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99-454: Capitol Hill Block Party was canceled in 2020 and 2021 to comply with social distancing mandates imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Founded in 1997 by Jen Gapay, the festival was originally a one-day event with just one stage, five bands, and a couple of DJs. Gapay continued to produce the party until 2000, when David Meinert and Marcus Charles took over, adding a second stage and then

198-543: A cordon sanitaire was used to control an outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Kikwit , Zaire . President Mobutu Sese Seko surrounded the town with troops and suspended all flights into the community. Inside Kikwit, the World Health Organization and Zaire's medical teams erected further cordons sanitaires , isolating burial and treatment zones from the general population and successfully containing

297-520: A 2 m (6.6 ft) distance from anyone else in their household. Supermarkets quickly made priority grocery delivery slots available to those shielding, and the Government arranged for food boxes to be sent to those shielding who needed additional assistance, for example elderly people shielding on their own. This was gradually relaxed from June to allow shielders to spend more time outside, before being suspended indefinitely from 1 August. During

396-491: A 29% to 37% reduction in influenza transmission rates during the 2009 flu epidemic in Mexico. The 2009 swine flu pandemic caused social distancing to rise in popularity, most notably in Mexico, with the country's Ministry of Health advising people to avoid handshakes and kissing as ways of greeting people. A mandatory nationwide school closure enacted in Mexico, which lasted for 18 days from late April 2009 to early May 2009,

495-496: A certain distance from others (the distance specified differs from country to country and can change with time) and avoiding gathering together in large groups. By minimising the probability that a given uninfected person will come into physical contact with an infected person, the disease transmission can be suppressed, resulting in fewer deaths . The measures may be used in combination with others, such as good respiratory hygiene , face masks and hand washing . To slow down

594-402: A device such as a thermographic camera is used to measure the traveler's body temperature, in order to determine if they have a fever. Such a method may be circumvented by the traveler through the use of antipyretics before travel in order to reduce fever. More intensive measures such as molecular diagnostics and point-of-care rapid antigen detection tests may also be used, but they carry

693-410: A group of epidemiologists endorsed the closure of schools to interrupt the course of the infection, slow the further spread and buy time to research and produce a vaccine. Having studied previous influenza pandemics including the 1918 flu pandemic , the influenza pandemic of 1957 and the 1968 flu pandemic , they reported on the economic and workforce effect school closure would have, particularly with

792-514: A high resource cost and may not be applicable to a large number of travelers. A substantial number of resources may be needed in order to train staff and acquire equipment. Although there is probably no harm to the traveler by the use of this type of intervention, a limitation of it is that travelers may be asymptomatic on arrival and symptoms may not show until several days after entry, at which point they may have already exposed others to their illness. There are also ethical concerns involving invading

891-491: A hundred countries have implemented nationwide school closures in response to COVID-19 , impacting over half the world's student population. In the United Kingdom, the government advised the public to avoid public spaces, and cinemas and theaters voluntarily closed to encourage the government's message. With many people disbelieving that COVID-19 is any worse than the seasonal flu , it has been difficult to convince

990-511: A large percentage of doctors and nurses being women, of whom half had children under the age of 16. They also looked at the dynamics of the spread of influenza in France during French school holidays and noted that cases of flu dropped when schools closed and re-emerged when they re-opened. They noted that when teachers in Israel went on strike during the flu season of 1999–2000, visits to doctors and

1089-506: A limit on small gatherings, such as limiting them to no more than a few people. There are negative consequences to the banning of gatherings; banning cultural or religious activities, for example, may prevent access to support in a time of crisis. Gatherings also allow sharing of information, which can provide comfort and reduce fear. The WHO recommends this intervention in moderate and severe epidemics and pandemics. Travel advice involves notifying potential travelers that they may be entering

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1188-409: A load of 7 million SARS-CoV-2 virus per milliliter that can remain for more than eight minutes, a time-period during which many people could enter or remain in the area. A sneeze can distribute such droplets as far as 7 m (23 ft) or 8 m (26 ft). Social distancing is less effective than face masks at reducing the spread of COVID-19. Various alternatives have been proposed for

1287-435: A major challenge, particularly since many teenagers with ASD already have social and communication difficulties. Aggressive and self-injurious behaviors may increase during this time of fear and uncertainty. In his 1957 science fiction novel The Naked Sun , Isaac Asimov portrays a planet where people live with social distancing. They are spread out, miles from each other, across a sparsely-populated world. Communication

1386-456: A pandemic, its impact on economy, and resulting hardships may create anxiety. Change in daily circumstances and uncertainty about the future may add onto the mental stress of being away from other people. Psychologist Lennis Echterling noted that, in such social distancing situations, using technology for "connection with loved ones...is imperative" to combat isolation, for the sake of one's well-being. Social worker Mindy Altschul noted that

1485-556: A pandemic. During the 1918 influenza pandemic, military parades in Philadelphia and Boston may have been responsible for spreading the disease by mixing infected sailors with crowds of civilians. Restricting mass gatherings, in combination with other social distancing interventions, may help reduce transmission. A 2020 peer-reviewed study in the British Medical Journal ( The BMJ ) also suggested it as one of

1584-427: A population where all individuals are equally susceptible to a disease. In a basic model of social distancing, where a proportion f {\displaystyle f} of the population engages in social distancing to decrease their interpersonal contacts to a fraction a {\displaystyle a} of their normal contacts, the new effective reproduction number R {\displaystyle R}

1683-570: A reactive case, the measure takes place after an outbreak has occurred in the school; in a proactive case, the measure takes place in order to prevent spread within the community. Closures of schools may affect the families of affected children, especially low-income families. Parents may be forced to miss work to care for their children, affecting financial stability; children may also miss out on free school meals, causing nutritional concerns. Long absences from schools because of closures can also have negative effects on students' education. However, in

1782-486: A second day in 2001. Beginning to market the festival as an "event", the new owners earned a sponsorship from The Stranger and began to charge $ 8 per ticket for admission. The event presented over 20 bands and had roughly 3,000 people present at the two day festival. Initially as an extension on a trial basis by the Seattle special events office, the festival became a three-day event from 2010; overall attendance that year

1881-403: A second wave of cases, but remained overall less than in other cities. Bootsma and Ferguson analyzed social distancing interventions in sixteen U.S. cities during the 1918 epidemic and found that time-limited interventions reduced total mortality only moderately (perhaps 10–30%), and that the impact was often very limited because the interventions were introduced too late and lifted too early. It

1980-420: A specific geographic area. Public health messaging, gaining the public's trust (countering misinformation), ensuring community involvement and two-way exchange of ideas can affect the uptake, adherence, and effectiveness of best-evidence social distancing approach to preventing disease spread. The communication approaches, messaging, and delivery mechanisms need to be flexible so that they can be changed as both

2079-461: A three-day event in 2010, tickets were priced at $ 23 for a single day pass or $ 60 for admission to all three days, sold on The Stranger's website. In 2015, ticket prices for the three-day pass increased depending on date of purchase, beginning with a cost of $ 99 through April 2 for those interested in purchasing tickets early prior to the release of the full lineup, rising to $ 125 per pass purchased before July 4, and tickets purchased between July 5 and

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2178-447: A viable measure towards reducing the transmissions of airborne diseases. This method of source control was suggested, but not empirically tested , in the "Control of Airborne Infection" section of a 1974 publication of Riley's Airborne Infection. NIOSH also noted that the use of a tissue as source control, in their guidelines for TB , had not been tested as of 1992. While source control protects others from transmission arising from

2277-487: A well-fitted cloth mask is worse than a surgical mask. Germs can survive outside the body on hard surfaces for periods ranging from hours to weeks, depending on the virus and environmental conditions. The disinfection of high-touch surfaces with substances such as bleach or alcohol kills germs, preventing indirect contact transmission. Dirty surfaces should be washed before the use of disinfectant. Ultraviolet (UV) light can be used to destroy micro-organisms that exist in

2376-525: A zone that is affected by a disease outbreak. It allows informed decisions to be made before travel, and it increases awareness when the traveler is in the destination country. Public awareness campaigns have been used in the past for areas affected by infectious diseases such as dengue , malaria , Middle East respiratory syndrome , and H1N1 influenza. Although such awareness campaigns may reduce exposure among those traveling abroad, they may cause economic impact, owing to reduced travel in countries about which

2475-440: Is a more drastic measure. The financial effect of workplace closure on both the individual and the economy can be severe. When remote work is not possible, such as in essential services, businesses may not be able to comply with guidelines. In one simulation study school closure coupled with 50% absenteeism in the workplace would have had the highest financial impact of all the scenarios studied, although some studies have found that

2574-518: Is any method used to reduce the spread of an epidemic disease without requiring pharmaceutical drug treatments. Examples of non-pharmaceutical interventions that reduce the spread of infectious diseases include wearing a face mask and staying away from sick people . The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) points to personal, community, and environmental interventions. NPIs have been recommended for pandemic influenza at both local and global levels and studied at large scale during

2673-636: Is considered in many places to be a human right, and its restriction may have an adverse effect, particularly among vulnerable populations, such as migrant workers and those traveling to seek medical attention. Although 37% of the Member States of the WHO included internal travel restrictions as part of their pandemic preparedness plan as of 2019, some of those countries may face legal challenges in implementing them, because of their own laws. Such restrictions may also bring economic effects because of disruption in

2772-402: Is given by: R = [ 1 − ( 1 − a 2 ) f ] R 0 {\displaystyle R=[1-(1-a^{2})f]R_{0}} Where the value of R {\displaystyle R} can be brought below   1 for sufficiently long, containment is achieved, and the number infected should decrease. For any given period of time,

2871-574: Is going on or might not be able to express their fears and frustrations. They also may need extra support to understand what's expected of them in some situations. The adjustment to a new situation can lead to challenging behavior uncharacteristic of the autistic individual's true character. In some countries and demographics, teenagers and young adults within the autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) receive support services including special education, behavioral therapy , occupational therapy, speech services, and individual aides through school, but this can be

2970-428: Is primarily through technology. A male and a female still need to engage in sex to make a baby, but it is seen as a dangerous, nasty chore. In contrast, when communication is through technology the situation is the reverse: there is no modesty, and casual nudity is frequent. The novel's point of departure is a murder: this seemingly idyllic world, in fact, has serious social problems. From the perspective of epidemiology,

3069-448: Is when administrators of schools, workplaces, community areas, etc., take proper preventive actions and remind people to take precautions when need be in order to avoid the spread of disease. Most NPIs are simple, requiring little effort to put into practice, and, if implemented correctly, have the potential to save lives. In the past, suggestions have been made that covering the mouth and nose, like with an elbow, tissue, or hand, would be

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3168-408: The 2009 swine flu pandemic and the COVID-19 pandemic . NPIs are typically used in the period between the emergence of an epidemic disease and the deployment of an effective vaccine. Choosing to stay home to prevent the spread of symptoms of a potential sickness, covering coughs and sneezes, and washing one's hands regularly, are all examples of non-pharmaceutical interventions. Another example

3267-499: The COVID-19 pandemic as it is an important method of preventing transmission of COVID-19 . COVID-19 is much more likely to spread over short distances than long ones. However, it can spread over distances longer than 2 m (6 ft) in enclosed, poorly ventilated places and with prolonged exposure. The term "social distancing" was not introduced until the 21st century. Social distancing measures have been successfully implemented in several epidemics. In St. Louis , shortly after

3366-525: The Hierarchy of hazard controls , do not require compliance with PPE mandates, or require administrative changes, like lockdowns, to prevent the spread of disease among the general public. The CDC suggests that, in non-healthcare settings, building ventilation should be brought up to 5 air changes per hour , along with the use of MERV -13 filters, the use of air purifiers (air cleaners), and upper-room Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) to reduce

3465-720: The Ottoman Empire , imposed from 1770 until 1871 to prevent persons infected with the bubonic plague from entering Austria, were reportedly effective, as there were no major outbreaks of plague in Austrian territory after they were established, whereas the Ottoman Empire continued to suffer frequent epidemics of plague until the mid-nineteenth century. A Northeastern University study published in March 2020 found that "travel restrictions to and from China only slow down

3564-977: The World Health Organization recommends that a distance of 1 m (3.3 ft) or more is safe. Subsequently, China , Denmark , France , Hong Kong , Lithuania and Singapore adopted a 1 m social distancing policy. South Korea adopted 1.4 m (4.6 ft). Australia , Belgium , Germany , Greece , Italy , Netherlands , Portugal and Spain adopted 1.5 m (4.9 ft). The United States adopted 6 ft (1.8 m), and Canada adopted 2 m (6.6 ft). The United Kingdom first advised 2 m, then on 4 July 2020 reduced this to "one metre plus" where other methods of mitigation such as face masks were in use. The WHO's one-metre recommendation stems from research into droplet-based transmission of tuberculosis by William F. Wells , which had found that droplets produced by exhalation, coughs, or sneezes landed an average of 3 ft (0.9 m) from where they were expelled. Quartz speculated that

3663-431: The 1918 flu outbreak – most famously, the radical quarantine of Gunnison, Colorado resulted in sparing the town the worst of the earlier waves of the pandemic. Interventions used included the wearing of face masks, isolation, quarantine, personal hygiene, use of disinfectants, and limits on public gatherings. At the time, the science behind NPIs was new, and was not applied consistently in every area. Retroactive studies on

3762-506: The 2003 SARS outbreak in Singapore , approximately 8000 people were subjected to mandatory home quarantine and an additional 4300 were required to self-monitor for symptoms and make daily telephone contact with health authorities as a means of controlling the epidemic. Although only 58 of these individuals were eventually diagnosed with SARS, public health officials were satisfied that this measure assisted in preventing further spread of

3861-640: The COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, shielding referred to special advisory measures put in place by the UK Government to protect those at the highest risk of serious illness from the disease. This included those with weakened immune systems (such as organ transplant recipients), as well as those with certain medical conditions such as cystic fibrosis or severe asthma. Until 1 June 2020, those shielding were strongly advised not to leave home for any reason at all, including essential travel, and to maintain

3960-534: The U.S. CDC's adoption of 6 ft (1.8 m) may have stemmed from a study of SARS transmission on an airplane, published in The New England Journal of Medicine . When contacted, however, the CDC did not provide any specific information. Some have suggested that distances greater than 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) should be observed. One minute of loud speaking can produce oral droplets with

4059-639: The United States, with more than 2,000 deaths in New York City alone, movie theaters were closed, meetings were cancelled, public gatherings were almost non-existent, and children were warned not to drink from water fountains, and told to avoid amusement parks, swimming pools and beaches. During the influenza pandemic of 1918 , Philadelphia saw its first cases of influenza on 17 September. The city continued with its planned parade and gathering of more than 200 000 people on 28 September and over

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4158-423: The advice has been issued. Overall, this intervention type is considered both feasible and acceptable. Entry and exit screening involves screening travelers at ports of entry for symptoms of illness. Measures include: health declarations, in which travelers make a declaration that they have not recently had symptoms of illness; visual inspections of the traveler; and the use of non-contact thermography , in which

4257-403: The basic goal behind social distancing is to decrease the effective reproduction number , R e {\displaystyle R_{e}} or R {\displaystyle R} , which in the absence of social distancing would equate to the basic reproduction number , i.e. the average number of secondary infected individuals generated from one primary infected individual in

4356-467: The beginning of the festival cost $ 150. VIP passes, including free gifts and access to the VIP beer garden, cost $ 250 for the three-day pass. In 2019, tickets to the event cost $ 70 for a one-day pass and starting prices for three-day passes cost $ 160. Options for VIP passes and two-day passes were also available for purchase through the event's website, where all official ticket sales are held. Major sponsors of

4455-448: The best-evidence social distancing measures change and as the community needs change. Leper colonies and lazarettos were established as a means of preventing the spread of leprosy and other contagious diseases through social distancing, until transmission was understood and effective treatments invented. During the 1916 New York City polio epidemic , when there were more than 27,000 cases and more than 6,000 deaths due to polio in

4554-696: The block party include AT&T (via their Capitol Hill-based store The Lounge by AT&T), Jones Soda , the ACLU , and The Stranger . In 2013, the festival offered an option to donate to the local non-profit, 12th Avenue Arts project, when purchasing a ticket to the event. Capitol Hill Block Party matched donations up to a total of $ 5000, and in 2019, the producers reopened the same matching donations program for non-profits Jubilee Women’s Center , The Vera Project , Artists for Progress , and Lifelong . The three day event has received criticism and protestations due to its effects on local businesses that are located on

4653-452: The city took two days to implement several social distancing measures, including closing schools, theatres, and other places where people get together. It banned public gatherings, including funerals. The actions slowed the spread of influenza in St. Louis and a spike in cases and deaths, as had happened in Philadelphia, did not occur. The final death rate in St. Louis increased following

4752-618: The combination would be effective in reducing both the attack rate and the height of an epidemic. One benefit of workplace closure is that when used in conjunction with school closures they avoid the need for parents to make childcare arrangements for children who are staying away from school. The WHO recommends workplace closure in the case of extraordinarily severe epidemics and pandemics. Avoiding crowding may involve: avoiding crowded areas such as shopping centres and transportation hubs; closing public spaces and banning large gatherings, such as sports events or religious activities; or setting

4851-488: The community, as opposed to essential services ). Cancellation of mass gatherings includes sports events, films or musical shows. Evidence published in 2006 suggesting that mass gatherings increase the potential for infectious disease transmission is inconclusive. Anecdotal evidence suggests certain types of mass gatherings may be associated with increased risk of influenza transmission , and may also "seed" new strains into an area, instigating community transmission in

4950-444: The concept of "social distancing" ought to be reframed as "physical distancing", so as to emphasize the fact that being physically isolated need not, and should not, result in being socially isolated. People with autism also suffer impact from social distancing. Adjusting to a new routine can be stressful for everyone within the spectrum but especially for children who have trouble with change. Children with autism may not know what

5049-539: The concerns may be greater; quarantine involves restricting the movement of those who may otherwise be well, and in some cases may even cause them greater risk if they are quarantining with the sick person to whom they were exposed, such as a sick family member or roommate with whom they live. Like isolation, quarantine brings with it financial risk, because of work absenteeism. Measures taken involving schools range from making changes to operations within schools to complete school closures. Lesser measures may involve reducing

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5148-503: The density of students, such as by distancing desks, cancelling activities, reducing class sizes, or staggering class schedules. Sick students may be isolated from the greater student body, such as by having them stay at home or otherwise segregate them from other students. More drastic measures include class dismissal, in which classes are cancelled but the school stays open to provide childcare to some children, and complete school closure. Both measures may be either reactive or proactive: In

5247-501: The duration of an epidemic. Strict border closure in island nations could be effective, although supply chain problems may cause adverse disruptions. Supply chain problems due to border closure are likely to cause disruption of essential goods, such as food and medications, as well as serious economic effects. They may have adverse effects on the daily lives of individuals. Border closure also has serious ethical implications, because, like internal travel restrictions, it involves restricting

5346-696: The early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, before vaccines had been developed, NPIs were key in mitigating infections and reducing COVID-19-related mortality. Some NPIs remained in place or were reinstituted for a time after vaccine rollout. One report identified over 500 specific NPIs for controlling transmission and spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus; most of these have been tried in practice. Evidence suggests that highly effective strategies include closing schools and universities, banning large gatherings, and wearing face masks. NPIs are still key to mitigating infections. NPIs, which include engineering controls under

5445-424: The environment. The installation of UV light fixtures can be costly and time consuming; it is unlikely that they could be used at the outbreak of an epidemic. There are possible health concerns involving UV light, as it may cause cancer and eye problems. The WHO does not recommend its use. Increased ventilation of a room through opening a window or through mechanized ventilation systems may reduce transmission within

5544-419: The epidemic. Likewise, public perceptions varied with respect to adherence to public health guidelines, giving rise to terms such as "mask slackers" and "careless consumptives." COVID-19 is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which spread from China, creating a pandemic . Several COVID-19 vaccines are now being used, 6.54 billion doses having been administered worldwide as of 12 October 2021. In

5643-410: The event have become a common complaint about the accessibility to the block party. Moreover, the size of the audience at the various stages is of concern, with individuals describing difficulty with mobility while in the crowds in the fenced areas. The fences pose a safety issue and block visibility to local businesses. In 2019, changes were required to be made to certain aspects of the physical layout of

5742-562: The first cases of influenza were detected in the city during the 1918 flu pandemic , authorities implemented school closures, bans on public gatherings and other social-distancing interventions. The influenza fatality rates in St. Louis were much less than in Philadelphia , which had fewer cases of influenza but allowed a mass parade to continue and did not introduce social distancing until more than two weeks after its first cases. The World Health Organization (WHO) has suggested using

5841-429: The growth in the number of infections can be modeled as: y n = ∑ i = 0 n R i {\displaystyle y_{n}=\sum _{i=0}^{n}R^{i}} where: Using COVID-19 as an example, the following table shows the infection spread given: Non-pharmaceutical intervention (epidemiology) In epidemiology , a non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI)

5940-491: The highly interconnected nature of modern transportation hubs, a highly contagious illness can achieve rapid geographic spread if appropriate mitigation measures are not taken early. Consequently, highly coordinated efforts must be put into place early during an outbreak to proactively monitor, detect, and isolate any potentially infectious individuals. If community spread is present, more aggressive measures may be required, up to and including complete cessation of travel in/out of

6039-612: The infection. During the 1918 influenza epidemic , the town of Gunnison , Colorado, isolated itself for two months to prevent an introduction of the infection. Highways were barricaded and arriving train passengers were quarantined for five days. As a result of the isolation, no one died of influenza in Gunnison during the epidemic. Several other communities adopted similar measures. Other measures include shutting down or limiting mass transit and closure of sport facilities (community swimming pools, youth clubs, gymnasiums ). Due to

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6138-453: The infection. Voluntary self-isolation may have helped reduce transmission of influenza in Texas in 2009. Short and long-term negative psychological effects have been reported. The objective of stay-at-home orders is to reduce day-to-day contact between people and thereby reduce the spread of infection During the COVID-19 pandemic , early and aggressive implementation of stay-at-home orders

6237-555: The infectious disease spreads via one or more of the following methods, droplet contact (coughing or sneezing), direct physical contact (including sexual contact), indirect physical contact (such as by touching a contaminated surface), and airborne transmission (if the microorganism can survive in the air for long periods). The measures are less effective when an infection is transmitted primarily via contaminated water or food or by vectors such as mosquitoes or other insects. Authorities have encouraged or mandated social distancing during

6336-676: The international spread of COVID-19 [when] combined with efforts to reduce transmission on a community and an individual level. ... Travel restrictions aren't enough unless we couple it with social distancing." The study found that the travel ban in Wuhan delayed the spread of the disease to other parts of mainland China only by three to five days, although it did reduce the spread of international cases by as much as 80 percent. Shielding measures for individuals include limiting face-to-face contacts, conducting business by phone or online, avoiding public places and reducing unnecessary travel. During

6435-476: The key components of an effective strategy in reducing the burden of COVID-19. Border restrictions or internal travel restrictions are unlikely to delay an epidemic by more than two to three weeks unless implemented with over 99% coverage. Airport screening was found to be ineffective in preventing viral transmission during the 2003 SARS outbreak in Canada and the U.S. Strict border controls between Austria and

6534-418: The months following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, instead of closures, remote learning was turned to as an intervention against infection by SARS-CoV-2 in the days before vaccines. Measures taken in the workplace include: remote work ; paid leave ; staggering shifts such that arrival, exit, and break times are different for each employee; reduced contact; and extended weekends. Workplace closure

6633-409: The most recent event in 2019, the festival has managed to book large notable artists, but continues to make an effort to dedicate 65-70% of the lineup to local artists. The event has expanded to showcase over 120 acts over the span of seven stages. In the initial years of the block party, admission to the gathering was free. Starting in 2001, tickets cost $ 8 to attend the event. As the party expanded to

6732-435: The movements of individuals. It should only be used as a voluntary measure to the maximum extent possible. There may also be stigmatization of individuals from affected areas. Border closure would be most feasible at the very start of a pandemic. The WHO recommended it only in extraordinary circumstances, and asked that they be notified by any nation implementing it. Non-pharmaceutical interventions were widely adopted during

6831-484: The number of respiratory infections dropped by more than a fifth and more than two fifths respectively. During the SARS outbreak of 2003 , social distancing measures were implemented, such as banning large gatherings, closing schools and theaters, and other public places, supplemented public health measures such as finding and isolating affected people, quarantining their close contacts, and infection control procedures. This

6930-506: The odds of infection and people coming down with COVID-19. The UVGI systems are said to be similar to the UVGI systems used against tuberculosis in the past in healthcare facilities. As for ventilation, a survey conducted under 1989 ASHRAE standards showed that, of the buildings constructed in prior years and surveyed, all but one did not meet the recommended 5 ACH. These fixtures have been suggested as forms of "engineering controls" in

7029-401: The outbreak have shown that the measures were effective in mitigating the spread of the infection. The use of non-pharmaceutical interventions during the 1918 flu pandemic also gave rise to new societal concerns. There was a growing awareness of "overreacting" and "under-reacting" among U.S. public health authorities, and these opposing perspectives often added to the uncertainties inherent in

7128-488: The outside area of the event to adapt to the needs of the surrounding stores and restaurants. Social distancing In public health, social distancing , also called physical distancing , is a set of non-pharmaceutical interventions or measures intended to prevent the spread of a contagious disease by maintaining a physical distance between people and reducing the number of times people come into close contact with each other. It usually involves keeping

7227-406: The overall infection transmission rate is around 11.9% and the epidemic peak time is slightly delayed. In contrast, if 33% of affected workplaces are closed, the attack rate decreases to 4.9%, and the peak time is delayed by one week. Workplace closures include closure of "non-essential" businesses and social services ("non-essential" means those facilities that do not maintain primary functions in

7326-680: The peak of the outbreak. Facebook , Twitter and Instagram also joined the campaign with similar hashtags, stickers and filters under #staythefhome, #stayhome, #staythefuckhome and began trending across social media. The website claims to have reached about two million people online and says the text has been translated into 17 languages. There are concerns that social distancing can have adverse affects on participants' mental health. It may lead to stress , anxiety , depression or panic , especially for individuals with preexisting conditions such as anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders , and paranoia . Widespread media coverage about

7425-590: The popular thumbs up gesture, the wave , the shaka (or "hang loose") sign , and placing a palm on one's heart, as practiced in parts of Iran. Mathematical modeling has shown that transmission of an outbreak may be delayed by closing schools. However, effectiveness depends on the contacts children maintain outside of school. Often, one parent has to take time off work, and prolonged closures may be required. These factors could result in social and economic disruption. Modeling and simulation studies based on U.S. data suggest that if 10% of affected workplaces are closed,

7524-464: The privacy of the traveler. Screening is considered by the WHO to be both acceptable and feasible, though they did not recommend its use in the case of influenza outbreak due to its inefficacy in identifying asymptomatic individuals. Travel within a country may be restricted in order to delay the spread of disease. Restriction of travel within a country is likely to slow the spread of disease, but not prevent it entirely. Its use would be most effective at

7623-432: The property of nearby shops to illegally enter the festival. Parking and traffic contribute to the concerns of the businesses that were surveyed. Likewise, residents within and near the party grounds complain of loud noise preventing them from being able to sleep through the late hours of the event. Many concerns and controversy regarding the event are about accessibility and physical safety. The increase of tickets to attend

7722-568: The public—particularly youth, and the anti vaxx community to voluntarily adopt social distancing practices. In Belgium , media reported a rave was attended by at least 300 before it was broken up by local authorities. In France , teens making nonessential trips are fined up to US$ 150. Beaches were closed in Florida and Alabama to disperse partygoers during spring break. Weddings were broken up in New Jersey and an 8   p.m. curfew

7821-405: The risk of becoming infected during outbreaks of infectious respiratory diseases (for example, flu pandemics and the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020.) These distances of separation, in addition to personal hygiene measures, are also recommended at places of work. Where possible, remote work may be encouraged. The distance advised by authorities varies. During the COVID-19 pandemic, for example,

7920-462: The risk of transmission of disease". During the 2009 swine flu pandemic the WHO described social distancing as "keeping at least an arm's length distance from others, [and] minimizing gatherings". During the COVID-19 pandemic, the CDC defined social distancing as "remaining out of congregate settings, avoiding mass gatherings, and maintaining distance (approximately six feet or two meters) from others when possible". Social distancing, combined with

8019-553: The room. Although opening a window may introduce allergens and air pollution, or, in some climates, cold air, it is overall a cheap and effective type of intervention, and its advantages probably outweigh its disadvantages. Viruses such as influenza and coronavirus thrive in cold, dry environments, and increasing the humidity of a room may reduce their transmission. Higher humidity, however, may cause mold and mildew , which may in turn cause respiratory problems. Humidifiers are also expensive and will probably be in short supply at

8118-520: The significance of children in spreading COVID-19 is unclear. While the full impact of school closures during the coronavirus pandemic are not yet known, UNESCO advises that school closures have negative impacts on local economies and on learning outcomes for students. In early March 2020, the sentiment "Stay Home" was coined by Florian Reifschneider, a German engineer and was quickly echoed by notable celebrities such as Taylor Swift , Ariana Grande and Busy Philipps in hopes of reducing and delaying

8217-516: The spread of infectious diseases and avoid overburdening healthcare systems, particularly during a pandemic , several social-distancing measures are used, including the closing of schools and workplaces, isolation , quarantine , restricting the movement of people and the cancellation of mass gatherings . Drawbacks of social distancing can include loneliness , reduced productivity and the loss of other benefits associated with human interaction . Social distancing measures are most effective when

8316-653: The start of a localized and extraordinarily severe pandemic for only a short period of time. It would only be effective if the measures were strict: while a 90% restriction was projected to delay spread by one or two weeks, a 75% restriction saw no effect. An analysis of the spread of influenza in America following complete airline closures due to the September 11 attacks saw reduced spread by 13 days compared with previous years. Restricting travel brings both ethical, and in many countries, legal challenges. Freedom of movement

8415-476: The start of an epidemic. Quarantine involves the voluntary or imposed confinement of potentially non-ill persons who have been exposed to an illness, regardless of whether they have contracted it. Quarantine will often happen at home, but it may happen elsewhere, such as aboard ships (maritime quarantine) or airlines (onboard quarantine). Like isolation of sick individuals, forced quarantine of exposed individuals brings with it ethical concerns, although in this case

8514-648: The streets that the event takes place on. Complaints regarding the event begin to circulate around the significant decrease in sales that many businesses experience throughout the days of the festival. In 2019, although increased visitation to the area, 39% businesses surveyed for the Capitol Hill Special Events assessment claimed that business decreased as a result of the event. The quality of interaction with businesses in this area, including vandalism and littering, are further areas of complaints; there have been instances of trespassers attempting to use

8613-403: The subsequent three days, the city's 31 hospitals became fully occupied. During the week ending 16 October, over 4500 people died. Social distancing measures were introduced on 3   October, on the orders of St. Louis physician Max C. Starkloff , more than two weeks after the first case. Unlike Philadelphia, St. Louis experienced its first cases of influenza on 5   October and

8712-424: The supply chain. Border closure is a measure that involves complete or severe restriction of travel across borders . This had a beneficial effect in delaying the spread of cases of influenza during the 1918 influenza pandemic, and was predicted to delay epidemic spread between Hong Kong and mainland China by 3.5 weeks. While border closure is expected to slow the spread of infection, it is not expected to reduce

8811-479: The term "physical distancing" instead of "social distancing" because it is physical separation which prevents transmission; people can remain socially connected by meeting outdoors at a safe distance (when there is no stay-at-home order ) and by meeting via technology. The American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have described social distancing as a set of "methods for reducing frequency and closeness of contact between people in order to decrease

8910-649: The tradition of handshaking . The gesture of namaste , placing one's palms together, fingers pointing upwards, drawing the hands to the heart, is one non-touch alternative. During the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom , this gesture was used by Prince Charles upon greeting reception guests, and has been recommended by the Director-General of the WHO , Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus , and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu . Other alternatives include

9009-462: The use of face masks, good respiratory hygiene and hand washing , is considered the most feasible way to reduce or delay a pandemic. Several social distancing measures are used to control the spread of contagious illnesses. Research indicates that measures must be applied rigorously and immediately in order to be effective. Keeping a set physical distance from each other and avoiding hugs and gestures that involve direct physical contact, reduce

9108-424: The wearer, personal protective equipment protects the wearer themselves. Cloth face masks can be used for source control (as a last resort) but are not considered personal protective equipment as they have low filter efficiency (generally varying between 2–60%), although they are easy to obtain and reusable after washing. There are no standards or regulation for self-made cloth face masks, and source control on

9207-449: The widespread closure of primary , secondary , and post-secondary schools in more than 120 countries. As of 23 March 2020, more than 1.2 billion learners were out of school due to school closures in response to COVID-19 . Given low rates of COVID-19 symptoms among children, the effectiveness of school closures has been called into question. Even when school closures are temporary, it carries high social and economic costs. However,

9306-556: Was a form of social distancing aimed at reducing the transmission of Swine flu . A study from 2011 found the mandatory nationwide school closure and other forms of social distancing in Mexico were effective at reducing influenza transmission rates. During the swine flu outbreak in 2009 in the UK , in an article titled "Closure of schools during an influenza pandemic" published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases ,

9405-537: Was combined with the wearing of masks for certain people. During this time in Canada, "community quarantine" was used to reduce transmission of the disease with moderate success. Social distancing was noted advice during the 2009 swine flu pandemic , especially as people started wearing N95 respirators . During the COVID-19 pandemic , social distancing and related measures are emphasized by several governments as alternatives to an enforced quarantine of heavily affected areas. According to UNESCO monitoring, more than

9504-414: Was effective in "flattening the curve" and provided the much needed time for healthcare systems to increase their capacity while reducing the number of peak cases during the initial wave of illness. It is important for public health authorities to follow disease trends closely to re-implement appropriate social distancing policies, including stay-at-home orders, if secondary COVID-19 waves appear. In 1995,

9603-478: Was estimated at 30,000 people. The festival's programmer and talent buyer Jason Lajeunesse became the owner in 2011 and continues to run it to this day. In 2012, notable efforts were made by the new owner to rework the event to have less of a negative impact on local businesses revenue through marketing at the festival. Under Lajeunesse's ownership, he strives to use this event as an opportunity for small, local bands to gain exposure in front of large audiences. Through

9702-590: Was imposed in Newark . New York, New Jersey, Connecticut and Pennsylvania were the first states to adopt coordinated social distancing policies which closed down non-essential businesses and restricted large gatherings. Shelter in place orders in California were extended to the entire state on 19 March. On the same day Texas declared a public disaster and imposed statewide restrictions. These preventive measures such as social-distancing and self-isolation prompted

9801-510: Was observed that several cities experienced a second epidemic peak after social distancing controls were lifted, because susceptible individuals who had been protected were now exposed. School closures were shown to reduce morbidity from the Asian flu by 90% during the 1957–1958 pandemic , and up to 50% in controlling influenza in the U.S., 2004–2008. Similarly, mandatory school closures and other social distancing measures were associated with

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