Canyet is a district of Badalona that occupies the northern end of the municipality.
63-539: The current limits approved by the Town Hall in 1980 are: riera de Canyet turning westwards by the road from Can Mora to the municipal term of Santa Coloma de Gramanet , limit of this term and that of Montcada y Reixac , limit with San Fausto de Campcentellas , Riera de Pomar , Turó d'en Boscà y Calle Ferrater. The neighborhood is formed by a group of isolated typical farms and a more modern nuclei formed from constructions for vacationers. These summer resorts began in
126-457: A good dose of freedom. On the exterior façade there is a pointed window instead of the typical rose window with a stained glass window that represents the Virgin of Montserrat. The mid-rise octagonal bell tower is topped by a conical black tile pinnacle reminiscent of Northern Europe. At the same time, we find some details of Catalan Modernism of the time, such as the ornamentation that surrounds
189-693: A hill which therefore took the name of Mount Saraceno on the Gargano . From there they often came down to plunder and burn towns, villages and cities, to desecrate temples and commit all sorts of cruelties and atrocities. Defeated numerous times by different peoples, the Saracens, who fled from the Gargano in 967, fortified themselves in Bari. The campaign against Bari was long and between various negotiations, alliances and treaties it took place from 855 to 871, with
252-572: A nest at the mouth of the Garigliano (Traetto), from which they also held Rome at gunpoint: they were finally expelled only in 915, when the Byzantine empress Zoe Porphyrogenita managed to get the Italian lords to agree on the need to expel the Saracens from the Italian peninsula and began a campaign against them which - thanks to the commitment of Berengar I of Italy , of Pope John X , and of
315-625: A population of about 200 inhabitants. For its defense and security, the town was surrounded by a wall. The town was discovered in 1902 by Ferran de Sagarra, who carried out the first excavations and finds, ceded to the Institute of Catalan Studies . The work was continued by Serra-Ràfols and later by the Puig Castellar hiking center. Currently most of the objects discovered are in the Torre Balldovina Museum. To recover
378-677: A region in the northern Sinai Peninsula . Ptolemy also mentions a people called the Sarakēnoí ( Ancient Greek : οἱ Σαρακηνοί ) living in the northwestern Arabian Peninsula (near neighbor to the Sinai). Eusebius in his Ecclesiastical history narrates an account wherein Pope Dionysius of Alexandria mentions Saracens in a letter while describing the persecution of Christians by the Roman Emperor Decius : "Many were, in
441-641: A swift reaction against the Saracens. A first attempt to expel the Saracens from southern Italy was made in 866-871 by the emperor and king Louis II , who, having descended into Italy with an army of Franks , Burgundians and Provencals , in addition to the allied troops of Pope Sergius II , of the Doge of Venice , the Duke of Spoleto and that of Naples, he took back Benevento, Capua, Salerno, Bari, destroying Matera and Venosa . Now uncontrollable Saracen troops had been hired by Adelchis , Duke of Benevento: he forced
504-455: A territory of Byzantine prerogative for centuries: Basil allied himself with Sawdan and he fomented a revolt of the Lombards of Benevento, who took the emperor prisoner for about two months, while a new Saracen army of twenty thousand men, sent by Kairouan, devastated Calabria and Campania . In 873 Ludovico returned to Campania and defeated the Saracens, but died two years later. Therefore,
567-749: Is srq "to steal, rob, thief", more specifically from the noun sāriq ( Arabic : سارق ), pl. sāriqīn ( سارقين ), which means "thief, marauder". In his Levantine Diary , covering the years 1699–1740, the Damascene writer Hamad bin Kanan al-Salhi ( Arabic : محمد بن كَنّان الصالحي ) used the term sarkan to mean "travel on a military mission" from the Near East to parts of Southern Europe which were under Ottoman Empire rule, particularly Cyprus and Rhodes . Ptolemy 's 2nd-century work, Geography , describes Sarakēnḗ ( Ancient Greek : Σαρακηνή ) as
630-630: Is a municipality in Barcelonès county, in Catalonia , Spain . It is situated on the south-east side of the coastal range , with the Puig Castellar (299 m) as its highest point, on the left bank of the Besòs river : the municipalities of Sant Adrià de Besòs and Badalona separate it from the coast. It is the ninth most populated city in Catalonia. The area has been inhabited since at least
693-574: Is in The King of Tars , a medieval romance. The Song of Roland , an Old French 11th-century heroic poem, refers to the black skin of Saracens as their only exotic feature. The term Saracen remained in use in the West as a synonym for "Muslim" until the 18th century. When the Age of Discovery commenced, it gradually lost popularity to the newer term Mohammedan , which came into usage from at least
SECTION 10
#1732787488497756-733: The Annales Bertiniani , and from there they raged in the Rhône valley. The Balearic Islands were finally conquered by the Andalusian Umayyad cause in 902. From 827 the Aghlabid emirs of Kairouan , in today's Tunisia , began the conquest of Sicily , which took a long time, but which marked the apogee of Saracen rule in the Mediterranean for at least two centuries. The conquest was completed in 902, thanks to
819-631: The equites from Phoenicia and Thamud . In one document, the defeated enemies of Diocletian 's campaign in the Syrian Desert are described as Saracens. Other 4th-century military reports make no mention of Arabs, but refer to Saracen groups ranging as far east as Mesopotamia who were involved in battles on both the Sasanian and Roman sides. The Saracens were named in the Roman administrative document Notitia Dignitatum , dating from
882-653: The Arab people called Tayy , were located around Khaybar (an oasis north of Medina) and also in an area stretching up to the Euphrates . The Saraceni were placed north of them. These Saracens, located in the northern Hejaz , were described as people with a certain military ability who were opponents of the Roman Empire and who were classified by the Romans as barbarians . The Saracens are described as forming
945-538: The Iberic period, and the remains of an Iberic village have been found on Puig Castellar. The artefacts are housed in a museum in La Torre Balldovina , a building dating from the 18th century. Other notable buildings include the renaissance palace of La Torre Pallaresa and the noucentista Clínica Mental . In November 2008, the city made worldwide news by installing solar panels on top of crypts in
1008-548: The 12th century, "Saracen" developed various overlapping definitions, generally conflating peoples and cultures associated with Islam , the Near East and the Abbasid Caliphate . Such an expansion in the meaning of the term had begun centuries earlier among the Byzantine Greeks , as evidenced in documents from the 8th century where "Saracen" is synonymous with "Muslim". Before the 16th century, "Saracen"
1071-480: The 16th century. After this point, Saracen enjoyed only sporadic usage (for example, in the phrase " Indo-Saracenic architecture ") before being outmoded entirely. In the Wiltshire dialect , the meaning of "Sarsen" (Saracen) was eventually extended to refer to anything regarded as non-Christian, whether Muslim or pagan. From that derived the still current term " sarsen " (a shortening of "Saracen stone"), denoting
1134-516: The 1920s and ended up becoming the first residences. The good conservation of the farms is the reason that 12 of them are included in the special Plan of protection of the historical heritage of Badalona. They are the farmhouses of the Torre Codina, Can Trons, Can Miravitges, Can Ferrater, Ca l'Arquer, Mas Boscà, Can Butinyà, Can Mora, Mas Amigó, Mas Oliver and Cal Dimoni. One of these houses is deemed of particular significance, Can Pujol. Among
1197-491: The 3rd centuries BC. C. or II a. C, precisely with the arrival of the Romans in the lands. The town was medium in size, basically dedicated to agriculture and livestock, although traces found confirm commercial activity with foreign civilizations such as the Greek or Carthaginian. The structure of the town is elliptical, with three longitudinal streets and an area of about 4000 m², which is estimated to be about thirty buildings and
1260-765: The 7th century, in the Greek-language Christian tract Doctrina Jacobi . Among other major events, the tract discusses the Muslim conquest of the Levant , which occurred after the rise of the Rashidun Caliphate following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . The Roman Catholic Church and European Christian leaders used the term during the Middle Ages to refer to Muslims . By
1323-670: The 827 Muslim conquest of Sicily . Also in this year, an autonomous Andalusian kingdom was founded in Alexandria , Egypt, which the Abbasid Caliphate put an end to in 825. Then the Andalusians left for the Aegean , where they established the Emirate of Crete , independent and flourishing from a commercial and cultural point of view, as well as powerful from a military point of view, until the Byzantine reconquest in 961. Crete became
SECTION 20
#17327874884971386-449: The 9th century the repopulation of the sector began. The new settlers, coming from the north, had to know the tradition of the martyrdom of Santa Coloma (Santa Columba de Sens, sacrificed by the Romans in Gaul in the year 274, when she was only 17 years old) and it is probable that a pre-Romanesque church was dedicated to her. which was destroyed by Almanzor in 985. A Romanesque temple
1449-758: The Arabian mountain, enslaved by the barbarous 'sarkenoi'." The Augustan History also refers to an attack by Saraceni on Pescennius Niger 's army in Egypt in 193, but provides little information as to identifying them. Both Hippolytus of Rome and Uranius mention three distinct peoples in Arabia during the first half of the third century: the Taeni , the Saraceni , and the Arabes . The Taeni , later identified with
1512-631: The Church of San Marco dei Veneziani was built in old Bari. From Sicily in the 9th century the Arabs continued to plunder the coasts of southern Italy, also establishing new, occasional bridgeheads , such as at Agropoli or Santa Severina , which, despite the unsuccessful intervention of Otto II (in 982), they lasted for a long time, falling away only after 1036, when the death of the Sicilian emir of al-Akhal led to an irreversible fragmentation of power on
1575-490: The Dukes of Spoleto and Camerino - reaped the promised fruit. In reality the raids continued, in fact one of the most serious episodes seems to be the new sack of Oria and Taranto which occurred in 925/926, on which occasion the family of the well-known Oritan Jewish scholar Shabbethai Donnolo was captured. In 970, they returned again to the Gargano, devastating places (the two Roman cities of Siponto and Matinum were razed to
1638-578: The Islamic Empire between themselves between the 8th and 9th centuries ( Córdoba , Cairo and Baghdad ), were substantially independent. The repression of the Umayyad insurrection in al-Andalus was bloody and it is in this period (818) that the mass emigration of Andalusians (so indicated, regardless of ethnic origin and religion) took place along two lines, partly to Morocco and others to Egypt. From here they supported their co-religionists for
1701-571: The Muslims to create a fleet capable of undermining Byzantine supremacy in the Mediterranean in a relatively short time. Especially on the Maghreb and Spanish coasts, various emirates had been established where the local component soon merged with the Arab and Berber ones. Each emirate was headed by an emir who, apart from formal subjection to one of the three caliphs who divided
1764-532: The Puig Castellar, "the Old Church" and the most typical agricultural products from which the local peasantry lived). The middle one represents Santa Colona (Patroness) with her legendary emblems (the bear, fire and rain, the dove and the Bible). The one on the right shows the two most emblematic buildings of the current city (the Town Hall and the church of Santa Coloma). In addition, the blue color that decorates
1827-681: The Saracen port of Taranto remained, from which a very rich slave trade took place. It was the Byzantines who recovered Taranto in 876. However, the Saracen raids in the Adriatic did not end with the reconquest of Taranto, indeed in those years the Muslims completed the conquest of Sicily ( Syracuse in 878, Taormina in 902). In 882, once again allied with the Campanians, they destroyed the abbeys of San Vincenzo and Montecassino, establishing
1890-468: The Saracens as followers of a "false" prophet and "forerunner[s] to the Antichrist," and further connected their name to Ishmael and his expulsion. By the 12th century, Medieval Europeans used the term Saracen as both an ethnic and religious marker. In some Medieval literature, Saracens were equated with Muslims in general and described as dark-skinned, while Christians lighter-skinned. An example
1953-682: The Saracens found a way to prosper thanks to their raids and their offering themselves as mercenaries to the most diverse Christian lords of the time. In 843 the Saracens went so far as to destroy Fondi and Monte Cassino , arriving in Ostia and going up the Tiber to reach Rome where they sacked St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican and Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome. The gesture prompted
Canyet - Misplaced Pages Continue
2016-504: The abbots of Monte Cassino and San Vincenzo al Volturno . In the meantime, an emir reigned in Bari who juggled between the various local powers, without denying the granting, upon payment, of safe conducts for pilgrims who wanted to embark for the Holy Land . He also protected the learned Jewish community of Oria . Expelled for the first time from Bari, a nucleus of them entrenched themselves near Monte Matino ( Horace 's Mons matinus ) on
2079-659: The active combat phase in the four years between 867 and 871. The emir Sawdan, who had also sacked the Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo on the Gargano, was allowed to spend his life in golden captivity by his friend Adelchis, prince of Benevento. But this move turned out to be wrong for the German emperor due to the entry into the scene of the Byzantine emperor Basil I , who frowned upon the intervention in Southern Italy,
2142-591: The center of numerous military expeditions in the Aegean, in southern Italy, where Traetto was also founded, and Rome was raided in 846, 849 and 876. In the western Mediterranean, due to the weakening of the Carolingian Empire and its fleet, Marseille was raided in 838 and 846, Arles in 842 and 850 and Fréjus in 869. The Muslims established a refuge in the Camargue in these years, as chronicled in
2205-463: The combination of artificial stone and exposed brick and in the ornamentation carried by the two capitals – one lower and one upper – that support each column. The temple was designed and its works, in part, directed by Francesc d'Assís Berenguer i Mestres, a close collaborator of Gaudí, with whom he worked for twenty-seven years. As Berenguer did not have the title of architect, the project was signed by Miquel Pascual i Tintorer. It seems that he assumed
2268-400: The county of Capua. The compromise solution did not please Pope Leo IV , who in those years was having Rome surrounded with the " Leonine belt " of walls, as proof of the fear that was still alive, so the pontiff sponsored the formation of a Campanian fleet which in 849 defeated the Saracens off the coast of Ostia. Ludovico, nominated emperor in the meantime, moved towards Bari, also begged by
2331-538: The direction of the works when he died suddenly in Berenguer in 1914, at the age of forty-seven. The construction was supported by a legacy from Mn. Jaume Gordi. An altarpiece that was in the Main Altar was destroyed in the first days of the civil war of 1936–1939 . After having tried various solutions to address the absence of this altarpiece, a ceramic screen, that is still there today, the work of Ricardo Altés,
2394-608: The earliest known version of the claim that Ishmaelites chose to be called Saracens in order to identify with Abraham's "free" wife Sarah , rather than as Hagarenes, which would have highlighted their association with Abraham's "slave woman" Hagar . This claim was popular during the Middle Ages, but derives more from Paul's allegory in the New Testament letter to the Galatians than from historical data. The name Saracen
2457-466: The ground), terrifying the inhabitants in massacres and robberies, who were forced to ask Otto the Great for help. It is on Mount Saraceno, where they were strongly entrenched for years, that the Saracens were defeated and driven from the place by Otto the Great. In 1002/03 Doge Pietro II Orseolo successfully led a fleet of 100 ships against the Saracens who had been besieging Bari for months. As thanks,
2520-486: The historical heritage, since 2007 the Iberian Festival has been celebrated in the city. Among the activities, stand out the representations of the daily life of the Iberians. Panareda Clopés, Josep Maria; Rios Calvet, Jaume; Rabella Vives, Josep Maria (1989). Guia de Catalunya , Barcelona: Caixa de Catalunya. ISBN 84-87135-01-3 (Spanish). ISBN 84-87135-02-1 (Catalan). Saracen Saracen ( / ˈ s ær ə s ən / SARR -ə-sən )
2583-401: The island. They were expelled from Sicily in 1071, after ten years of war, by the Normans . The chain of coastal towers along the Tyrrhenian coast, connected to each other within sight to exchange signals, had the purpose of spotting pirate ships from afar in order to give the alarm to the defenseless populations in time, but they were only built in the 16th century to protect themselves by
Canyet - Misplaced Pages Continue
2646-466: The islands of Ischia and Ponza fell under Islamic rule. Again, the Neapolitans, to weaken Benevento, had invited the Saracens to attack Brindisi in 838, from which they extended to Taranto and Bari , which became the seat of the eponymous emirate from 840 to 871. Having defeated a Venetian fleet in the Kvarner Gulf , the Saracens now took advantage of the rivalries between the local powers, acting as masters and now also putting themselves at
2709-454: The kind of stone used by the builders of Stonehenge , long predating Islam. The rhyming stories of the Old French Crusade cycle were popular with medieval audiences in Northern France, Occitania and Iberia. Beginning in the late 12th century, stories about the sieges of Antioch and Jerusalem gave accounts of battle scenes and suffering, and of Saracen plunder, their silks and gold, and masterfully embroidered and woven tents. From
2772-404: The local cemetery, in an effort to help fight climate change. Various archaeological finds from the Neolithic and Eneolithic times, discovered within the Santa Coloma de Gramanet area, reveal the presence of human groups at least from the year 3500 BC. It seems that between the 10th and 6th centuries BC. Several migrations from the north arrived in the area that converged a short time later in
2835-423: The lower part of the two stained glass windows – "rural" and "urban" – evokes the river Besós present in all eras. To the right of the Main Altar is the image of the patron saint of the city, Santa Coloma Mártir, original from the 15th century. Her face was damaged by a fire during July 1936 caused by the Republican side and, later, it was rebuilt with a slightly different appearance than it had previously. Next to
2898-429: The offensive against the Byzantines, who had cut off supplies by conquering Crete (827) and Malta (870). The settlement of the Saracens was sometimes also encouraged and supported by local lords, as help in disputes, as in the case of Andrea, consul of Naples , who was harassed by the Lombard prince of Benevento Sico and after turning in vain to Louis the Pious he asked the Saracens for help. The intervention
2961-449: The people of Bari to accept the protection of the Berber Khalfun, who as payment was promised nothing less than permission to sack and burn some sacred buildings in the area, but he went so far as to raze the city of Capua to the ground. Ludovico, then in Italy, managed to free Benevento from the mercenaries and pacify the Lombard princes, acting as guarantor for the division of the duchy into the two principalities of Salerno and Benevento and
3024-414: The service of the unscrupulous Beneventans themselves. In the year 840, Siconulf , lord of Salerno , fighting with Radelchis and Landulf , lords of Benevento and Capua , called to his aid the Saracens settled in the colony under the Traetto hill, at the mouth of the Garigliano , often and willingly hired by the Duke of Naples , Andrew II . After bloody incursions into some parts of southern Italy ,
3087-406: The settlement of the Iberian tribe of Layetanos, established in the 6th or 5th century B.C. in Puig Castellar , in the extreme north of the current municipality. They occupied the entire coastal strip from Sitges to Blanes , and their culture survived until the strong impact of the Roman conquest (3rd century B.C.) marked the beginning of their progressive extinction. The town of Puig Castellar
3150-424: The story of the Frankish knights at the tent of Saracen leader Corbaran: The tent was very rich, draped with brilliant silk, and patterned green silk was thrown over the grass, with lengths of cut fabric worked with birds and beasts. The cords with which it was tied are of silk, and the quilt was sewn with a shining, delicate samit . The Islamic conquest of countries such as Egypt and Syria had allowed
3213-590: The summer resorts converted into first residences are: the colony of Sant Antoni, in the surroundings of can Campmany; the Sant Jaume colony, in the surroundings of the Mas Oliver and the Sant Jordi colony, in the surroundings of the Codina Tower. The most important monument of the neighborhood is the Monastery of San Jerónimo de la Murtra . Santa Coloma de Gramanet Santa Coloma de Gramenet ( Catalan pronunciation: [ˈsantə kuˈlomə ðə ɣɾəməˈnɛt] ), informally simply known as Santa Coloma , and formerly as Gramenet de Besòs between 1936 and 1939,
SECTION 50
#17327874884973276-400: The temple is the rectory, of a very austere Gothic style , almost archaeological, adorned by a set of crenellated windows and, at the same time, by a certain asymmetry that gives it, within its severity, a slight air of modernist style. The current church of Sant Josep Oriol occupies the same site as the original 11th century Romanesque church, replaced in 1761 by a new Baroque temple , which
3339-465: The time of Theodosius I in the 4th century , as comprising distinctive units in the Roman army . They were distinguished in the document from Arabs. No later than the early fifth century, Jewish and Christian writers began to equate Saracens with Arabs. Saracens were associated with Ishmaelites (descendants of Abraham 's firstborn Ishmael ) in some strands of Jewish, Christian, and Islamic genealogical thinking. The writings of Jerome (d. 420) are
3402-423: The upper part of the bell tower based on pointed battlements and Greek crosses. A notable feature of the entire exterior is its verticality that gives it a "transcendent" air. The interior features a coffered ceiling that recalls the ceiling of the Santa Ágata chapel in Barcelona. It is a staggering of wooden beams that forms rectangular squares. The trace of the modernist movement is not lacking either, reflected in
3465-466: The year 1886 and consisted of the municipal government offices, together with the court-prison and a school. This temple, dedicated to Santa Coloma (martyr), was built between 26 May 1912, when the first stone was laid and 5 September 1915, when it was inaugurated. It is one of the last neo-Gothic buildings to be built in Catalonia between the last of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. A new interpretation of medieval Gothic made with
3528-449: Was a term used both in Greek and Latin writings between the 5th and 15th centuries to refer to the people who lived in and near what was designated by the Romans as Arabia Petraea and Arabia Deserta . The term's meaning evolved during its history of usage. During the Early Middle Ages , the term came to be associated with the tribes of Arabia . The oldest known source mentioning "Saracens" in relation to Islam dates back to
3591-417: Was also requested again by his successor Sicard , with the cities of Amalfi , Sorrento and Gaeta joining the Neapolitans: the Saracens behaved correctly towards the cities of Campania, helping them to defeat the Beneventans and signing peace and trade agreements. In exchange the Neapolitans helped the Saracens during the siege of Messina in 843 and maintained a complicit neutrality when Punta Licosa and
3654-461: Was built in the same place, documented since 1019, which survived as a parish church for more than seven centuries . Around this church the first urban nucleus began to form, which coexisted with some old farmhouses. The Plaza de la Vila , with its corresponding urbanization, emerged at the end of the s. XIX in the lands of the disappeared farmhouse of Can Pascali. The first nucleus of buildings, known as Casa de la Villa or New Town Hall, dates from
3717-463: Was commonly used in Western languages to refer to Muslims , and the terms "Muslim" and "Islam" were generally not used, with a few isolated exceptions. The term gradually became obsolete in favor of "Muslim" following the Age of Discovery . The Latin term Saraceni is of unknown original meaning. There are claims of it being derived from the Semitic triliteral root šrq "east" and šrkt "tribe, confederation". Another possible Semitic root
3780-438: Was destroyed in 1936. Of the current building, the most remarkable element is the presbytery, decorated by the artist Grau Garriga , and which is presided over by an impressive cotton tapestry in the shape of the Esquix lamb, which symbolizes Jesus Christ. The Iberian town is located at the top of Puig Castellar, 303 m high. It is the remains of a village of a Laietana tribe, founded in the 6th century BC. C. and that lasted until
3843-416: Was installed. The windows in the upper part of the apse have been provided with seven stained glass windows. You have to observe the three in the center, made by the cartoonist Pere Cánovas and the glazier Francisco Queixalós that offer a rich diversity of colors. The one on the left reproduces the historical signs of the Colomense town during its long rural period (the Pallaresa Tower, the Balldovina Tower,
SECTION 60
#17327874884973906-399: Was not indigenous among the populations so described but was applied to them by Greco-Roman historians based on Greek place names. As the Middle Ages progressed, usage of the term in the Latin West changed, but its connotation remained associated with opponents of Christianity, and its exact definition is unclear. In an 8th-century polemical work, the Arab monk John of Damascus criticized
3969-421: Was probably abandoned at the beginning of the 2nd century B.C. There are hardly any data on the population in Roman and Visigothic times. It seems that there were several villages scattered in the valley, near the Besòs , very influenced by the neighboring cities: Baetulo ( Badalona ), active until the 2nd century A.D., and Barcino ( Barcelona ). After the relative abandonment of the Saracen invasion, from
#496503