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46-594: Northbrook Island is one of the most accessible locations in the island group. Thus it often served as a base for polar expeditions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The island was discovered in 1880 by English Arctic explorer Benjamin Leigh Smith . It was named after the Earl of Northbrook , who was president of the Royal Geographical Society from 1879 to 1880. The naming of the island

92-637: A Norwegian fishing vessel at Danes Island that Nordenskiöld's expedition had been frozen in at Mosselbukta and was starving. Leigh Smith reached the 3 beset ships on the same day and aided them with his provisions. For this act of salvation he later received the Swedish Royal Order of the Polar Star . The expedition undertook some exploring, but did not succeed in reaching much further than previously. By his fourth expedition, Leigh Smith's enthusiasm for Arctic exploration had advanced to

138-467: A freedom not normally possessed by many women and Bodichon and a group of London friends began to meet regularly in the 1850s to discuss women's rights, and became known as " The Ladies of Langham Place ". This group became one of the first organised women's movements in Britain. They pursued many causes vigorously, including their Married Women's Property Committee. In 1854, she published Brief Summary of

184-528: A gruesome ordeal, navigator Valerian Albanov and sailor Alexander Konrad , the sole survivors of the ill-fated expedition of the Svyataya Anna , ended up on Cape Flora in 1914. Albanov and Konrad were ultimately rescued by the Svyatoy Foka as they were preparing for the winter. For a long time, Northbrook Island was thought to be a single entity. However during an archeological expedition on

230-679: A liberal Unitarian family with a private income. Their independent wealth gave Bodichon more freedom to grow as an artist. In 1852, after she had enrolled in Bedford College, she developed and opened Portman Hall School in Paddington, having researched practices at other primary schools, in conjunction with its first head teacher, Elizabeth Whitehead. In 1854, Bodichon published the Brief Summary in Plain Language of

276-583: A philanthropist and her greatest skill was as a facilitator. She was a leading mid-19th-century feminist and women's rights activist. She published her influential Brief Summary of the Laws of England concerning Women in 1854 and the English Woman's Journal in 1858. Bodichon co-founded Girton College, Cambridge (1869). Her brother was the Arctic explorer Benjamin Leigh Smith . Barbara Leigh Smith

322-422: A rented lodge at Whatlington, a small village near Battle, East Sussex . There she lived as "Mrs Leigh", the surname of his relations on the nearby Isle of Wight . The birth of their first child, Barbara Leigh Smith , created a scandal because the couple did not marry, and within eight weeks Anne was pregnant again. When their son Benjamin was born, the four of them went to America for two years, when another child

368-544: Is assumed that the islands were until recently linked by a tombolo that has since been washed away. Although various names have been suggested, the land to the west of the discovered strait is now officially called West Northbrook Island (остров Западный Нортбрук), the larger entity to the east is East Northbrook Island (остров Восточный Нортбрук). Benjamin Leigh Smith Benjamin Leigh Smith (12 March 1828 – 4 January 1913)

414-561: Is named after Leigh Smith, as are the glacier Leighbreen and Kapp ( Cape ) Leigh Smith on Nordaustlandet , Svalbard, Cape Benjamin Smith is located in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut , on the south side of Margaret Island where it juts into Queens Channel . Barbara Leigh Smith Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon (born Barbara Leigh Smith ; 8 April 1827 – 11 June 1891) was an English educationalist and artist ,

460-629: The Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition . On 14 August the expedition sighted May Island which lies in the Western part of Franz Joseph Land that had not previously been explored. The expedition discovered several other islands namely Hooker , Etheridge , Northbrook , Bell , Mabel , Bruce , Eaton , and David Island. The expedition also resulted in the naming of Eira Harbour, Cape Flora, Gratton Glacier, Nightingale Sound, and De Bruyne Sound. The name Alexandra Land

506-564: The Langham Place Circle , a group of forward-thinking women artists who developed the English Woman's Journal . During the 1850s, this group fought for women's education, employment, property rights, and suffrage. In 1859, Bodichon, along with many female artists including Eliza Fox, Margaret Gillies, and Emily Mary Osborn all signed a petition demanding access for women to the Royal Academy School. Their request

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552-615: The London Zoo . On 19 May 1871, Leigh Smith sailed from Grimsby on board the Sampson , an 85-ton schooner built in 1852. The captain Erik Andreas Ulve and the 12 other crew members were Norwegian. The expedition stopped at Tromsø before heading to Svalbard, which was reached on 7 July. Sampson navigated through the ice around the west and north coast of Spitsbergen into Hinlopen Strait . Here Leigh-Smith surveyed what

598-505: The 3rd expedition Leigh Smith chartered James Lamont 's Arctic exploration vessel Diana (crew of 17) and used Sampson (crew of 13) as a reserve supply tender. It was joined by Herbert Chermside , who was in charge of logkeeping, and naturalist Alfred Edwin Eaton . The objective was to venture beyond the northeast edge of Svalbard and also to search for Nordenskiöld's expedition which had not yet returned. On 13 June, Diana learned from

644-421: The Arctic winter supplementing their stored food with hunted bears, birds, and walrus such that they had 2 months worth of provisions left for the planned boat journey south. On 21 June 1882, the sea being sufficiently clear of ice, Leigh Smith ordered the boats into the sea. They made slow progress initially, often being forced to wait for ice channels to form or to haul the boats over ice. On 1 August they got to

690-659: The Laws of England concerning Women , which helped to promote the passage of the Married Women's Property Act 1882 . During this period Bodichon became friends with the artist Anna Mary Howitt , for whom she sat on several occasions. Bodichon's first romantic relationship was with John Chapman , editor of the Westminster Review , but she refused to marry him and lose her legal rights. On 2 July 1857, she married an eminent French physician, Dr Eugène Bodichon, at Little Portland Street Chapel. Incidentally this

736-753: The Most Important Laws Concerning Women, which was crucial in the passage of the Married Women's Property Act. In 1866, in collaboration with Emily Davies, she presented the idea of university education for women, being able to conduct the first experiment at a college in Hitchin, which developed into Girton College and of which Bodichon became a dedicated patron. She studied under the English artist William Henry Hunt to develop her skill in watercolours. Bodichon belonged to

782-414: The churchyard of Brightling , East Sussex, about 50 miles (80 km) from London. It was in a state of disrepair, with railings rusted and breaking away and the tomb inscription scarcely legible. The historian Dr Judith Rowbotham at Nottingham Trent University issued an appeal for funds to restore the grave and its surroundings, which raised about £1,000. The railings were sand-blasted and repainted and

828-476: The cost of building a school for the inner city poor at Vincent Square , Westminster , and paid a penny a week towards the fees for each child, the same amount paid by their parents. Smith met Anne Longden while on a visit to his sister in Derbyshire. She became pregnant by him and he took her to the south of England, housing her in a rented lodge at Whatlington , near Battle, East Sussex , as "Mrs Leigh",

874-508: The couple. Her father had four sisters including Frances "Fanny" Smith, who married William Nightingale (né Shore), their daughters were Florence Nightingale (the nurse and statistician); and Joanna Maria, who married John Bonham-Carter (1788–1838) MP and founded the Bonham Carter family . The Nightingale family refused to acknowledge the five Smith children due to what they perceived as illegitimacy. Benjamin Leigh Smith's home

920-585: The crew constructed a storehouse on Bell Island which they called Eira Lodge. The ship then steamed to Cape Flora of Northbrook Island , where it was crushed by ice on 22 August. The expedition was forced to abandon ship, though many supplies and 5 boats could be salvaged during its sinking. As the ice initially made it impossible to reach Eira Lodge, they constructed a hut at Cape Flora from stones, planks, spars, and sails they called Flora Cottage. On 1 September one boat managed to reach Eira Lodge and brought additional supplies to Flora Cottage. The expedition survived

966-618: The crew hunted whales and seals which partly covered the expedition's cost to Leigh Smith. Sampson then continued along the edge of the ice pack to Svalbard. Here further deep sea temperature soundings by Wells further corroborated the supposed warm deep-sea current. By the island Moffen , the ship was damaged by ice and needed to be beached for repairs in Wijdefjorden . Afloat once more, the Sampson encountered at Fuglefjorden Nordenskiöld 's Swedish polar expedition on their way North. Leigh Smith returned to Hull on 26 September. For

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1012-451: The crew of the research vessel Alter Ego during the "Open Ocean: Arctic Archipelagos 2017" expedition using sonar at a depth of about 20 metres (70 ft), off Northbrook Island . Despite his expertise in the Arctic, Leigh Smith's work has received little attention, although he received the Royal Geographical Society's Patron's Medal in 1881. Ostrov Li-Smita (Leigh-Smith Island), lying east of Hooker Island (Franz Josef Land),

1058-422: The icebreaker Kapitan Dranitsyn in 1985, Ratislav Gaidovskiy found that there was a narrow strait separating it into a large eastern part, and a smaller island, containing Cape Flora, to the west. The existence of this strait was confirmed in 2006 by Stanislav Rumyantsev on the icebreaker Yamal , in 2007 by Børge Ousland and Thomas Ulrich, and in 2012 by the crew of Professor Molchanov and Rossiya . It

1104-404: The last was born in 1833, Anne fell ill with tuberculosis. Smith leased 9 Pelham Crescent, Hastings, which faced the sea, whose healthy properties were highly regarded at the time. A local woman, Hannah Walker, was employed to look after the children. Anne did not recover and so Smith took her to Ryde , Isle of Wight, where she died in 1834. Smith, unusually for the time, sent all his children to

1150-473: The local school to learn alongside working-class children, rather than sending the older boys to a boarding or an elite day school. He later shared financial endowments equally with all the children, male and female, giving each an income of £300 per annum from the age of majority (21). Early in her life, Barbara showed a force of character and breadth of sympathies that would win her prominence among philanthropists and social workers. Independent income gave her

1196-604: The oceanic currents around Svalbard make the West side favourable for exploration. On 27 September the expedition returned to Tromsø. The 2nd expedition consisted of 17 men including Leigh Smith and captain John C. Wells. Crew members were signed up from Hull and the Shetland Islands . The expedition left Hull on 13 May 1872. The expedition reached Jan Mayen on 3 June. Temperature measurements at depth were taken by Wells as

1242-462: The open sea not far from Novaya Zemlya . The following day they reached the land and where spotted by the Dutch Arctic exploration ship Willem Barentsz . The expedition members were brought home in the ship Hope of the privately organised " Eira Search and Relief Expedition" under the command of Allen Young , reaching Aberdeen on 20 August. In August 2017, the sunken Eira was found by

1288-510: The point that he had his own vessel— Eira —specially built. Eira was built at the Scottish shipyard of Stephen & Forbes at Peterhead as a three-masted, steam-equipped screw barquentine from 1879 to 1880. John and David Gray pioneered steam engine ships and the Eira was designed along the lines of the whaler Hope and Windward . At 125 feet (38 m) long and 360 tons the Eira

1334-535: The right to vote for women. Despite all her public interests, Bodichon found time for society and her favourite art of painting. Bodichon studied under William Holman Hunt . Her water colours, exhibited at the Salon, the Royal Academy and elsewhere, showed originality and talent, and were admired by Corot and Daubigny . Bodichon's London salon included many literary and artistic celebrities of her day. She

1380-437: The sexes. In 1866, cooperating with Emily Davies , Bodichon produced a scheme to extend university education to women. The first small experiment in this, at Hitchin , developed into Girton College, Cambridge , to which Bodichon gave liberally of her time and money. In 1869, she wrote a Brief Summary in Plain Language of the Laws of England Concerning Women which helped pass Married Women's Property Act 1870 . Bodichon

1426-480: The surname of Ben Smith's relations on the Isle of Wight . Barbara's birth caused scandal, as the couple did not marry. Smith rode from Brown's Farm to visit them daily, and in eight weeks Anne was pregnant again. When their son Ben was born, the four went to America for two years, during which another child was conceived. On their return to Sussex, they lived openly together at Brown's and had two more children. After

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1472-487: The voyage and exploration of Svalbard. On 11 July, John Gray's Hope and David Gray's Eclipse met up with the Eira and Leigh Smith. Grant took a photograph aboard the Eira that included Arthur Conan Doyle along with Leigh Smith, the Gray brothers, Dr. Neale, and, William Lofley. After finding the northern coast of Svalbard in thick ice, Leigh Smith decided to explore Franz Josef Land , discovered 7 years earlier by

1518-468: Was a Unitarian , who wrote of Theodore Parker : "He prayed to the Creator, the infinite Mother of us all (always using Mother instead of Father in this prayer). It was the prayer of all I ever heard in my life which was the truest to my individual soul." On 21 November 1865 Barbara Bodichon, helped by Jessie Boucherett and Helen Taylor , brought up the idea of a parliamentary reform aimed at achieving

1564-620: Was an English Arctic explorer and yachtsman . He was the grandson of the abolitionist William Smith . He was born in Whatlington , Sussex , the extramarital child of Anne Longden, a milliner from Alfreton , and the Whig politician Benjamin Smith (1783–1860), eldest son of William Smith , an abolitionist . On a visit to his sister in Derbyshire in 1826, Benjamin senior met Anne Longden. She became pregnant by him and he took her to

1610-578: Was an English leader in the movements of education and political rights for women during the 1800s. Her marriage did not deter her from continuing her campaigns for women's rights to education. Bodichon studied at the Ladies' College in Bedford Square founded in London, England in 1849. Here she was given instruction for work as a professional artist rather than an art instructor. Bodichon came from

1656-512: Was an early member of the Society of Female Artists (SFA) and showed 59 art works with them between 1858 and 1886. She was George Eliot 's intimate friend and the first to recognise the authorship of Adam Bede . Her personal appearance is said to have inspired "the tall, red-haired heroine of Eliot's Romola with her 'expression of proud tenacity and latent impetuousness'". Bodichon died at Robertsbridge , Sussex, on 11 June 1891. She

1702-455: Was born on 8 April 1827, to Anne Longden, a milliner from Alfreton , Derbyshire and a Whig politician, Benjamin "Ben" Leigh Smith (1783–1860), the eldest son of the Radical abolitionist William Smith . Her parents did not marry as her father's radical views included the belief that marriage laws were injurous to the legal rights of women. Barbara was the eldest of five children born to

1748-590: Was coined to refer to the land to the North, today's Prince George and Alexandra Land . On 1 September, Eira left Franz Josef Land, briefly returning to Svalbard, before arriving in Peterhead on 12 October. The following year the ship departed on a second voyage, leaving Peterhead on 14 June 1881 with a crew of 25. The intention was to establish a base camp in the newly discovered area and exploring further north. Sighting Franz Josef Land on 23 July,

1794-592: Was conceived. After their return to Sussex, they lived openly together and had two more children. Subsequently, Anne became ill with tuberculosis and died in Ryde , Isle of Wight, in 1834, when her son Benjamin was five years old. Between 1871 and 1882, Leigh Smith undertook five major scientific expeditions to Svalbard , Jan Mayen , and Franz Josef Land . He brought back specimens for the British Museum and Royal Botanic Gardens , as well as live polar bears for

1840-613: Was denied, stating that it would require the Royal Academy to develop "separate" life classes. In 1860, Laura Herford, one of the women artists fighting for access, submitted an application to the Royal Academy School using only her initials. She was accepted, much to the embarrassment of the Academy. Herford's enrolment was permitted, and gradually more women artists were accepted in subsequent years. In 2007 Irene Baker and Lesley Abdela helped to restore Barbara Bodichon's grave in

1886-478: Was in Marylebone , London, but from 1816 he inherited and bought property near Hastings : Brown's Farm near Robertsbridge , with an extant house built about 1700, and Crowham Manor, Westfield , which included 200 acres (0.81 km ). Although a member of the landed gentry , Smith held radical views. He was a Dissenter , a Unitarian , a supporter of free trade , and a benefactor to the poor. In 1826 he bore

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1932-726: Was in the year that the Matrimonial Causes Act 1857 , for which Bodichon had campaigned, allowed women access to divorce courts. Although wintering for many years in Algiers , Bodichon continued to lead the movements she had initiated on behalf of Englishwomen. In 1858, Bodichon set up the English Women's Journal , a periodical which emphasised direct employment and equality issues for women, in particular manual or intellectual industrial employment, expansion of employment opportunities, and reform of laws pertaining to

1978-410: Was later named Wilhelm Island , establishing that it was an island. He then continued along the north coast of Nordaustlandet , making the first confirmed sightings of 22 islands including Brochøya , Foynøya , and Schübelerøya . Throughout the voyage, Leigh Smith made a series of temperature measurements, by which he realised that the temperatures increased significantly below the surface and that

2024-683: Was leading the Jackson–Harmsworth expedition , based at Cape Flora, when this meeting occurred, on 17 June 1896. A cape to the north of the island, at 80°55'N, was named Cape Bruce, after British zoologist and oceanographer William Speirs Bruce , a member of the Jackson–Harmsworth expedition. In 1904, coal was mined about 150 metres (492 feet) up the slopes by explorers of the American Ziegler Polar expedition wintering over after their ship sank at Rudolf Island . After

2070-625: Was partly due to the insistence of Nikolai Góring , who was among the Earl's entourage during his presidential term. Cape Flora, located in an unglacierized area in the Southwest of Northbrook Island ( 79°57′N 50°05′E  /  79.950°N 50.083°E  / 79.950; 50.083 ) camp is historically significant. Benjamin Leigh Smith was shipwrecked at Cape Flora in 1881. A chance encounter between explorers Fridtjof Nansen and Frederick George Jackson took place here in 1896. Jackson

2116-712: Was seven feet longer and forty tons heavier that the Windward —built in 1866 with a 30 hp steam engine—but an otherwise close copy. The ship's hull was three feet thick and the bow had a thickness of eight feet. After launching the Eira was towed to Aberdeen where a 50 hp steam engine was installed. On 19 June 1880, the ship left Aberdeen with Captain William Lofley from Hull as ice master, surgeon William Neale, photographer William John Alexander Grant, two mates, two engineers, and 17 men. On 20 June, four Shetlanders were picked up at Lerwick for

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