The canuts ( French: [kany] ) were Lyonnais silk workers, often working on Jacquard looms . They were primarily found in the Croix-Rousse neighbourhood of Lyon in the 19th century. Although the term generally refers to Lyonnais silk workers, silk workers in the nearby commune of l'Arbresle are also called canuts.
28-501: The word canut may come from an abbreviation of the French expression "Voici les cannes nues!" ( Look at those bare canes! ), as canes without any charms or ribbons were considered a sign of poverty. It may equally well come from the word canette ( spool ) referring to the spool on which the silk was kept prior to being used. The canuts were Lyonnais silk workers in the 19th century, often working on Jacquard looms primarily in
56-411: A crutch , but a walking cane is not designed for full weight support but used to help with balance. The walking stick has also historically been known to be used as a self-defense weapon , and may conceal a sword or knife. Hikers use walking sticks, also known as trekking poles , pilgrim's staffs , hiking poles, or hiking sticks, for a wide variety of purposes: as a support when going uphill or as
84-418: A walking cane , cane , walking staff , or staff ) is a device used primarily to aid walking , provide postural stability or support, or assist in maintaining a good posture . Some designs also serve as a fashion accessory , or are used for self-defense . Walking sticks come in many shapes and sizes and some have become collector's items . People with disabilities may use some kinds of walking sticks as
112-499: A French lady admirer when he was ambassador to France. Franklin wrote a codicil to his Will in 1789 bequeathing it to George Washington . It is now in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution . For use as a walking aid, it is usually recommended that the length of the stick should be such that the top of the handle reaches the wrist joint when standing up with arms hanging, wearing the footwear to be used with
140-698: A brake when going downhill; as a balance point when crossing streams, swamps, or other rough terrain; to feel for obstacles in the path; to test mud and water for depth; to enhance the cadence of striding, and as a defence against animals. An alpenstock , from its origins in mountaineering in the Alps , is equipped with a steel point and may carry a hook or ice axe on top. More ornate sticks may be adorned with small trinkets or medallions depicting visited territory. Wooden walking-sticks are used for outdoor sports, healthy upper-body exercise, and even club, department, and family memorials. They can be individually handcrafted from
168-427: A cane frequently. Some canes, known as "tippling canes" or "tipplers", have hollowed-out compartments near the top where flasks or vials of an alcoholic beverage can be hidden and sprung out on demand. When used as a mobility or stability aid, canes are generally used in the hand opposite the injury or weakness, allowing the cane to be used for stability in a way that lets the user shift much of their weight onto
196-408: A few steps, without any tools, but require two people. The cabinets were demanded as masterpieces of Frankfurt carpentry, but could also have been commissioned by patrician families. The original meaning was to store household linen and clothes; the size was intended to illustrate the owner family's existing linen supply. Historical examples were and are more often used as filing cabinets, e.g. used in
224-536: A life free from fashionable nonsense, owned eighty sticks. Rousseau , a poor man and the apostle of the simple life, owned forty. Count Brühl , creator of the famous Brühl Terrace at Dresden, owned three hundred canes, each with a snuff-box to match, one for each of his three hundred suits. The fashion spread across the Atlantic to America. Benjamin Franklin had received as a gift a gold-headed walking stick from
252-616: A number of woods and may be personalised with wood carving or metal engraving plaques. A collector of walking sticks is termed a rabologist. Around the 17th or 18th century, a walking stick became an essential part of the European gentleman's wardrobe . The fashion may have originated with Louis XIV , who favored a walking stick, possibly because he wore high heels. As a curator of the Detroit Institute of Arts wrote about elaborate walking sticks in their collection: There
280-433: Is a cheese spread/dip, a Lyonnais speciality. The dish is a base of fromage blanc , seasoned with chopped herbs , shallots , salt , pepper , olive oil and vinegar . The canuts were the subject of songs by Aristide Bruant and Éric La Blanche. In contemporary times, the word canut is often used to talk about citizens of Lyon in general in an affectionate way. Walking stick A walking stick (also known as
308-623: Is smaller. The word wardrobe appeared in the English language in the early 14th century. It originated from Old French words warderobe , wardereube and garderobe , in which "warder" meant "to keep, to guard" and "robe" meant "garment". In the United States, the wardrobe in its moveable form as an oak "hanging cupboard" dates back to the early 17th century. At that time it was an early export product from America to England, because English woodlands were over-harvested or reserved for
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#1732765526210336-652: The Croix-Rousse neighbourhood. The canuts were subject to extremely poor working conditions. On account of these conditions, they staged many worker uprisings, known as the Canut revolts . The first revolt, in October 1831 is considered to be one of the first worker uprisings. The canuts occupied Lyon, shouting "Vivre libre en travaillant ou mourir en combattant!" ( Live free working or die fighting! ) King Louis-Philippe sent 20,000 soldiers and 150 cannons to suppress
364-582: The Tipstaff , Gold Stick and Silver Stick . In North America, a walking cane is a walking stick curved down at the top, not usually actually made of cane but of materials including wood, metal or carbon fiber. In modern times, walking sticks are usually only seen with formal attire. Retractable canes that reveal such properties as hidden compartments, pool sticks, or blades are popular among collectors. Handles have been made from many substances, both natural and manmade. Carved and decorated canes have turned
392-493: The "riot". On February 14, 1834, the canuts revolted a second time, occupying the heights of Lyon. The revolt lasted 6 days before being suppressed by 12,000 soldiers. According to historian Gérard Cholvy, the revolts had a profound effect on the French scholar Frédéric Ozanam . Laurent Mourguet was an unemployed canut when he created the character Guignol and his eponymous puppet show for children, supposedly in his own image. Cervelle de canut (lit. silk worker's brains )
420-604: The Navy. Consequently, the item was sometimes referred to as an oakley. For probably a hundred years, such pieces, massive and cumbrous in form, but often with well-carved fronts, were produced in moderate numbers; then the gradual diminution in the use of oak for cabinet -making produced a change of fashion in favor of the more plentiful American walnut . (The virgin American forests became successively Oak, then Maple with successive deforestation episodes.) Walnut succeeded oak as
448-495: The artistic employment of deftly contrasted and highly polished woods. The next to last step in the evolution of the wardrobe was taken when the central doors, which had previously enclosed merely the upper part, were carried to the floor, covering the drawers as well as the sliding shelves, and were often fitted with mirrors. In the United Kingdom , a more affluent option is custom-fitted wardrobes, which are built around
476-553: The cane and away from their weaker side as they walk. Due to personal preference or a need to use the dominant hand some cane users hold the cane on their injured side. In the U.S. Congress in 1856, Charles Sumner of Massachusetts criticized Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois and Andrew Butler of South Carolina for the Kansas–Nebraska Act . When a relative of Andrew Butler, Preston Brooks , heard of it, he felt that Sumner's behavior demanded retaliation, and beat him senseless on
504-560: The chronological changes in the form of the enclosure, it has more or less retained its preset function as a place to retain a king's robe. The word has gained coinage over successive generations as an independent store for among others, preserving precious items for a ruler like gold, well highlighted in King Edward I 's times. It is also a simple patio where clothes are hung from metal bars or tucked inside utility racks running from up to down. The modern wardrobe differs in one respect from
532-463: The favourite material for furniture, but hanging wardrobes in walnut appear to have been made very rarely, although clothes presses, with drawers and sliding trays , were frequent. During a large portion of the 18th century, the tallboy was much used for storing clothes. A common feature was to base future size on the eight small men method. A considered good size double wardrobe would thus be able to hold within its capacity, eight small men. In
560-488: The floor of the Senate with a gutta-percha walking cane. Although this event is commonly known as " the caning of Senator Charles Sumner ", it was not a caning in the normal (especially British) sense of formal corporal punishment with a much more flexible and usually thinner rattan. Wardrobe A wardrobe , also called armoire or almirah , is a standing closet used for storing clothes . The earliest wardrobe
588-463: The functional into the fantastic. The idea of a fancy cane as a fashion accessory to go with top hat and tails has been popularized in many song-and-dance acts, especially by Fred Astaire in several of his films and songs such as Top Hat, White Tie and Tails and Puttin' On the Ritz , where he exhorts, "Come, let's mix where Rockefellers walk with sticks or umbrellas in their mitts." He danced with
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#1732765526210616-400: The historical one for its triple partitioning: there are two linear compartments on either side with shelves as well as a middle space made up of hanging pegs and drawers, the latter being a latter-day addition, besides a clothes' press in the higher central space on level with a person's chest. Additionally, an armoire is a wardrobe that is wider than a grown adult's arm span, while a wardrobe
644-540: The nineteenth century, the wardrobe began to develop into its modern form, with a hanging cupboard at each side, a press in the upper part of the central portion, and drawers below. As a rule, it was often of mahogany , but as satinwood and other previously scarce, fine-grained, foreign woods began to be obtainable in considerable quantities, many elaborately and even magnificently inlaid wardrobes were made. Where Chippendale and his school had carved, Sheraton, Hepplewhite and their contemporaries achieved their effects by
672-542: The operating rooms of the Frankfurt City Hall or in banks. Kas, kast, or kasten (pronounced kaz) is a massive cupboard or wardrobe of Dutch origin similar to an armoire that was popular in the Netherlands and America in the 17th & 18th centuries. It was fitted with shelves and drawers used to store linen, clothing, and other valuables and locked by key. They were status symbols and family heirlooms in
700-413: The size and shape of the room. The Frankfurt cabinet is a two-door, baroque cupboard or wardrobe from the city of Frankfurt with a clear architectural structure system. These were made from spruce with a walnut veneer or solid oak. Unveneered examples made of pine are usually contemporary replicas. Thanks to their design, all cabinets can be dismantled into several individual parts and reassembled in just
728-551: The stick. Sticks are rated according to the weight they can bear; this is not just a matter of the weight of the user, but depends upon whether the stick is used for light balance and support, or with a great deal of weight placed on the stick. Canes made of carbon fiber or aluminum are stronger than those of the same weight and made of other materials such as hardwood. Various staffs of office derived from walking sticks or staffs are used by both western and eastern Christian churches, and for ceremonial purposes, as by Black Rod ,
756-501: Was a chest , and it was not until some degree of luxury was attained in regal palaces and the castles of powerful nobles that separate accommodation was provided for the apparel of the great. The name of wardrobe was then given to a room in which the wall-space was filled with closets and lockers, the drawer being a comparatively modern invention. From these cupboards and lockers the modern wardrobe, with its hanging spaces, sliding shelves and drawers, evolved slowly. Throughout
784-488: Was almost no limit to the sums which people were then willing to spend upon them. Louis XIV had a stick whose eagle knob was set with twenty-four diamonds. The Regent of France , one of the outstanding rakes of the century, had a huge and famous diamond called "the Regent" set as the head of a walking stick. People of fashion spent as much as forty thousand francs a year on walking sticks. Voltaire , who considered that he lived
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