A total population of just below 8,000, corresponding to a population density of less than 15/km (compared to a Swiss average of 181/km ), due to a significant portion of the area of Oberhasli being uninhabitable High Alps . Haslital is used to refer to the entire region, but as a geographical term the Haslital proper is the main upper Aare valley, not including the many side valleys, such as Gadmertal , Ürbachtal , Gental and Reichenbachtal . The name Haslital

630-483: A year-round destination, renowned for its wild landscapes and numerous tourist facilities. In winter, skiing and other snow-related sports are the most popular activities. In summer, hiking and trekking are particularly popular. Climbing and mountaineering can be practised year-round, with the highest mountains of western Europe surrounding Valais. Many of the huts owned by the Swiss Alpine Club are located in

735-547: Is Lausanne , followed by Yverdon-les-Bains and Montreux . As of 2020, the canton has a population of 814,762. It is one of the four cantons where French is the sole official language, and it is the canton with the largest number of French speakers. Formerly a Bernese bailiwick, Vaud joined the Swiss Confederation as an independent canton in 1803. Humans lived alongside the Vaud lakes in prehistoric times. Later,

840-476: Is Stalden , with 545  mm of rainfall per year. Valais is often described as "semi-arid", although it is not in the climatic sense of the term. Therefore, in some areas, such as Les Follatères , are found plants that are uncommon or absent in the rest of Switzerland, such as cactuses. On the lower south-facing slopes of the Bernese Alps, numerous vineyards are cultivated, between Fully and Leuk. Unlike in

945-403: Is a large aluminium processing plant. Other metal products and chemicals are produced around Visp and Sierre , including Swiss Diamond International aluminum cookware. Valais has a long touristic tradition. Hoteliers were at the base of the development of Valais Tourism. Many of them, such as César Ritz , spent time and money to satisfy a clientele from around the world. The canton is nowadays

1050-637: Is a metre-gauge railway owned by the Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn , which ultimately leads to Disentis and Chur , from Zermatt via Visp and Brig . The main railway goes through the Furka Base Tunnel in the extreme east of the canton, with the older Furka Summit Tunnel being popular for its highly scenic sections as well. The Glacier Express directly connects Zermatt with St. Moritz , using both Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn and Rhaetian Railway network. The canton comprehends

1155-543: Is also a major site of European prehistory. In particular, are the dolmens of Le Petit-Chasseur , a group of large collective burials dating back to the 3rd millennium BC. Bridges are also an important element of the Valais-built landscape. Due to its mountainous terrain which requires crossing many natural obstacles, the canton has several bridges, old or modern, often daring, including the Gueuroz Bridge which

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1260-501: Is divided into 10 districts: There are 300 municipalities in the canton (As of 2022 ). The population is French -speaking and historically was mostly Protestant (Calvinist), dating from the early years of the Reformation . Recently, however, this has been changing due to immigration from Southern Europe . In 2000, the population was nearly evenly split between Protestants (40%) and Roman Catholics (34%). The population of

1365-461: Is elevated built on top of a number of predecessor buildings, the oldest is estimated to date to the 9th or 10th century. The rights to the parish were given to Seedorf Abbey by Henry (VII) of Germany in 1234. They were acquired by Interlaken Monastery in 1272. In 1275, Hasli formed an alliance with the city of Bern . In 1311, Oberhasli was given to the house of Weissenburg by Henry VII . After an unsuccessful revolt in 1334, Oberhasli passed to

1470-614: Is first attested in 1234. The prefix Ober- ("Upper Hasli ") first appears in the 16th century for disambiguation with Hasle bei Burgdorf , Oberhasli is in official use since 1798. The origin of the name is likely Old High German hasal " hazel ". The upper parts of the Haslital are part of the World Heritage Site of the Jungfrau – Aletsch – Bietschhorn as defined in 2007. Oberhasli has historically been of great strategical significance due to its central location in

1575-557: Is given in the following table: Wines and fruit brandies , such as Poire Williams , are some of the main production of the canton. This form of agriculture is often irrigated through the use of small open-air wooden canals , called bisses in French and Suonen in German , that transport water from the glaciers above. They also constitute popular hiking routes because of their low declivity. Vineyards are grown on terraces, typically on

1680-473: Is on Lake Neuchâtel. Main languages spoken at home in the canton (2020): French : 82.40% English : 9.10% Portuguese : 7.51% German : 5.15% Italian : 5.00% Spanish : 3.88% Albanian : 2.37% South Slavic languages : 1.61% Other languages: 6.75% Note: Respondents were permitted to choose more than one language. The capital , Lausanne , is the major city of the canton. There are light industries concentrated around it. In 1998, 71.7% of

1785-458: Is sparsely populated. Its population (as of 31 December 2020) is 348,503. As of 2007, the population included 57,061 foreigners, or about 19.1% of the total population. The largest towns are the capital Sion ( Sitten ), Monthey , Sierre , Martigny and Brig-Glis . There is no major city located in the canton. As of 2017, 77% of total population was Roman Catholic , while only 6% were members of Swiss Reformed Church . The historical population

1890-430: Is the easternmost of the 26 districts of the canton of Bern , from 1833 to 2009, encompassing an area of 550 km . The administrative capital is Meiringen. Oberhasli since 1843 comprised six municipalities , reduced to five in 2014 when Gadmen (population 250 as of 2007, area 116.4 km ) was merged with Innertkirchen . From 1 January 2010, the district lost its administrative power while being replaced by

1995-566: Is the third largest canton of Switzerland by area. It is also one of its westernmost and southernmost cantons while being adjacent to central Switzerland. With a few exceptions, it lies almost entirely in the Rhône basin, more precisely in the wide Alpine Rhône Valley, above Lake Geneva . The main settlements are all along the Rhône or in its proximity, the largest city being Sion , followed by Martigny , Monthey , Sierre , and Brig-Glis . The canton

2100-436: Is traditionally divided into three regions: Lower Valais (French: Bas-Valais ), Central Valais (French: Valais central ), and Upper Valais (German: Oberwallis ), with the linguistic border of the canton being at Pfynwald, between the two latter regions. While the more populous Lower and Central Valais are French-speaking , Upper Valais is German-speaking . The Rhône Valley is a central Alpine valley, i.e. it lies well within

2205-571: Is via the banks of Lake Geneva , which have several railways and highways leading towards Martigny , Sion , and the rest of the canton. The major axis is on the north side of the lake and passes via Lausanne and Vevey in the canton of Vaud . From there runs the A9 motorway and the Simplon Railway , ultimately leading to Italy via the Simplon Pass and Simplon Tunnel respectively. On

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2310-705: The Brünig road in 1857 and the Brünig railway in 1888, connecting Oberhasli to Lucerne via Obwalden , and from there to Greater Zürich and the Swiss plateau in general; the Grimsel road opened in 1894 and the Susten road in 1945. The number of hotels in Meiringen grew from two in 1831 to eighteen in 1900. After 1973, additional infrastructure turned Hasliberg into a major skiing resort . As of 2005, employment in

2415-726: The Celtic tribe of the Helvetii inhabited the area. Caesar 's troops defeated the Helvetii in 58 BC and as a consequence the Romans settled in the area. The many towns established by the Romans include Vevey ( Latin : Viviscus ) and Lausanne ( Lausonium or Lausonna ). While the exact date of the founding of Aventicum is not exact, it was likely established during or shortly after Augustus' reign. There are still many Roman remains around

2520-716: The Central Alps , commanding several passes. Among them are: Besides the main valley, the Haslital , which includes the alluvial plain of the Aare between Meiringen and Lake Brienz , there are several lateral valleys. Among them are: Hasli has a particularly strong tradition of independence, even within Switzerland. It was de facto self-governing from its first settlement in the early medieval period (according to legend by " Swedes and Frisians ") until its incorporation into

2625-703: The Evangelical Awakening of the 1730s. In 1764, there were 3,253 inhabitants, and population more than doubled over the following century, to 7,054 in 1850. During the existence of the Helvetic Republic , Oberhasli was part of the Kanton Oberland . Oberhasli was traditionally organized in fifteen collectives of independent farming estates, the so-called Bäuerten , between them forming the Talschaft of Oberhasli. This structure

2730-766: The Finsteraarhorn (most prominent), reaching 4,274 metres (14,022 ft). Other iconic mountains are the Matterhorn and the Jungfrau , for a complete list, see list of mountains of Valais . Located there are numerous glaciers including several of the largest in the Alps, such as the Aletsch Glacier and the Gorner Glacier . Other ranges situated partially in Valais are the Chablais Alps ,

2835-549: The Grande Dixence , necessitating paved roads as well. As in most other cantons, localities are essentially served by PostBus Switzerland , which also operates numerous tourist lines on the Alpine passes and to the high-elevation lakes. Martigny, Sion, Sierre and Brig are hubs of public transportation. The winding mountain roads of Valais are very popular with drivers, bikers, and cyclists for their spectacular scenery and are

2940-905: The Great St. Bernard (Italy), and the Forclaz and the Morgins (France). Also notable are the historical and pedestrian passes of the Sanetsch , Rawil , Gemmi , and the Lötschberg , connecting Valais with the Swiss Plateau, through the Bernese Oberland . The Lötschberg, together with the Simplon, is one of the main north–south axes of Switzerland. The historical Lötschberg Railway opened in 1913. It connects directly Brig to

3045-567: The Helvetic Republic in 1798. It was nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire as an imperial bailiwick until 1334, and from 1334 to 1798 a nominal subject of Berne, but remained effectively self-governed with the exception of the forced imposition of the Reformation during 1528–1557. In 1234 the bailiwick of Meiringen , which included all of Haslital, is recorded as reichsfrei . Hasli remained an imperial bailiwick until its acquisition by Berne in 1334. Meiringen church

3150-557: The Holy Roman Empire in 1032. It became part of the duchy of Burgundia Minor, which was held by the emperors by the house of Zähringen (which became extinct in 1218). In 999, King Rudolph III of Burgundy gave all temporal rights and privileges to the Bishop of Sion , who was later styled praefect and count of Valais and is still a prince of the Holy Roman Empire. The count-bishops then struggled to defend their area against

3255-695: The Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district) , whose administrative centre is Interlaken. Since 2010, it remains therefore a fully recognised district under the law and the Constitution (Art.3 al.2) of the Canton of Berne. The black eagle on a golden field formerly represented the entire Talschaft of Oberhasli. It is the imperial coat of arms . The right to use of the Reichsadler as an at least formal claim of imperial immediacy

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3360-454: The Lac d'Emosson . Other large high-elevation lakes are Lac de Mauvoisin , Mattmarksee , lac de Salanfe , Lac de Moiry and Lac de Tseuzier (see list of mountain lakes of Switzerland for a more complete list). All these lakes are used for hydroelectricity production, but they are also popular for their scenic views over the Alps. Due to the high mountains surrounding the plains of the Rhône,

3465-873: The Martigny–Châtelard Railway (serving the Trient Valley ) and the Visp-Zermatt railway . Above Zermatt , the Gornergrat Railway and the Klein Matterhorn cable car are respectively the highest open-air railway and highest public transport in Europe. The Valais has two ports on Lake Geneva served by the CGN : St. Gingolph and Le Bouveret . The largest airport is located at Sion. The size and particular geographical situation of

3570-650: The Mont Blanc Massif , the Uri Alps , the Gotthard Massif , and the Lepontine Alps . Lake Geneva is the only truly large lake in the canton, although only a small fraction of it (about 10  km) is in Valais, the plain of the Rhône comprehending only small lakes. There are however numerous sizable lakes in the high Alps, mostly artificial. The largest is Lac des Dix , closely followed by

3675-534: The Protestant confession in Oberhasli. About half of the population of Oberhasli participated in an armed revolt against Bern. After this, Bern tried to enforce Bernese administration in Oberhasli, but met such resistance that in a 1557 treaty the old privileges were re-instated. In the 17th to 18th century, an upper class of influential families native to Oberhasli emerged, the so-called Ehrbarkeit . Before

3780-615: The Swiss Confederation . In the early 17th century, the aristocratic governors of the districts in the Upper Valais pressured the prince-bishop of Sion to abdicate secular power, which was achieved temporarily in 1613 and then permanently in 1634, when the country became the federal Republic of the Seven Tithings under the rule of a Landeshauptmann . The republic in its original form existed until 1798, when

3885-525: The Swiss Confederation . It is composed of ten districts ; its capital city is Lausanne . Its coat of arms bears the motto "Liberté et patrie" on a white-green bicolour. Vaud is the third-largest Swiss canton by population and fourth by size. It is located in Romandy , the French -speaking western part of the country, and borders the canton of Neuchâtel to the north, the cantons of Fribourg and Bern to

3990-500: The canton of Valais ( Chablais ). In the Jura mountains in the west, the canton borders the French departments of Ain , Jura , and Doubs . In the east, it borders the cantons of Fribourg and Bern . The total area is 3,212 square kilometres (1,240 sq mi). Along with the canton of Berne, Vaud is one of the two cantons whose territory extends from the Jura to the Alps, through

4095-566: The departement of Simplon . The department was occupied by Austrian troops in late 1813; on 4 August 1815, Valais finally entered the Swiss Confederation as a canton. In 1845, Valais joined the Catholic separatist league ( Sonderbund ) which led to what is called the Sonderbund War . Under General Henri Dufour , 99,000 Swiss Federal troops were faced by 79,000 Separatists, but in the end, Valais chose not to fight. The beginning of

4200-407: The "sitting out" of the night drinking) culminating a week of Trychel marches in Meiringen. In 1846, Johann Georg Kohl travelled to Oberhasli, describing both its natural landscape and its population. Kohl recorded a tradition claiming Scandinavian origin of the people of Oberhasli, telling of a march of 6,000 Frisians and Swedes exiled from their homes by a famine. The names of the leaders of

4305-747: The Alps and is shut off from both northern and southern plains. Valais is separated from the Swiss Plateau to the north by the Bernese Alps and from the Po plains to the south by the Valais Alps , respectively north and south of the Rhône. Valais is also one of the three large southern cantons lying partially in the Po basin, therefore south of the Alps, along with Ticino and the Grisons . However, contrary to those two cantons, very few settlements are on

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4410-579: The Burgundians. The Zähringens themselves were succeeded in 1218 by the counts of Savoy . It was only under the counts of Savoy that the area gained political unity as the Barony of Vaud . A part stretching from Attalens to the river Sarine , in the north, was absorbed by the canton of Fribourg. As the power of the House of Savoy declined at the beginning of the 15th century, troops from Bern occupied

4515-526: The Early Modern period. Livestock and cheese was exported to Italy across the Grimsel and Nufenen passes. In the 18th century, there were three yearly livestock markets. There was also some iron mining, beginning in the 15th century, and phased out after 1798. From the 17th century, there was rockhounding for crystals , intensified with the rise of tourism in the 19th century. Booming tourism triggered significant investments in structure, notably

4620-612: The Romans after the Battle of Octodurus (now known as Martigny ) in 57 BC and became part of the Gallo-Roman cultural sphere. According to a tradition that can be traced back to the middle of the 8th century, the Theban legion was martyred at Agaunum (now Saint Maurice ) about 285 or 302. From 888 onwards the lands were part of the kingdom of Jurane Burgundy . Valais formed part of the kingdom of Transjurane Burgundy, which fell to

4725-447: The Sonderbund War (November 1847). Separation was prevented at the cost of very few lives. The current cantonal constitution dates from 14 April 2003, replacing the constitution of 1885. The canton stretches from Lake Neuchâtel in the north, where it borders the canton of Neuchâtel , to Lake Geneva ( French : Léman ) in the south, where it borders the canton of Geneva , the French department of Haute-Savoie (lake border) and

4830-403: The Swiss Plateau across the Bernese Alps , via Spiez in the canton of Bern, through the high-elevation Lötschberg Tunnel . In 2007, the importance of that axis was further increased with the opening of the low-elevation Lötschberg Base Tunnel , the first high-speed railway connecting Valais to Bern, following essentially the same route, but at the level of the plains. The Lötschberg Base Tunnel

4935-409: The Zähringer and then the dukes of Savoy , so that the medieval history of Valais is inextricably linked with that of the diocese of Sion. The Dukes of Savoy, however, succeeded in winning most of the land west of Sion (Lower Valais), while in the upper part of the valley (Upper Valais) there were many feudal lords, such as the lords of Raron, those of La Tour-Châtillon, and the counts of Visp. About

5040-583: The austerity of ancestral mores, its customs, its naive legends, its rustic costumes, everything that today constitutes its character and originality. Many monuments dot the Valais landscape. The best known are the Valère Basilica , where the oldest organ in the world still playable is found, and the territorial Abbey of Saint-Maurice , which dates from the 6th century. Valais has several castles of historical importance, frequently built in formerly strategic locations: Tourbillon Castle , Saint-Maurice Castle , Stockalper Palace , La Bâtiaz Castle , Majorie Castle ,

5145-515: The canton (as of 31 December 2020) was 814,762. As of 2010 , the population included about 28% foreigners, including many Italians . The major population centres of the canton are: Lausanne (140,202 inhabitants in 31 December 2020), Montreux - Vevey (Montreux: 26090 Vevey:19752 inhabitants) and Yverdon-les-Bains (29,955 inhabitants). The region around Nyon is often considered part of the agglomeration of Geneva . All of these are on Lake Geneva (called Léman in French ), except for Yverdon, which

5250-403: The canton is 5,224 square kilometres (2,017 sq mi) and only about half of the total area is considered productive. Valais shares borders with four other cantons: to the north are the cantons of Vaud and Bern and to the east are the cantons of Uri and Ticino . The canton shares international borders as well: to the south are the Italian regions of Aosta Valley and Piedmont and to

5355-457: The canton is divided into Lower, Central, and Upper Valais, the latter region constituting the German-speaking minority. Valais is essentially coextensive with the valley of the Rhône from its headwaters to Lake Geneva , separating the Pennine Alps from the Bernese Alps , the two largest mountain ranges of the canton. A major wine region, the canton is simultaneously one of the driest regions of Switzerland in its central Rhône valley and among

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5460-435: The canton of Geneva (Céligny), that are surrounded by the canton of Vaud. The north-western part of the canton is also mountainous but in a more modest way with mountains generally not above 1,500 metres (4,900 ft); the Jura Mountains . The Vallée de Joux is one of the most popular destinations in the region and also a centre of luxury mechanical Swiss watch manufacturing. Source: Source: The canton of Vaud

5565-410: The canton of Vaud , although the western banks remain in Valais, down to Le Bouveret , on the shores of Lake Geneva. The main valley is bounded by the Bernese Alps in the north and the Valais Alps in the south, both ranges including numerous over 4,000 metre-high mountains, which are the highest in the country. Notables mountains include Monte Rosa (highest), reaching 4,634 metres (15,203 ft), and

5670-445: The canton within the Alps helped Valais develop a culture that is distinct from that of the cantons of the Swiss Plateau and the northern Alpine foothills. As a bilingual canton, Valais itself includes some cultural diversity as well. The most common denominator is a strong mountain culture, symbolized by the archetypal tenacious and austere mountain dweller facing the difficult conditions and dangers of nature. The people of Valais, from

5775-399: The canton. In 1529, Valais became an associate member of the Swiss Confederation . After having resisted the Protestant Reformation and remained faithful to the Roman Catholic Church , it became a republic under the guidance of the prince-bishop of Sion in 1628. In 1815, Valais finally entered the Swiss Confederation as a canton. In 1878, the Simplon Railway connected most of Valais with

5880-424: The canton. Valais counts more than 120 winter and summer destinations, including: The Matterhorn near Zermatt is one of the biggest tourist attractions in the Swiss mountains, as is its sister valley immediately east Saas Fee . Other parts of the mountains of the canton further west are popular as well, such as the more French-speaking resorts near Verbier and the Evolene and Arolla region. The resorts on

5985-451: The canton. It consists of potatoes and leeks accompanied by regional sausages, notably Saucisse aux choux . Taillé aux greubons are a salted bakery specialty of the region consisting of crackling encased in puff pastry . Another of the canton's specialties is carac , a sweet tart consisting of a sweetcrust pastry case ( pâte sucrée ) filled with chocolate ganache , covered by a characteristic green icing or fondant layer topped with

6090-488: The canton. The area also hosts several popular skiing destinations such as Villars , Les Diablerets and Leysin . The central area of the canton, in contrast, consists of moraines and is hilly. There are plains along the lakes. In the north, Avenches is in an exclave of the canton surrounded by the canton of Fribourg and Lake Neuchâtel. On the other hand, there are three enclaves of the canton of Fribourg (Estavayer-le-lac, Vuissens, Surpierre), as well as two enclaves of

6195-421: The canton: Additionally, there are several public hautes écoles offering a limited selection of programmes: The canton is often referred to as the "culinary capital of Switzerland" and is renowned for its many cheeses, wines and charcuterie. It is also home to a high number of gourmet restaurants, such as the Hôtel de ville in Crissier , founded by Frédy Girardet . Papet Vaudois is a very popular dish of

6300-404: The cities of the Swiss Plateau . The canton was further opened up by the Lötschberg Railway in 1913. The canton is also officially referred to by its long name République et canton du Valais (French) or Republik und Kanton Wallis (German). This translates into Republic and Canton of Valais . The Romans called the upper Rhône valley Vallis Poenina . The Vallis Poenina was conquered by

6405-453: The city of Bern as a subject territory in name but regained most of its earlier privileges. Bern was careful to appoint men native to Hasli to administrative posts and as judges. Oberhasli proved an important ally to Bern militarily. In 1339, Oberhasli provided a force of 300 men participating in the Battle of Laupen . The arrangement of Oberhasli as a nominal subject territory with de facto self-governance endured until 1528, when Bern enforced

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6510-408: The climate of central Valais is particularly dry, much drier than in the rest of Switzerland . While locations at high elevations are highly exposed to rainfall and snowfall, average rainfall per year is only about 600  mm in Sion, corresponding to 50% of that of Lucerne (north of the Alps) and 30% of that of Locarno (south of the Alps). Officially, the driest location in Valais and Switzerland

6615-423: The conflict. Lucerne , Uri and Unterwalden supported the Upper Valais rebels, while Bern supported the noble Raron family. The uprising was successful in driving out the Rarons and almost brought the Confederation to civil war. Following the Raron affair, the canton was the location of the Valais witch trials between 1428 and 1447 in which at least 367 men and women were put to death. This event marks one of

6720-400: The core of Highest Alemannic Alpine culture and preserves a number of elements typical of Swiss folklore . Oberhasli became affected by the modern era comparatively late, in the second half of the 19th century with the booming of tourism in Switzerland , and it preserved a rich tradition of folklore into the 20th century. The main yearly festival of Oberhasli is the Ubersitz (lit.

6825-450: The denial of political rights of the French-speaking Vaudois by the German-speaking Bernese; he was subsequently beheaded. Later, inspired by the French Revolution of 1789–1799, the Vaudois drove out the Bernese governor in 1798 and declared the Lemanic Republic . Vaud nationalists like Frédéric-César de La Harpe , born in Rolle, had called for French intervention in liberating the area, and French Revolutionary troops moved in, taking over

6930-422: The districts of the Lower Valais, until then ruled as subjects, successfully revolted against the Seven Tithings and achieved equal status within the republic. During the French invasion of the Swiss Confederacy in the same year, Valais was incorporated into the Helvetic Republic until 1802 when it became the separate Rhodanic Republic . In 1810, the Rhodanic Republic was annexed by the First French Empire as

7035-490: The earliest witch scares in late medieval Europe. The phenomenon later spread to other parts of the continent. With the election of Walther II. Supersaxo von der Fluhe (from Conches ) as bishop in 1457, the German-speaking part of the valley finally attained supremacy. At the outbreak of the Burgundian Wars in 1475, the bishop of Sion and the Zenden made a treaty with Bern. In November of the same year, they seized all Lower or Savoyard Valais up to Martigny. In March 1476, after

7140-453: The east, the canton of Valais to the south, the canton of Geneva to the south-west, and France to the west. The geography of the canton includes all three natural regions of Switzerland: the Jura Mountains , the Swiss Plateau , and the (Swiss) Alps . It also includes some of the largest lakes of the country: Lake Geneva and Lake Neuchâtel . It is a major tourist destination, renowned for its landscapes and gastronomy. The largest city

7245-451: The eastern part (Upper Valais) is German-speaking. The language border crosses the Rhône between the towns of Sierre and Salgesch and follows the mountain ridge including Bella Tola , Weisshorn , and Dent Blanche . At the 2000 census, 62.8% of the population of Valais spoke French or Arpitan , 28.4% spoke German or Walser German , 2.2% spoke Italian and 6.6% spoke other languages. Only 114 people reported speaking Romansh . The canton

7350-438: The end of the entire Helvetic Republic in 1803. In 1803 Vaud joined the re-installed Swiss Confederation . In spite of Bernese attempts to reclaim Vaud, it has remained a sovereign canton ever since. In the 19th century, the canton of Vaud was an outspoken opponent of the Sonderbund Catholic separatist movement, which led to intervention by 99,000 Swiss Federal troops under General Henri Dufour against 79,000 separatists, in

7455-485: The episcopal Leuk Castle etc. Amongst religious buildings are several churches that present quality architecture, in particular, those due to the architect Ulrich Ruffiner (16th century) who left many buildings between Sion and the Goms valley : Saint-Théodule church in Sion, the church of Raron and church of Ernen . In the valley of Goms, are also several notable baroque churches. Contemporary religious architecture has also given rise to interesting buildings, such as

7560-646: The foot of the Jura mountains . Cattle breeding and pasture are common in the Alps and the Jura mountains. There is a salt mine at Bex . Tourism is important in many towns along Lake Geneva. Major lakeside resorts include Lausanne, Montreux , and Vevey . The Union Cycliste Internationale is based in Aigle, and many of its defamation lawsuits against critics have been heard in the Est Vaudois district court of Vevey. Two Swiss public universities are located within

7665-517: The forces of the bishop, the count, and his nobles at Visp. The German-speaking Zenden spread further into the valley. Starting in 1384 the Morge stream (a little below Sion) was recognized as the boundary between Savoyard, French-speaking Lower Valais and German-speaking episcopal Upper Valais. During the Raron affair rebellion from 1414 to 1420, some cantons of the Swiss Confederation took sides in

7770-625: The geography of the canton. Many side valleys are branching off the main valley, often perpendicularly. These vary from narrow and remote to reasonably populous. On the south side of the Rhône, in the Valais Alps, some of the largest side valleys are (from east to west): the Mattertal (including the Saastal), the Val d'Anniviers , the Val d'Hérens , the Val de Bagnes and the Val d'Entremont . On

7875-615: The highlights of competitions such as Tour de Suisse and the Rallye International du Valais . For a list of high-elevation paved roads, see list of highest paved roads in Switzerland . Because of tourism, there are many railways and cable cars in the mountains. Railways serving side valleys are the Aigle–Ollon–Monthey–Champéry railway , the Martigny–Orsières Railway (notably serving Verbier ),

7980-518: The immigrating Swedes is reported as Restius and Hastus . Kohl describes the architecture of the Meiringen church as reminiscent of North Frisian and Scandinavian types. This legend was first recorded by Petermann Etterlin in his 1507 Chronicle . The Oberhasli legend was received in Scandinavian Romantic nationalism , with e.g. Danish poet Adam Oehlenschläger publishing a poem Haslidalen in 1849. A collection of folk tales

8085-553: The introduction of a separate parish in Innertkirchein in 1709, there was a single parish in Meiringen for all of Oberhasli. In the 19th century, parishes in Gadmen (1808) and Guttannen (1816) followed. In 1558, there were 253 hearths (households) registered in Oberhasli, in 1653 the number had grown to 360. In 1669, population had declined to ca. 500 individuals following an outbreak of plague. Parts of Haslital were affected by

8190-437: The land. By 1536 Bern had completely annexed the area. Vaud's Protestant Reformation started with co-workers of John Calvin like Pierre Viret (a famous debate took place at the cathedral of Lausanne), but it was only decisively implemented when Bern put its full force behind it. The Bernese occupiers were not popular amongst the population. In 1723 Major Abraham Davel led a revolt against Bern, in protest at what he saw as

8295-495: The liberties of several of the seven Zenden ( Sion , Sierre , Leuk , Raron , Visp , Brig and Conches ) were confirmed by the Emperor Charles IV . By the late 14th century, the counts of Savoy acquired the bishopric of Sion. The Zenden resisted his attempts to gather both spiritual and secular power in the valley. In 1375–76, Zenden forces defeated the army of the house of La Tour-Chatillon, and in 1388 routed

8400-517: The middle of the 13th century, the large communities (Zenden or tithings ) began to develop independence and grow in power. The name Zenden or tithings probably came from a very ancient division of the bishop's manors for administrative and judicial purposes. In the same century the upper part of the valley was colonized by Germans from Hasli ( de ) in the Canton of Bern . The locals became German-speaking , though many Romance local names remain. In 1354

8505-531: The modern history of Valais essentially coincides with the exploration of the High Alps , the first ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marking the end of the golden age of alpinism . The boom of tourism followed in the late 19th century. In 1878, the Simplon Railway connected Brig , the last town before the Simplon Pass , from Lausanne and Geneva and other major cities of the Swiss Plateau . Valais

8610-592: The most industrial region of the canton is called Chablais . The area is very important for the economy. The lands from Lake Geneva to the town of St-Maurice are located in the Chablais. There are a lot of factories, the most important are the subsidiaries of Novartis and Syngenta , in Monthey . In the town of Collombey-Muraz , there is an oil refinery . The Lonza Group has large factories in Visp. Near Visp there

8715-464: The mountains and dairy farming in the plains. The canton is notable for its cheese and dried meat production. The Hérens cattle are also used in organised cow fights. Europe's tallest gravity dam is located at Grande Dixence in the canton, closely followed by the Mauvoisin Dam . Hydroelectric power plants from the canton produce about a quarter of Swiss electricity. The west part and

8820-645: The north of the Rhône, in the Bernese Alps, the Lötschental is the only large valley. East of Brig is the valley of Goms , the highest section of the Rhône Valley. The Rhône itself flows in the main valley from east to west from the Rhône Glacier down to Martigny, then at a right angle north to its mouth in Lake Geneva. After the town of Saint-Maurice , the eastern banks of the river belong to

8925-525: The north side of the main Rhône valley are popular, looking out southwards towards the Peninne Alps and still part of the southern slope of the Bernese Alps, such as the family-oriented resort of Crans-Montana . The resorts in the Goms (district) are slightly less known, yet also receive attention during the summer hiking season and the winter ski season. The only natural low-elevation access to Valais

9030-461: The primary sector (agriculture) was down to below 20%, while the tertiary sector (mostly tourism) had risen to above 65%. Another important branch of industry is the production of hydroelectricity , Kraftwerke Oberhasli AG currently producing about 1.1 GW or 12% of Swiss electricity consumption. The Swiss Air Force has an airbase in Unterbach, Meiringen municipality. Oberhasli is situated at

9135-512: The rest of the country, irrigated agriculture is common in Valais. The canton is renowned for its numerous towns and villages in the high Alps. In the Mattertal and adjoining Saastal are Zermatt and Saas Fee . Other popular resorts are Verbier , Les Marécottes , Champéry , Grimentz , Zinal , Anzère , Crans-Montana , Evolène , Leukerbad and Fiesch . All of them are tourist destination in both summer and winter seasons. The area of

9240-622: The south side of Lake Geneva, from the French border, is only a highway and the historical Tonkin Railway , now operating in Valais only. The canton is surrounded by high mountains, but some major mountain passes connect it with the rest of Europe. The main road passes are the Grimsel (towards the canton of Bern and the Swiss Plateau ), the Furka (Uri), the Nufenen (Ticino), the Simplon and

9345-580: The south side of the Alps, and they are all well above the plains. The largest regions not drained by the Rhône are the Simplon Valley (Po basin) and two uninhabited areas north of the Sanetsch and the Gemmi Pass ( Rhine basin). Valais is the highest canton in terms of absolute, relative, and mean elevation . Therefore, its topography is extremely rugged, with the notable exception of the wide, glacial, Rhône valley. The latter valley dominates

9450-417: The south-facing slopes overlooking the Rhône Valley, where they have become an integral part of the landscape. The wine industry of the canton is the largest in Switzerland. There are also a large number orchards in the area, among which are apricot trees. The apricot has become the emblematic fruit of the canton. In Mund , saffron is also gathered. Agriculture in Valais also consists of cattle breeding in

9555-592: The three distinct geographic regions of Switzerland . The areas in the south east are mountainous, situated on the north side of the Bernese Alps . This region is commonly named the Vaud Alps ( French : Alpes Vaudoises ). The Diablerets massif, peaking at 3,210 metres (10,531 ft), is the highest mountain of the canton. Other summits such as the Grand Muveran and the Tour d'Aï are visible from most of

9660-679: The town today. Between the 2nd and the 4th centuries Alemannic tribes repeatedly invaded the area, and in the 5th century the Burgundians occupied the territory. The Merovingian Franks later replaced the Burgundians. Their control did not last long either, and in 888 the area of the canton of Vaud became part of the Carolingian Empire (the successor state to the Merovingians). In 1032 the Zähringens of Germany defeated

9765-462: The traditional dispersed settlement structure to the core settlement in Meiringen. Meiringen accounted for 30% of the population of Hasli in 1764 (33% in 1850), but for 60% as of 2016. Oberhasli district was merged with Interlaken district in 2010 to form the new Interlaken-Oberhasli district . The population of Gadmen declined from 739 in 1850 to 250 in 2007, Gadmen municipality being merged into Innertkirchen in 2014. The Oberhasli district

9870-616: The victory of Grandson , they advanced and captured St Maurice, Évian , Thonon and Monthey . They had to give up the last three districts in 1477 but won them again in 1536. In the treaty of Thonon in 1569, Monthey, Val-d'llliez, and Le Bouveret were permanently annexed to Valais. These conquered districts in the Lower Valais were ruled as subject lands by the bishop and the Tithings of the Upper Valais until 1798. On 12 March 1529, Valais became an associate member ( Zugewandter Ort ) of

9975-476: The warlike races that originally inhabited it, are strong and vigorous; they were able, with their remarkable endurance, to make the most of natural resources, the possession of which today assures them an honorable place as much as they deserve among the other better-off peoples of ancient Helvetia. Through its economic development and its commendable progress in all areas of human activity, Valais, faithful to its traditions as well as to its faith, has managed to keep

10080-423: The west is the French region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes . Valais is divided into 13 districts, with the district of Raron being further divided into two half-districts. The districts are listed here in geographical order: Upper Valais: Central Valais: Lower Valais: There are 122 municipalities in the canton (as of January 2021). The western part of Valais (Central and Lower Valais) is French-speaking, while

10185-474: The west. Since 2010, Oberhasli and Interlaken have been administratively united as the administrative district Interlaken-Oberhasli . The local dialect is of the Highest Alemannic variety. With its area of 551 km , it is larger than the canton of Basel-Landschaft . It consists of the six municipalities of Gadmen , Guttannen , Hasliberg , Innertkirchen , Meiringen and Schattenhalb , with

10290-422: The wettest, having large amounts of snow and rain upon the highest peaks found in Switzerland, such as Monte Rosa and the Finsteraarhorn . Although a major hydroelectricity producer, Valais is essentially renowned for its tourism industry and its numerous Alpine resort towns, notably Crans-Montana , Saas Fee , Verbier , and Zermatt . Overlooking the latter town, the Matterhorn has become an iconic landmark of

10395-524: The whole of Switzerland itself in the process and setting up the Helvetic Republic . Under Napoleon I (Emperor 1804–1815), Vaud became (1798–1803) the canton of Léman . Unrest about the abolition of feudal rights and taxes led to increased discontent, which culminated in the revolt of the Bourla-papey in spring 1802, closely followed by the Stecklikrieg (August to October 1802) that brought

10500-688: The workers worked in the tertiary sector and 20.8% in the secondary. The canton is the second-largest producer of wine in Switzerland. Most of the wine produced in the canton is white, and most vineyards are located on the steep shores of Lake Geneva such as the UNESCO World Heritage Site the Lavaux Vineyard Terraces . There is agriculture in the areas away from Lake Geneva. Sugar beet is important around Orbe , tobacco in La Broye Valley , and fruit at

10605-659: The works of the Genevan architect Jean-Marie Ellenberger (1913-1988) in Sierre (Sainte-Croix church) or Verbier. In the civil architecture, two hospices, each located at one of the passes leading to Italy, formerly provided food for pilgrims who went to Rome and travelers in general: the Great St. Bernard Hospice and the Simplon Hospice . There are also interesting Roman remains, such as the amphitheater in Martigny. Sion

10710-580: Was once the highest bridge in Europe, and the Ganter Bridge , on the Simplon road. Visible from central Valais, the statue of Christ the King in Lens recalls the Catholic tradition of the canton. Canton of Vaud Vaud ( / v oʊ / VOH ; French : (Canton de) Vaud , pronounced [kɑ̃tɔ̃ də vo] ), more formally the Canton of Vaud , is one of the 26 cantons forming

10815-557: Was one of the special privileges granted to the people of Hasli by Berne. When municipal coats of arms were introduced, Meiringen insisted to retain the imperial coat of arms without modification, and other municipalities conceded by using the eagle in combination with other heraldic designs. The economy of Oberhasli was based on agriculture and transhumance ( goats , sheep) in the Late Middle Ages, shifting to livestock breeding (cattle, horses) and cheese production during

10920-501: Was replaced by the six municipalities of the Oberhasli district in 1834. From 1834 until 2009, Oberhasli formed a district of the canton of Bern . The sovereign law of Oberhasli ( Landrecht ) became inactive in 1843, during the Swiss Restauration . Rapid population growth in the 19th century resulted in poverty , and forced emigration , primarily to America . From about 1880, economic recovery set in as Meiringen became

11025-488: Was the longest land tunnel in the world when opened, finally opening up Valais to northern Switzerland. The summit railway, through the historical tunnel, is still used for regional traffic and car transportation across the Lötschberg. The old train line is popular for its highly scenic sections in both cantons on either side of the old tunnel. Another railway axis connects Valais with central and eastern Switzerland. This

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