In biological classification , a subfamily ( Latin : subfamilia , plural subfamiliae ) is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank , next below family but more inclusive than genus . Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zoological subfamily names with "-inae".
22-450: Capripoxvirus is a genus of viruses in the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae and the family Poxviridae . Capripoxviruses are among the most serious of all animal poxviruses. All CaPV are notifiable diseases to the OIE ( World Organisation for Animal Health ). Sheep, goat, and cattle serve as natural hosts. These viruses cause negative economic consequences by damaging hides and wool and forcing
44-452: A number of species have not yet been assigned to a genus. The species in the genus Avipoxvirus infect birds ; those in the genera Caiman poxvirus and Crocodylipoxvirus both infect crocodilians. The other genera in this subfamily infect mammals . The following genera are recognized: The last common ancestor of the extant poxviruses that infect vertebrates existed 0.5 million years ago . The genus Avipoxvirus diverged from
66-427: A single, double-stranded segment of DNA. Genomes are linear, around 130–375 kb in length. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral proteins to host glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which mediate endocytosis of the virus into the host cell. Fusion with the plasma membrane releases the core into the host cytoplasm. In the early phase, early genes are transcribed in
88-479: A spherical immature particle. This virus particle matures into brick-shaped intracellular mature virion (IMV). IMV virion can be released upon cell lysis, or can acquire a second double membrane from trans-Golgi and bud as external enveloped virion (EEV) host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the DNA strand displacement model. DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits
110-414: A spherical, immature particle. This virus particle matures into brick-shaped intracellular mature virion, which can be released upon cell lysis, or can acquire a second double membrane from trans-Golgi and bud as external enveloped virion host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the DNA strand displacement model. DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits
132-418: The family Poxviridae . Vertebrates and arthropods serve as natural hosts. Currently, 52 species are placed in this subfamily, divided among 18 genera . Diseases associated with this subfamily include smallpox . Four genera in this subfamily contain species that infect humans: Molluscipoxvirus , Orthopoxvirus , Parapoxvirus , and Yatapoxvirus . The virions are generally enveloped though
154-423: The intracellular mature virion form of the virus, which contains a different envelope and is also infectious. They vary in their shape depending upon the species but are generally shaped like a brick or as an oval form similar to a rounded brick because they are wrapped by the endoplasmic reticulum . The virion is exceptionally large, around 200 nm in diameter and 300 nm in length, and carries its genome in
176-675: The HinDill restriction enzymes to separate their DNA. Comparisons of fragmented DNA sequences from different strains showed that all capripoxviruses have a very similar nucleotide sequence homology. Strains were also proven to not all be host-specific. All Capripoxviruses DNA are double-stranded with lengths of around 150 kbp. Strains from goatpox and sheeppox share at least 147 genes; LSDV have an extra 9 genes that are non-functional in GTPV and SPPV. Strains of GTPV, SPPV, and LSDV generally have genome identities similar by at least 96%. The genus contains
198-506: The Horn of Africa. Another Bayesian study suggests that variola arose about 3500 years ago. Subfamily Detarioideae is an example of a botanical subfamily. Detarioideae is a subdivision of the family Fabaceae (legumes), containing 84 genera. Stevardiinae is an example of a zoological subfamily. Stevardiinae is a large subdivision of the family Characidae , a diverse clade of freshwater fish . This biology article
220-737: The Middle East, and continental Asia. In contrast, LSDV is only found in Sub-Saharan Africa. All Capripoxvirus species tend to be spread by means of insect vector. Sheeppox and goatpox are also transmissible by aerosol or by close contact with infected animals. Contamination of open cuts or wounds may also contribute to the spread of SPPV and GTPV. However, there is little to no susceptibility of lumpy skin disease when in close contact with an animal infected with LSDV. While sheeppox and goatpox viruses tend to enter animals through respiratory routes and abraded skin, biting insects are considered
242-464: The ancestor 249 ± 69 thousand years ago. The ancestor of the genus Orthopoxvirus was next to diverge from the other clades at 0.3 million years ago . A second estimate of this divergence time places this event at 166 ± 43,000 years ago. The division of the Orthopox into the extant species occurred about 14,000 years ago. The genus Leporipoxvirus diverged around 137 ± 35,000 years ago. This
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#1732793867370264-513: The cytoplasm by viral RNA polymerase. Early expression begins at 30 minutes post-infection. Core is completely uncoated as early expression ends, viral genome is now free in the cytoplasm. Intermediate phase: Intermediate genes are expressed, triggering genomic DNA replication at approximately 100 minutes post-infection. Late phase: Late genes are expressed from 140 min to 48 hours post-infection, producing all structural proteins. Assembly of progeny virions starts in cytoplasmic viral factories, producing
286-524: The cytoplasm by viral RNA polymerase. Early expression begins at 30 minutes postinfection. The core is completely uncoated as early expression ends, the viral genome is then free in the cytoplasm. In the intermediate phase, intermediate genes are expressed, triggering genomic DNA replication about 100 minutes after infection. In the late phase, late genes are expressed from 140 min to 48 hours postinfection, producing all structural proteins. Assembly of progeny virions starts in cytoplasmic viral factories, producing
308-405: The establishment of trade restrictions in response to an outbreak. The genus consists of three species: sheeppox virus (SPPV), goatpox virus (GTPV), and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). They share no serological relationship with camel pox, horse pox, or avian poxes. Capripoxviruses for sheeppox and goatpox infect only sheep and goat respectively. However, it is probable that North American relatives,
330-520: The following species: Viruses in Capripoxvirus are enveloped, with brick-shaped geometries. Genomes are linear, around 154kb in length. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral proteins to host glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) mediates endocytosis of the virus into the host cell. Fusion with the plasma membrane to release the core into the host cytoplasm. Early phase: early genes are transcribed in
352-410: The host cell by existing in occlusion bodies after cell death and remaining infectious until finding another host. Sheep, goats, and cattle serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are fomite, mechanical, and contact. Capripoxviruses are characterized by the development of pox lesions on the skin. Sheeppox and goatpox infections may also result in the formation of lesions in internal organs such as
374-490: The host cell by microtubular outwards viral transport, and exists in occlusion bodies after cell death and remains infectious until finding another host. Humans, vertebrates, and arthropods serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are fomite, contact, and airborne particles. The classification in this subfamily is based on the morphology, nucleic acid type, mode of replication, host organisms, and type of disease caused. Nine genera in this subfamily are recognized; also,
396-503: The lungs. Lesions eventually become scabs on which the virus may still persist for months. The virus may also be found in the animal's saliva, nasal secretions, and milk. Other symptoms may include lymphadenitis, fever, excessive salivation, and conjunctivitis. Animals produce a lifelong immunity to all Capripoxvirus strains if they recover from the viral infection. The Kenyan sheeppox and goatpox vaccines, produced by an intermediate strain, can also be used to generate immunity. The effects of
418-464: The major driving force for the spread and infection of LSDV. Capripoxviruses infect primarily sheep, goat, and cattle, but strains of capripoxviruses are difficult to distinguish between. Capripoxvirus strains are often recognized by how the main target host responds. They cannot be distinguished using routine laboratory tests such as virus neutralisation test, immunofluorescence test or agar gel immunodiffusion test. They, however, can be isolated by using
440-466: The mountain goat and mountain sheep, may be susceptible to the strains but has not been experimentally proven. Lumpy skin disease virus affects primarily cattle, but studies have been shown that giraffes and impala are also susceptible to LSDV. Humans cannot be infected by Capripoxviruses. The geographic range of Capripoxviruses are bounded within Asia and Africa. SPPV and GTPV are limited to northern Africa,
462-403: The vaccine are generally long-lasting because Capripoxviruses have a single serotype. Prevention of an outbreak currently require the slaughter of infected and in-contact animals. However, eradication of Capripoxviruses can be achieved through vaccination and strict movement control of animal populations. Chordopoxvirinae See text Chordopoxvirinae is a subfamily of viruses in
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#1732793867370484-550: Was followed by the ancestor of the genus Yatapoxvirus . The last common ancestor of the Capripoxvirus and Suipoxvirus diverged 111 ± 29,000 years ago. A Bayesian study of orthopox genomes suggests that the unclassified Yoka poxvirus diverged from the lineage that gave rise to the orthopoxviruses roughly 90,000 years ago. The orthopox viruses diverged from the other pox viruses about 10,000 years ago. Camelpox, taterapox, and variola viruses arose 3,500 years ago and horsepox virus 3,000 years ago. These viruses may have arisen in
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