The katepánō ( Greek : κατεπάνω ; lit. ' [the one] placed at the top ' , or lit. ' the topmost ' ) was a senior Byzantine military rank and office . The word was Latinized as capetanus/catepan , and its meaning seems to have merged with that of the Italian "capitaneus" (which derives from the Latin word "caput", meaning head). This hybridized term gave rise to the English language term captain and its equivalents in other languages ( Capitan , Kapitan , Kapitän , el Capitán, il Capitano, Kapudan Pasha etc.)
8-400: Captain is a title, an appellative for the commanding officer of a military unit; the supreme leader or highest rank officer of a navy ship, merchant ship, aeroplane, spacecraft, or other vessel; or the commander of a port, fire or police department, election precinct, etc. In militaries, the captain is typically at the level of an officer commanding a company or battalion of infantry, a ship, or
16-434: A battery of artillery, or another distinct unit. It can also be a rank of command in an air force. The term also may be used as an informal or honorary title for persons in similar commanding roles. The term "captain" derives from katepánō ( Ancient Greek : κατεπάνω , lit. ' [the one] placed at the top ' , or 'the topmost'), which was used as title for a senior Byzantine military rank and office. The word
24-465: A more specific meaning. The reconquered frontier zones were divided into smaller themata , and grouped together to form large regional commands, headed either by a doux ("duke") or a katepanō . These were the ducates/katepanates of Antioch , covering the south-eastern frontier in northern Syria , of Mesopotamia in the east around the Euphrates , and of Chaldia in the north-east. During
32-522: Is also attested, which was known as the " katepano of Ras ". With the catastrophic territorial losses suffered during the 11th century, the office disappears in the sense of the overall military commander, but is retained in a more local level: during the Komnenian and Palaiologan periods, the term katepanikion thus comes to denote low-level administrative areas, both in Asia Minor (including
40-515: The Empire of Trebizond ) and Europe . These were small subdivisions of the earlier themata , and consisted of little more than a fortified capital (the kastron ) and its surrounding territory. In the Palaiologan era, the katepanikion was governed by a kephalē (Greek: κεφαλή, "head"), who had supreme civil and military authority within its bounds. Like many other Byzantine institutions,
48-579: The 9th century, when it was used in the generic sense of "the one in charge" by two officials: the head of the basilikoi anthrōpoi ("imperial men"), a class of low-level court functionaries, and the head of the Mardaites marine detachments of the Byzantine naval theme of the Cibyrrhaeots in southern Asia Minor . On the eve of the great eastern conquests of the 960s, however, the title acquired
56-618: The reign of Emperor Basil II (r. 976–1025), the eastern border was further expanded, and the katepanate of Iberia was established in 1022. In the West, the most famous katepanate, that of southern Italy , is attested in the Escorial Taktikon , a list of offices compiled circa 971–975, and after the successful conclusion of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars , a katepanō of Bulgaria is also attested. A Serbian catepanate
64-661: Was Latinized as [capetanus or catepan] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |labels= ( help ) , and its meaning seems to have merged with that of the late Latin capitaneus (which derives from the classical Latin word caput , meaning head). This hybridized term gave rise to the English language term captain and its equivalents in other languages ( Capitan , Capitaine , Capitano , Capitão , Kapitan , Kapitän , Kapitein , Kapteeni , Kapten , kapitány , Kapudan Pasha , Kobtan , etc.). Katep%C3%A1n%C5%8D The katepáno first appears in
#940059