James Larmer (b. 1808 or 1809 – d. 1886) was a government surveyor in the colony of New South Wales. Between 1830 and 1859, he surveyed land, roads and settlements in New South Wales. He was an Assistant Surveyor to the Surveyor-General, Sir Thomas Mitchel l, from 1835 to 1855. In 1835, he was second in command of Mitchell's second expedition . He is also noteworthy for his recording of Aboriginal words from various parts of New South Wales.
47-574: The Capital Wind Farm near Bungendore is the largest wind farm in New South Wales . It is part of the 6,000-hectare (15,000-acre) Capital Renewable Energy Precinct, along with nearby Woodlawn Wind Farm and the Capital East Solar Demonstration Plant. Capital Wind Farm was built by international contractors Suzlon Energy for owner and operator Infigen Energy . Construction began in early 2008, and
94-592: A Justice of the Peace at Braidwood in 1859. With other JPs, he presided over cases in the town's Police Court, until 1885. His cases included some involving relatives and associates of the notorious Clarke brothers and other bushrangers , who were members of the Clarke-Connell extended family. He was one of the magistrates who, in 1866, committed John Clarke (Senior)—father of the Clarke brothers—for trial for
141-707: A method of community cooperation superior to most other Australian small towns. On 29 January 2017 at the Werriwa Wiener Dash, an event held as part of the annual Bungendore Show, Bungendore set the record for the most number of dachshunds in one place outside of a Dog Show with 154 dachshunds in attendance. Bungendore has a number of heritage-listed sites, including: At the 2021 census , there were 4,745 people in Bungendore. 83.5% of people were born in Australia. The next most common country of birth
188-583: A number of days, finding his dead horse and other evidence of his likely demise. Larmer produced a map sketch showing Cunningham's probable route. The expedition stopped to the north of the Menindee Lakes , due to the risk of attack by hostile Aborigines, falling short of their objective—but in no doubt that the Darling continued to the Murray—and then retraced their route to return. The connection of
235-487: A road from that new village to the Burrangong Station (near modern-day Young ). The town of Gundagai was gazetted, in 1838, but it was soon obvious—after the floods of 1844 and 1852 —that much of the original town site was subject to inundation. In 1845, Larmer was surveying new town allotments on the higher ground of the original town. In the eyes of some, he was held responsible for the original plan of
282-444: A total of 875,089 acres of land that was surveyed and so taken from its traditional owners . The best land for cropping, grazing, and other agricultural purposes was also the most bountiful land for Aboriginal food sources. The alienation and clearing of their traditional lands and the loss of natural flora and fauna had an enormous impact on the original inhabitants; it effectively forced them onto Crown Lands , Aboriginal reserves ,
329-494: Is common from late April to mid October whenever conditions are clear and calm; frost is less common during wetter climatic conditions such as during La Nina and negative Indian Ocean Dipole phases. Snow occasionally falls, though usually only in the form of light flurries and rarely settles. Settled snow is somewhat more common on the Lake George escarpment at 800-900 m elevation. In 2008, following some community concerns
376-488: Is located in open farming country, with minimal obstructions in the landscape and smooth topography. The Capital Wind Farm was built for Infigen Energy by Suzlon Energy. It was constructed as part of the Kurnell Desalination Plant project to offset the power usage of the desalination plant. "The wind farm has been designed to produce more than enough energy to operate the desalination plant to cover
423-529: Is obvious … so long as any of the Aborigines can be found in the neighbourhood … future travellers may verify my map. Whereas new names are of no use in this respect" . Consequently, the surveyors of the colony were among those few settlers who took an interest in local languages. They were also working in places where the local people were still living on their traditional lands and speaking their own languages and dialects. Larmer recorded Aboriginal words and
470-717: Is on the Kings Highway near Lake George , the Molonglo River Valley and the Australian Capital Territory border. It has become a major tourist centre in recent years, popular with visitors from Canberra and some of it has heritage protection. It has expanded rapidly in recent years as a dormitory town of Canberra. Prior to European settlement, the area was occupied by the Ngarigo people , whose northernmost lands extended to
517-751: Is quite near a hill known as Gibraltar Hill . and is located close to the Great Dividing Range where it traverses the Butmaroo Range, some 10 km to the East, not far from the Butmaroo Homestead. Bungendore experiences a relatively sunny and dry oceanic climate ( Cfb ), similar to nearby Goulburn and Canberra . Bungendore's location in a broad valley surrounded by the peaks of the Great Dividing Range to
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#1732801967114564-429: Is therefore derived from systems originating in the northwest. Warm to hot summer days are often tempered by afternoon and evening easterly breezes, though the onset in Bungendore is later than in nearby Braidwood, New South Wales . Average maximum temperatures usually reach the mid to high twenties from December to March. Severe heatwaves can occasionally affect Bungendore, since the town is far enough inland to escape
611-675: The Braidwood electoral district at the 1860 elections , but he did not stand for election. The Surveyor-General, Thomas Mitchell, had directed that, where possible, the existing names, in the local Aboriginal language , should be used as the official names of localities and landforms in New South Wales, which then also included what is now Victoria and Queensland. This was for pragmatic reasons, rather than stemming from any wish to preserve native cultures; in his journal, Mitchell wrote that, "‘The great convenience of using native names
658-503: The Capital Wind Farm was established north of Bungendore along Lake George . It is a 140.7 megawatt wind farm with 67 turbines. From 2011 to 2020, it ran at an average of 27.88% capacity factor, with a corresponding annual generation of 343.66 GWh. Bungendore railway station is served by three daily NSW TrainLink Xplorer services in each direction operating between Sydney and Canberra . James Larmer Larmer
705-591: The Yuin peoples around Batemans Bay and Ulladulla . There is a list of the Aboriginal language names for the land features and localities of Port Jackson . Although Larmer recorded and thus preserved something of Aboriginal culture, his work as a surveyor was essential in furthering the colonisation of Aboriginal lands. Most significantly, by marking boundaries—defining leasehold and freehold landholdings—and officially assigning titles to settlers , Larmer and
752-492: The 1880s proved a boom period for the town and the population increased from 270 in 1881, to 700 by 1885. By then, Queanbeyan was emerging as the major town in the area. Bungendore was proclaimed a village for a second time, in 1885, as a consequence of the Crown Lands Act 1884. In 1894, gold was discovered at Bywong. In 1901, a site known as "Lake George", just to the north of Bungendore and adjacent to Lake George ,
799-710: The Hunter, Brooklyn , Mangrove Creek , Broken Bay and Pittwater around the Hawkesbury River , and in more distant parts including the Abercrombie , Campbells , Belubela , Bell , and Macquarie Rivers. During 1835, Larmer was second-in-command of Thomas Mitchell's second expedition , which attempted to follow the Darling River downstream to its confluence with the Murray . Larmer, in command of
846-504: The Murray and the Darling, would be confirmed for settler colonists, in 1844, when Charles Sturt's third expedition , following a river upstream from its confluence with the Murray, reached the site of Mitchell's last camp. In 1837, Larmer had reserved a village site for Ulladulla . In 1837, he laid out the town plan of Bungendore , in 1838 Queanbeyan , and, in 1839, the town plans of Broulee and Braidwood . In 1840, he surveyed
893-541: The areas in which these words were used. His work, collated as “James Larmer’s Vocabulary of Native Names” (1853) , is one source for fragments of the vocabulary of lost and endangered Aboriginal languages. It is based on his earlier hand-written notes, some dating back to the early 1830s. His lists include words from the Darkinyung , Awabakal , Wiradjuri and Eora languages , and the Dhurga language dialects spoken by
940-544: The coast was the Clyde Road (modern-day Kings Highway ), which opened in 1858. In 1858, a surveyor Larmer laid out the plan of the gold-mining village of Majors Creek but James Larmer's name was already on the list of those receiving government pensions by October 1857. Majors Creek was the work of his nephew, who was also a surveyor. James Larmer's last field notes date from 1859, and it appears that he retired completely from surveying around that time. Larmer became
987-720: The days when there is less wind. It will increase the supply of wind energy in NSW by over 700%. It is a massive boost to the renewable energy sector and an environmentally sensible way to offset the power needs of the desalination plant." The wind farm was completed in October 2009 at a cost estimated between A$ 220 million and A$ 370 million. It was opened by the Prime Minister at the time, Kevin Rudd , in November 2009. Since
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#17328019671141034-544: The east often protects the town from inclement weather such as severe thunderstorms, and heavy rainfall arriving from the Tasman Sea . Bungendore is also affected by the strong rain shadow cast by the Brindabella Range , which blocks most precipitation arriving from the west and southwest. Persistent cloud cover and drizzle is rare in Bungendore due to these rain shadows. Most of Bungendore's significant rainfall
1081-473: The first European settlers arrived. The mail service to Bungendore was introduced in 1837, enhancing the importance of the village and contributing to the proclamation of Bungendore as a "town" in the same year. Also in 1837, the surveyor James Larmer laid out the Georgian-influenced grid town plan of Bungendore. By 1848, 30 people populated the seven buildings in the town of Bungendore. When
1128-551: The first town on the flood-prone river flats; he definitely drew up plans of town allotments in Gundagai in 1841. In 1850, Larmer laid out plans for extensions to the separate settlement areas of 'South Gundagai' and 'North Gundagai', to allow residents to be relocated and overcome the problem of flooding on the river flats. Also in 1850, he made provision for a village site, on the Lachlan River at what would later become
1175-450: The ill-fated Edmund Kennedy . In 1840, he reserved the site for a village of Elrington, named after William Sandys Elrington , which would later be better known as Majors Creek . Larmer also laid out plans for townships along the road from Braidwood to Jervis Bay (The Wool Road). Some of these towns never eventuated at all, and others were not built in the form planned by Larmer. His plan for Larbert would prove disastrously inept, after
1222-541: The lands of other Aboriginal peoples, or to the margins of the new settlements, and so caused the disruption or end of their culture and traditional way of life. The Georgian-influenced grid-type town plans, of Bungendore, Queanbeyan, and Braidwood, are Larmer's work. He is commemorated in the various 'Larmer' street names, in places in New South Wales such as Broulee, Bungendore, Howlong , Jugiong, Majors Creek, Narraweena , Nerrandera, and Sanctuary Point . The road to Jervis Bay that he surveyed in 1840, The Wool Road ,
1269-534: The lee of the Lake George escarpment and also in the lee of the Brindabella Range can enhance these winds (via the rain shadow wind effect). The often sunny conditions present in Bungendore in a westerly stream also increases mean wind speeds, since the temperature gradient between Bungendore and the surrounding ranges increases. Strong westerly winds can also result from low pressure systems centred in Bass Strait and Tasmania , independent of cold fronts. Frost
1316-513: The main party, left Parramatta and met Mitchell at Boree, east-northeast of modern-day Cudal . The expedition first went overland, followed by the Bogan River , and then the Darling from the location of modern-day Bourke . While near the Bogan, the expedition's botanist, Richard Cunningham , went off searching for plants and became lost. It was Larmer who led a party that searched for him for
1363-548: The moderating effect of the Tasman Sea. These heatwaves usually occur coincident with a blocking high pressure system in the Tasman Sea, and are most common from late December to mid February. Mid to late January is the warmest time of year on average, similar to most centres in SE Australia. Minimum temperatures in the summer months are usually comfortable thanks to regular easterly breezes, and lower dewpoints compared to
1410-573: The murder of an Aboriginal man, Billy Noonang. In May 1867, Thomas and John Clarke, the surviving members of their gang, were remanded, at the Police Court in Braidwood, for trial in Sydney. However, it was Larmer's colleague, John William Bunn, who was the magistrate who committed them for trial, although Larmer, possibly, may have been present. In 1860, Larmer was proposed as a candidate for
1457-430: The nearby coast. Radiational cooling is efficient in calm conditions on account of Bungendore's valley location. The Southeast Australian foehn often affects Bungendore. These strong to occasionally gale force westerly winds are most common in late winter and early spring when the subtropical ridge is at its northernmost position, allowing strong cold fronts and mid latitude westerlies through. Bungendore's position in
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1504-417: The other surveyors were legitimising—at least under the colonial laws of his time—the dispossessing of the land's Aboriginal inhabitants; it was the first step in the process of extinguishing what would much later—in 1992—be recognised as Native Title over those pieces of land. From July 1837 to end June 1840, in just three years of his lengthy surveying career, Larmer alone had surveyed 160,443 acres, out of
1551-522: The railway arrived on 4 March 1885, the town began to grow more quickly. New buildings appeared rapidly, such as churches, the courthouse/police station, two schools and the post office. The first post office was built in Bungendore in 1840, an Anglican church c 1843, and the Bungendore Inn in 1847. The latter became a Pooley and Malone staging post. By 1851, the population was 63. The 1850s saw at least two other hotels established. A flour mill
1598-499: The route of The Wool Road . By this time, he had settled in the Braidwood area, where he was to live for the rest of his life and be a prominent citizen. Larmer bought land in Braidwood, in 1843, on which he built the Royal Hotel building but was not the licensee of the hotel. In 1841, he reserved the site for a village at Currowan , although the plan of the village, in 1844, was the work of his surveyor colleague and explorer,
1645-581: The site was inundated by the Shoalhaven River flood of July 1853. However, his mistakes at Larbert had no malicious intent, because Larmer himself had bought three lots within the Larbert township site, in 1843. An economic depression in the early 1840s led to government cost cutting, with surveyors’ salaries being reduced by a third. In recognition of this sacrifice, these government surveyors were allowed to do some private work. In 1844, Larmer
1692-408: The southern shore of Lake George and around the base of the steep escarpment lying to the west of what is now Bungendore. The first Europeans in the vicinity were members of the exploratory party of Dr Charles Throsby in 1820, who, along with Hamilton Hume , also originally explored the Braidwood area. In 1824, botanist and explorer Allan Cunningham passed through Bungendore. A year later,
1739-587: The town of Narrandera . In 1851, he surveyed the site of the Roman Catholic church and presbytery in Jugiong . He also laid out cemeteries at Yass and Goulburn , In 1852–1853, Larmer was working on surveying the route of a road from Braidwood to Broulee, which was planned to run via Araluen to the Moruya River . Such a road was not completed until the late 1860s. Instead, the major road to
1786-523: The wind farm became fully operational in October 2009. It is a 140.7 megawatt wind farm with 67 turbines . In 2009, the project was expected to have a capacity factor of 35.8%, and thus generate on average 441 GWh of energy per year. However, from 2011 to 2020 it ran at an average of 27.88% capacity factor, with a corresponding annual generation of 343.66 GWh. The Capital Wind Farm is around 30 kilometres (19 mi) north east of Canberra , just southeast of Lake George and north of Bungendore . It
1833-656: The wind farm for service and maintenance. Some residents who live nearby to the Capital Wind Farm have complained about the noise from the turbines. The generation table uses eljmkt nemlog to obtain generation values for each month. Note: Records date back to 2011. Bungendore Bungendore is a town in the Queanbeyan Region of New South Wales , Australia , in Queanbeyan-Palerang Regional Council . It
1880-551: The wind farm was established, the population of nearby Bungendore has increased by 24 per cent, which the Clean Energy Council has claimed is because of its proximity to the wind farm. During the construction of the Capital Wind Farm, 120 people were employed on the project. Over the construction period, about A$ 10 million went into the local economy, with spending up at the local stores, restaurants and motels. Since construction has finished there are 15 ongoing jobs at
1927-431: Was England at 4.8%, and 2.5% identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander. 92.7% of people spoke only English at home. The age distribution is similar to the rest of the country, with the same median age of 38 years. The median household income was $ 2,922 per week, compared to the national median of $ 1,746. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 44.7%, Catholic 23.0% and Anglican 15.9%. Bungendore
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1974-586: Was a failure and rapidly fell into disuse, until it was realigned and rerouted to Nowra in 1856; much of the modern Braidwood Road still follows Larmer's survey. His hotel building in Braidwood is now used as the Braidwood Museum . James Larmer married, Martha Stoyles, widow of the licensee of the Royal Hotel, Braidwood, in 1861. They had two daughters, as well as the five daughters and three sons of Martha's first marriage. His younger brother, William Larmer, migrated to Australia in 1853. William
2021-550: Was an early pharmacist in Sydney, president of the Pharmaceutical Society, and member of the Pharmacy Board of New South Wales, who after 1865 also became involved in homeopathy . Larmer's nephew, W.E. Larmer, was also a surveyor in New South Wales from 1854, leading on occasion to confusion about the two surveyors. He is responsible for laying out the town plan of Majors Creek and for surveying
2068-620: Was appointed as the Licensed Surveyor for the County of Murray and Commissioner for Crown Lands for the same area. In 1847, Larmer's plan of the village of Gundaroo was gazetted and — as a Commissioner for Crown Lands — he identified people who were squatting , without authority, on crown lands along the Yass River downstream of that village. In 1849, he designed the plan of the village of Murringo and, In 1851, he surveyed
2115-482: Was born in Reigate , Surrey, England and arrived in Sydney in October 1829 to take up his appointment as a survey draftsman. Title deed information, from his time in Australia, shows his full name as James Gulley Larmer . Between 1830 and early 1835, James Larmer surveyed land, roads, streets, coastlines, creeks, rivers, and ridges in what is now greater Sydney , in nearby areas including Broke and Branxton in
2162-403: Was built in 1861, St Mary's Roman Catholic Church and two denominational schools in 1862, the courthouse in 1864 and a public school in 1868. In 1866, local crops grown were recorded as being wheat, oats, barley and potatoes. Tourism is now a major contributor to the economy. The town remained a railhead from 1885 until the line reached Queanbeyan in 1887. Partly because of the coming railway,
2209-553: Was proposed as the site for the nation's capital city. This did not eventuate, as the drawcard of Lake George failed to impress the visiting Commissioners of the time. By 1909 rabbit trapping had become an extremely valuable industry in the area around Bungendore. The town itself had a rabbit-freezing plant that employed 14 workers and over 250 trappers. In the year ending 31 July 1909, over 1.5 million rabbits were frozen at Bungendore. In 1992 journalist Ian McPhedran wrote that Bungendore's locals and business sector had developed
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