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59-457: See text The caracal ( Caracal caracal ) ( / ˈ k ær ə k æ l / ) is a medium-sized wild cat native to Africa , the Middle East , Central Asia , and arid areas of Pakistan and northwestern India . It is characterised by a robust build, long legs, a short face, long tufted ears, relatively short tail, and long canine teeth . Its coat is uniformly reddish tan or sandy, while
118-854: A felid hybrid offspring. The caracal is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 2002, as it is widely distributed in over 50 range countries, where the threats to caracal populations vary in extent. Habitat loss due to agricultural expansion , the building of roads and settlements is a major threat in all range countries. It is thought to be close to extinction in North Africa, critically endangered in Pakistan, endangered in Jordan, but stable in central and Southern Africa. Local people kill caracal to protect livestock, or in retaliation for its preying on small livestock. Additionally, it
177-502: A half of the body length, although with some exceptions, like the Lynx species and margay ( Leopardus wiedii ). Cat species vary greatly in body and skull sizes, and weights: Most cat species have a haploid number of 18 or 19. Central and South American cats have a haploid number of 18, possibly due to the combination of two smaller chromosomes into a larger one. Felidae have type IIx muscle fibers three times more powerful than
236-405: A litter consisting of one to six kittens is born. Births generally peak from October to February. Births take place in dense vegetation or deserted burrows of aardvarks and porcupines . Kittens are born with their eyes and ears shut and the claws not retractable (unable to be drawn inside); the coat resembles that of adults, but the abdomen is spotted. Eyes open by ten days, but it takes longer for
295-503: A potential threat for the species. African caracal populations are listed under CITES Appendix II , while Asian populations come under CITES Appendix I . Hunting of caracal is prohibited in Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Morocco, Pakistan, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Caracals occur in a number of protected areas across their range. In South Africa,
354-607: A powerful bite. They are all obligate carnivores , and most are solitary predators ambushing or stalking their prey. Wild cats occur in Africa , Europe , Asia and the Americas . Some wild cat species are adapted to forest and savanna habitats , some to arid environments, and a few also to wetlands and mountainous terrain. Their activity patterns range from nocturnal and crepuscular to diurnal , depending on their preferred prey species. Reginald Innes Pocock divided
413-420: A similar build as the caracal's, but is darker and lacks the ear tufts. The sympatric serval can be distinguished from the caracal by the former's lack of ear tufts, white spots behind the ears, spotted coat, longer legs, longer tail, and smaller footprints. The skull of the caracal is high and rounded, featuring large auditory bullae , a well-developed supraoccipital crest normal to the sagittal crest , and
472-423: A strong lower jaw. The caracal has a total of 30 teeth; the dental formula is 3.1.3.1 3.1.2.1 . The deciduous dentition is 3.1.2 3.1.2 . The canines are up to 2 cm (0.79 in) long and sharp. The caracal lacks the second upper premolars , and the upper molars are diminutive. The large paws have four digits in the hind legs and five in the fore legs. The first digit of the fore leg remains above
531-474: A wildlife reserve in the provinces of Antalya and Muğla that is regularly used for recreational and agricultural activities. However, they avoid humans and are active mostly at night. In Uzbekistan, caracals were recorded only in the desert regions of the Ustyurt Plateau and Kyzylkum Desert . Between 2000 and 2017, 15 individuals were sighted alive, and at least 11 were killed by herders. In Iran,
590-421: Is 71–103 cm (28–41 in) with a tail of 18–31.5 cm (7.1–12.4 in); 63 females ranged in weight between 7 and 15.9 kg (15 and 35 lb). The caracal is often confused with a lynx, as both cats have tufted ears. However, a notable point of difference between the two is that Lynx species are spotted and blotched, while the caracal shows no such markings on the coat. The African golden cat has
649-416: Is a carnivore that typically preys upon birds, rodents , and other small mammals . It can leap higher than 3.0 m (9.8 ft) and catch birds in midair. It stalks its prey until it is within 5 m (16 ft) of it, after which it runs it down and kills it with a bite to the throat or to the back of the neck. Both sexes become sexually mature by the time they are one year old and breed throughout
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#1732779932014708-511: Is a genus of small and medium-sized cat species native to most of Africa and south of 60° latitude in Europe and Asia to Indochina . The genus includes the domestic cat . The smallest of the seven Felis species is the black-footed cat with a head and body length from 38 to 42 cm (15 to 17 in). The largest is the jungle cat with a head and body length from 62 to 76 cm (24 to 30 in). Genetic studies indicate that
767-413: Is a slender, moderately sized cat characterised by a robust build, a short face, long canine teeth , tufted ears, and long legs. It reaches nearly 40–50 cm (16–20 in) at the shoulder. The tan, bushy tail extends to the hocks . The caracal is sexually dimorphic ; the females are smaller than the males in most bodily parameters. The prominent facial features include the 4.5-cm-long black tufts on
826-481: Is however only a small and seasonal portion of their diet when wild prey is scarce. Caracals are estimated to have caused about 11% of African penguin mortality in Simon's Town breeding colony between January 1999 and September 2021. The caracals's speed and agility make it an efficient hunter, able to take down prey two to three times its size. The powerful hind legs allow it to leap more than 3 m (9.8 ft) in
885-511: Is made up of lizards, snakes and insects. Rodents comprise a significant portion of its diet in western India. It tends to focus on the most abundant prey species. Occasionally, it consumes grasses and grapes, which help to clear the immune system and stomach of any parasites. In South Africa, caracals prey on Cape grysbok , common duiker , bush vlei rats , rock hyrax and Cape hare . In areas where sheep and goat are farmed, caracals have also been documented preying on small livestock, but this
944-477: Is pregnant. Females in oestrus show a spike in urine-marking, and form temporary pairs with males. Mating has not been extensively studied; a limited number of observations suggest that copulation , lasting nearly four minutes on an average, begins with the male smelling the areas urine-marked by the female, which then rolls on the ground. He then approaches and mounts her. The pair separate after copulation. Gestation lasts about two to three months, following which
1003-418: Is the family of mammals in the order Carnivora colloquially referred to as cats . A member of this family is also called a felid ( / ˈ f iː l ɪ d / ). The 41 extant Felidae species exhibit the greatest diversity in fur patterns of all terrestrial carnivores. Cats have retractile claws , slender muscular bodies and strong flexible forelimbs. Their teeth and facial muscles allow for
1062-785: Is the oldest known cat that occurred after the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event about 33.9 million years ago ; fossil remains were excavated in France and Mongolia's Hsanda Gol Formation . Fossil occurrences indicate that the Felidae arrived in North America around 18.5 million years ago . This is about 20 million years later than the Ursidae and the Nimravidae , and about 10 million years later than
1121-609: Is the oldest known pantherine cat dated to the late Messinian to early Zanclean ages about 5.95 to 4.1 million years ago . A fossil skull was excavated in 2010 in Zanda County on the Tibetan Plateau . Panthera palaeosinensis from North China probably dates to the Late Miocene or Early Pliocene . The skull of the holotype is similar to that of a lion or leopard. Panthera zdanskyi dates to
1180-524: Is threatened by hunting for the pet trade on the Arabian Peninsula. In Turkey and Iran, caracals are frequently killed in road accidents. In Uzbekistan, the major threat to caracal is killing by herders in retaliation for livestock losses. Guarding techniques and sheds are inadequate to protect small livestock like goats and sheep from being attacked by predators. Additionally, similarly to Ethiopia, heavy-traffic roads crossing caracal habitat pose
1239-644: The Canidae . In the Early Miocene about 20 to 16.6 million years ago , Pseudaelurus lived in Africa. Its fossil jaws were also excavated in geological formations of Europe's Vallesian , Asia's Middle Miocene and North America's late Hemingfordian to late Barstovian epochs. In the Early or Middle Miocene, the saber-toothed Machairodontinae evolved in Africa and migrated northwards in
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#17327799320141298-698: The Ethiopian Highlands , it occurs up to an elevation of 3,000 m (9,800 ft). In Ethiopia 's Degua Tembien massif, they can be seen along roads, sometimes as roadkills . In the Emirate of Abu Dhabi , a male caracal was photographed by camera traps in Jebel Hafeet National Park in Al Ain Region , in spring 2019, the first such record since the mid-1980s. In south-western Turkey , caracals are present in
1357-761: The Feliformia . All members of the cat family have the following characteristics in common: The colour, length and density of their fur are very diverse. Fur colour covers the gamut from white to black, and fur patterns from distinctive small spots, and stripes to small blotches and rosettes . Most cat species are born with spotted fur, except the jaguarundi ( Herpailurus yagouaroundi ), Asian golden cat ( Catopuma temminckii ) and caracal ( Caracal caracal ). The spotted fur of lion ( Panthera leo ), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and cougar ( Puma concolor ) cubs change to uniform fur during their ontogeny . Those living in cold environments have thick fur with long hair, like
1416-528: The Felinae genera Felis , Otocolobus and Prionailurus diverged from a Eurasian progenitor of the Felidae about 6.2 million years ago, and that Felis species split off 3.04 to 0.99 million years ago. The generic name Felis is derived from Classical Latin fēlis meaning 'cat, ferret'. Carl Linnaeus considered Felis to comprise all cat species known until 1758. Later taxonomists split
1475-583: The Gelasian about 2.55 to 2.16 million years ago . Several fossil skulls and jawbones were excavated in northwestern China. Panthera gombaszoegensis is the earliest known pantherine cat that lived in Europe about 1.95 to 1.77 million years ago . Living felids fall into eight evolutionary lineages or species clades . Genotyping of the nuclear DNA of all 41 felid species revealed that hybridization between species occurred in
1534-772: The Late Miocene . With their large upper canines , they were adapted to prey on large-bodied megaherbivores . Miomachairodus is the oldest known member of this subfamily. Metailurus lived in Africa and Eurasia about 8 to 6 million years ago . Several Paramachaerodus skeletons were found in Spain. Homotherium appeared in Africa, Eurasia and North America around 3.5 million years ago , and Megantereon about 3 million years ago . Smilodon lived in North and South America from about 2.5 million years ago . This subfamily became extinct in
1593-607: The Late Pleistocene . Results of mitochondrial analysis indicate that the living Felidae species descended from a common ancestor , which originated in Asia in the Late Miocene epoch. They migrated to Africa, Europe and the Americas in the course of at least 10 migration waves during the past ~11 million years. Low sea levels and interglacial and glacial periods facilitated these migrations. Panthera blytheae
1652-715: The Pallas's cat as the only member of the genus Otocolobus . Other scientists consider it also a Felis species. Several scientists consider the Chinese mountain cat a subspecies of F. silvestris . The phylogenetic relationships of living Felis species are shown in the following cladogram : Domestic cat ( F. catus ) European wildcat ( F. silvestris ) African wildcat ( F. lybica ) Chinese mountain cat ( F. bieti ) Sand cat ( F. margarita ) Black-footed cat ( F. nigripes ) Jungle cat ( F. chaus ) other Felinae lineages Pantherinae Extinct Felis species in
1711-515: The ancient Egyptian culture, as it occurs in paintings and as bronze figurines; sculptures are thought to have guarded the tombs of pharaohs . Embalmed caracals have also been discovered. The caracal was esteemed for its ability to catch birds in flight and was used for coursing by Mughal emperors in India at least since the Delhi Sultanate . Chinese emperors used caracals as gifts. In
1770-735: The cat family into different genera. In 1917, the British zoologist Reginald Innes Pocock revised the genus Felis as comprising only the ones listed in the following table. Estimated genetic divergence times of the listed species are indicated in million years ago (Mya), based on analysis of autosomal , xDNA, yDNA and mtDNA gene segments. diverged 1.62 to 0.59 Mya [REDACTED] diverged 4.88 to 2.41 Mya [REDACTED] diverged 1.86 to 0.72 Mya [REDACTED] diverged 4.44 to 2.16 Mya [REDACTED] diverged 3.67 to 1.72 Mya [REDACTED] diverged 1.86 to 0.72 Mya [REDACTED] Pocock accepted
1829-554: The fossil record include: Felis species have high and wide skulls, short jaws and narrow ears with short tufts, but without any white spots on the back of the ears. Their pupils contract to a vertical slit. A black cat from Transcaucasia described in 1904 as F. daemon by Satunin turned out to be a feral cat , probably a hybrid of wildcat and domestic cat. The Kellas cat is a hybrid between domestic cat and European wildcat occurring in Scotland . The Corsican wildcat
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1888-778: The home ranges of females vary between 4.0 and 6.5 km (1.5 and 2.5 sq mi). These territories overlap extensively. The conspicuous ear tufts and the facial markings often serve as a method of visual communication; caracals have been observed interacting with each other by moving the head from side to side so that the tufts flicker rapidly. Like other cats, the caracal meows, growls, hisses, spits, and purrs. The caracal typically preys on mammals , which generally comprise at least 80% of its diet; and it also targets small Cercopithecidae monkeys and larger antelopes such as young kudu , impala , mountain gazelle , dorcas gazelle , Cape bushbuck , gerenuk , mountain reedbuck , Sharpe's grysbok and springbok . The remaining percentage
1947-617: The serval ( Leptailurus serval ) form the Caracal lineage , which diverged between 11.56 and 6.66 million years ago. The ancestor of this lineage arrived in Africa between 8.5 and 5.6 million years ago. The relationship of the caracal is considered as follows: Marbled cat ( P. marmorata ) Bay cat ( C. badia ) Asian golden cat ( C. temminckii ) Serval ( L. serval ) Caracal African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Leopardus Lynx Acinonyx Puma Otocolobus Prionailurus Felis The caracal
2006-406: The snow leopard ( Panthera uncia ) and the Pallas's cat ( Otocolobus manul ). Those living in tropical and hot climate zones have short fur. Several species exhibit melanism with all-black individuals, cougars are notable for lacking melanism but leucism and albinism are present in cougars along with many other felids. In the great majority of cat species, the tail is between a third and
2065-454: The ventral parts are lighter with small reddish markings. It reaches 40–50 cm (16–20 in) at the shoulder and weighs 8–19 kg (18–42 lb). It was first scientifically described by German naturalist Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber in 1776. Three subspecies are recognised. Typically nocturnal , the caracal is highly secretive and difficult to observe. It is territorial , and lives mainly alone or in pairs. The caracal
2124-496: The 13th and the 14th centuries, Yuan dynasty rulers bought numerous caracals, cheetahs ( Acinonyx jubatus ) and tigers ( Panthera tigris ) from Muslim merchants in the western parts of the empire in return for gold, silver, copper cash and silk. According to the Ming Shilu , the subsequent Ming dynasty continued this practice. Until the 20th century, the caracal was used in hunts of Indian rulers to hunt small game, while
2183-528: The Greeks and Romans was most probably the caracal, and the name 'lynx' is sometimes still applied to it, but the present-day lynx proper is a separate genus. The caracal is also known as desert lynx and Persian lynx . Felis caracal was the scientific name used by Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber in 1776 who described a caracal skin from the Cape of Good Hope . In 1843, John Edward Gray placed it in
2242-600: The Pantherinae and Felinae, with the Acinonychinae subsumed into the latter. Pantherinae includes five Panthera and two Neofelis species , while Felinae includes the other 34 species in 12 genera . The first cats emerged during the Oligocene about 25 million years ago , with the appearance of Proailurus and Pseudaelurus . The latter species complex was ancestral to two main lines of felids:
2301-514: The air to catch birds on the wing. It can even twist and change its direction mid-air. It is an adroit climber. It stalks its prey until it is within 5 m (16 ft), following which it can launch into a sprint. While large prey such as antelopes are suffocated by a throat bite, smaller prey are killed by a bite on the back of the neck. Kills are consumed immediately, and less commonly dragged to cover. It returns to large kills if undisturbed. It has been observed to begin feeding on antelope kills at
2360-613: The caracal marks rocks and vegetation in its territory with urine and probably with dung, which is not covered with soil. Claw scratching is prominent, and dung middens are typically not formed. In Israel , males are found to have territories averaging 220 km (85 sq mi), while that of females averaged 57 km (22 sq mi). The male territories vary from 270–1,116 km (104–431 sq mi) in Saudi Arabia. In Mountain Zebra National Park ,
2419-643: The caracal has been recorded in Abbasabad Naein Reserve, Bahram’gur Protected Area, Kavir National Park and in Yazd Province . In India, the caracal occurs in Sariska Tiger Reserve and Ranthambhore National Park . The Indian population may be under 100, and is thought extinct in 10 of the 13 Indian states it had historical populations in. The caracal is typically nocturnal , though some activity may be observed during
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2478-670: The caracal is considered Least Concern, as it is widespread and adaptable to a variety of habitats. It is tolerant to human-dominated areas, although it has been persecuted for many decades. Farmers are encouraged to report sightings of caracals, both dead and alive, and livestock killed by caracals to the national Predation Management Information Centre. The Central Asian caracal population is listed as Critically Endangered in Uzbekistan since 2009, and in Kazakhstan since 2010. The caracal appears to have been religiously significant in
2537-543: The cats in the extant subfamilies and a group of extinct "saber-tooth" felids of the subfamily Machairodontinae , which range from the type genus Machairodus of the late Miocene to Smilodon of the Pleistocene. The "false saber-toothed cats", the Barbourofelidae and Nimravidae , are not true cats but are closely related. Together with the Felidae, Viverridae , hyenas and mongooses , they constitute
2596-451: The cheetah was used for larger game. In those times, caracals were used to hunt bustards , francolins , and other game birds . They were also placed in arenas with flocks of pigeons and people would bet on which caracal would kill the largest number of pigeons. This probably gave rise to the expression "to put the cat among the pigeons". Its pelt was used for making fur coats. Felidae Felidae ( / ˈ f ɛ l ɪ d iː / )
2655-492: The course of evolution within the majority of the eight lineages. Modelling of felid coat pattern transformations revealed that nearly all patterns evolved from small spots. Traditionally, five subfamilies had been distinguished within the Felidae based on phenotypical features: the Pantherinae , the Felinae , the Acinonychinae, and the extinct Machairodontinae and Proailurinae . Acinonychinae used to only contain
2714-555: The day as well. However, the cat is so secretive and difficult to observe that its activity at daytime might easily go unnoticed. A study in South Africa showed that caracals are most active when the air temperature drops below 20 °C (68 °F); activity typically ceases at higher temperatures. A solitary cat, the caracal mainly occurs alone or in pairs; the only groups seen are of mothers with their offspring. Females in oestrus temporarily pair with males. A territorial animal,
2773-474: The ears, two black stripes from the forehead to the nose, the black outline of the mouth, the distinctive black facial markings, and the white patches surrounding the eyes and the mouth. The eyes appear to be narrowly open due to the lowered upper eyelid, probably an adaptation to shield the eyes from the sun's glare. The ear tufts may start drooping as the animal ages. The coat is uniformly reddish tan or sandy, though black caracals are also known. The underbelly and
2832-421: The extant Felidae into three subfamilies: the Pantherinae , the Felinae and the Acinonychinae, differing from each other by the ossification of the hyoid apparatus and by the cutaneous sheaths which protect their claws. This concept has been revised following developments in molecular biology and techniques for the analysis of morphological data. Today, the living Felidae are divided into two subfamilies:
2891-405: The following cladogram: Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi) Clouded leopard ( N. nebulosa ) Tiger (P. tigris) Snow leopard (P. uncia) Jaguar (P. onca) Lion ( P. leo ) Leopard ( P. pardus ) Serval (L. serval) African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Caracal ( C. caracal ) Andean mountain cat ( L. jacobita ) Felis See § Taxonomy Felis
2950-866: The genus Acinonyx but this genus is now within the Felinae subfamily. The following cladogram based on Piras et al. (2013) depicts the phylogeny of basal living and extinct groups. † Proailurus bourbonnensis † Proailurus lemanensis † Proailurus major † Pseudaelurus quadridentatus † Pseudaelurus cuspidatus † Pseudaelurus guangheesis † Machairodontinae [REDACTED] † Hyperailurictis intrepidus † Hyperailurictis marshi † Hyperailurictis stouti † Hyperailurictis validus † Hyperailurictis skinneri † Sivaelurus chinjiensis † Styriofelis turnauensis † Styriofelis romieviensis Felinae [REDACTED] † Miopanthera lorteti † Miopanthera pamiri Pantherinae [REDACTED] The phylogenetic relationships of living felids are shown in
3009-504: The genus Caracal . It is placed in the family Felidae and subfamily Felinae . In the 19th and 20th centuries, several caracal specimens were described and proposed as subspecies . Since 2017, three subspecies have been recognised as valid : Results of a phylogenetic study indicates that the caracal and the African golden cat ( Caracal aurata ) diverged between 2.93 and 1.19 million years ago. These two species together with
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#17327799320143068-633: The ground and features the dewclaw . The sharp and retractile claws are larger but less curved in the hind legs. In Africa, the caracal is widely distributed south of the Sahara , but considered rare in North Africa. In Asia, it occurs from the Arabian Peninsula , Middle East, Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan to western India. It inhabits forests, savannas , marshy lowlands, semideserts , and scrub forests , but prefers dry areas with low rainfall and availability of cover. In montane habitats such as in
3127-408: The hind parts. It may scavenge at times, though this has not been frequently observed. Both sexes become sexually mature by the time they are a year old; production of gametes begins even earlier at seven to ten months. However, successful mating takes place only at 12 to 15 months. Breeding takes place throughout the year. Oestrus, one to three days long, recurs every two weeks unless the female
3186-433: The insides of the legs are lighter, often with small reddish markings. The fur, soft, short, and dense, grows coarser in the summer. The ground hairs (the basal layer of hair covering the coat) are denser in winter than in summer. The length of the guard hairs (the hair extending above the ground hairs) can be up to 3 cm (1.2 in) long in winter, but shorten to 2 cm (0.79 in) in summer. These features indicate
3245-473: The mother starts shifting them every day. All the milk teeth appear in 50 days, and permanent dentition is completed in 10 months. Juveniles begin dispersing at nine to ten months, though a few females stay back with their mothers. The average lifespan of the caracal in captivity is nearly 16 years. In the 1990s, a captive caracal spontaneously mated with a domestic cat in the Moscow Zoo , resulting in
3304-486: The muscle fibers of human athletes. The family Felidae is part of the Feliformia , a suborder that diverged probably about 50.6 to 35 million years ago into several families. The Felidae and the Asiatic linsangs are considered a sister group , which split about 35.2 to 31.9 million years ago . The earliest cats probably appeared about 35 to 28.5 million years ago . Proailurus
3363-485: The onset of moulting in the hot season, typically in October and November. The hind legs are longer than the forelegs, so the body appears to be sloping downward from the rump . Male caracals measure in head-to-body length 78–108 cm (31–43 in) and have 21–34 cm (8.3–13.4 in) long tails; 77 male caracals ranged in weight between 7.2 and 19 kg (16 and 42 lb). The head-to-body length of females
3422-426: The vision to become normal. The ears become erect and the claws become retractable by the third or the fourth week. Around the same time, the kittens start roaming their birthplace, and start playing among themselves by the fifth or the sixth week. They begin taking solid food around the same time; they have to wait for nearly three months before they make their first kill. As the kittens start moving about by themselves,
3481-441: The year. Gestation lasts between two and three months, resulting in a litter of one to six kittens. Juveniles leave their mothers at the age of nine to ten months, though a few females stay back with their mothers. The average lifespan of captive caracals is nearly 16 years. The name 'caracal' was proposed by Georges Buffon in 1761 who referred to its Turkish name 'Karrah-kulak' or 'Kara-coulac', meaning 'black ear'. The 'lynx' of
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