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69-397: ‹The template Manual is being considered for merging .›   Caravaca de la Cruz ( Spanish: [kaɾaˈβaka ðe la ˈkɾuθ] ), often shortened to Caravaca , is a town and municipality of southeastern Spain in the region of Murcia , near the left bank of the River Argos , a tributary of the Segura . It is the capital of the northwest Region of Murcia . It has

138-403: A pall , sacramental bread and sacramental wine , and the right number of altar candles . One important object was lacking: an altar crucifix . Don Gínes explained it was essential to the service that a cross be placed on the altar, and he could not properly say Mass without one. The king exclaimed: "So what is that?" and pointed to something in the window. From Heaven came two angels bearing

207-464: A parish church that houses what are believed to be fragments of the True Cross . These relics are attributed miraculous properties, and celebrated with a feast day every 3 May. The cultural festival surrounding this liturgical occasion, held between 1 and 5 May of each year, has been declared of International Tourist Interest in 2004. Along with processions and parades of Moors and Christians,

276-666: A beautiful Baby instead of the Host. The king was so taken aback by this miracle that he and his family converted to Christianity and asked for Baptism . Many believe that the cross delivered by the angels contained a piece of the True Cross. Centuries later, after Christopher Columbus set sail on his voyage of discovery (1492) Franciscan friars travelled to the Americas, taking copies of the Caravaca Cross with them. The design

345-573: A cross, which they placed on the altar before vanishing. The priest continued the Mass, where according to Catholic theology , the bread and wine become the True Body and Blood of Jesus Christ (as per the doctrine of transubstantiation ), even while retaining their original sensory qualities . As the missionary was saying the Consecration prayers that effected this change, the king saw

414-492: A low number of inhabitants. The area of the municipal territory (Spanish: término municipal ) usually ranges 2–40 km , but some municipalities span across a much larger area, up to the 1,750.33 km of Cáceres ', the largest municipality in the country. The average land area of a Spanish municipality is about 62.23 km (24.03 sq mi), while the average population is about 5,988 people. Municipalities were first created by decree on 23 May 1812 as part of

483-565: A more important title. Prior to the American ownership of the Southwest, a number of Americans immigrated to California , where they often became Mexican citizens and changed their given names to Spanish equivalents, for example " Juan Temple " for Jonathan Temple. It was common for them to assume the honorific "don" once they had attained a significant degree of distinction in the community. In Spanish colonial Philippines , this honorific

552-476: A population of 26,449 as of 2010 ( INE ). In 1900, it had 15,846 inhabitants. It is the fifth Holy City of Catholic Christianity , having been granted the privilege of celebrating a jubilee year in perpetuity in 1998 by Pope John Paul II , along with Rome , Jerusalem , Santiago de Compostela and Camaleño (also the Monastery of Santo Toribio de Liébana ). It celebrates its jubilee every seven years,

621-652: A unique setting. This space is located the Tower of the Templars, a small castle in the Middle Ages constituted a defense outpost of Caravaca de la Cruz. It has been installed interpretation center of nature showing the species of birds, fish and small mammals that inhabit the place. Municipalities of Spain Although provinces are groupings of municipalities , there is no implied hierarchy or primacy of one over

690-587: A woman who does not hold an academic title. It is commonly used to refer to First Ladies , although it is less common for female politicians. Within the Catholic Church, the prefix Don is usually used for the diocesan priests with their first name, as well as velečasni ( The Reverend ). Dom is used as a title in English for certain Benedictine (including some communities which follow

759-584: Is S. M. el Rey Felipe VI . Spanish citizens who are Knights and Dames of the Order of Civil Merit , the Order of Charles III , and the Order of Isabella the Catholic are addressed as Don (for Knights) or Doña (for Dames), in the same style as Sir or Dame for knighted British nationals. [2] [3] [4] The Spanish usage is similar among Basque speakers in Spain using don and doña . The honorific

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828-583: Is " Dame " (e.g. Dame Laurentia McLachlan , late Abbess of Stanbrook , or Dame Felicitas Corrigan , author). In the United States , Don has also been made popular by films depicting the Italian mafia , such as The Godfather trilogy, where the crime boss is given by his associates the same signs of respect that were traditionally granted in Italy to nobility. However, the honorific followed by

897-677: Is an honorific prefix primarily used in Spain and Hispanic America , and with different connotations also in Italy , Portugal and its former colonies, and formerly in the Philippines . Don is derived from the Latin dominus : a master of a household, a title with background from the Roman Republic in classical antiquity . With the abbreviated form having emerged as such in

966-431: Is extended to Spanish citizens living abroad. A Spaniard abroad, upon registering in a consulate , has the right to vote in the local elections of the last municipality they resided in. A Spanish citizen born abroad must choose between the last municipality his or her mother or father last lived in. As of 2022, there were a total of 8,131 municipalities in Spain, including the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla . In

1035-651: Is no longer a right under Italian law. In practice, however, the style Don/Donna (or Latin Dominus/Domina) was used more loosely in church, civil and notarial records. The honorific was often accorded to the untitled gentry (e.g., knights or younger sons of noblemen), priests, or other people of distinction. It was, over time, adopted by organized criminal societies in Southern Italy (including Naples, Sicily, and Calabria) to refer to members who held considerable sway within their hierarchies. In modern Italy,

1104-507: Is sometimes adapted as on as in the priest and scholar on Joxemiel Barandiaran ( Spanish : Don José Miguel Barandiarán ) or fictional knight On Kixote ( Don Quixote ). The honorific was also used among Ladino -speaking Sephardi Jews , as part of the Spanish culture which they took with them after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492. The honorific title Don

1173-736: Is still common in Southern Italy, mostly as an honorific form to address the elderly, but it is rarely, if ever, used in Central Italy or Northern Italy . It can be used satirically or ironically to lampoon a person's sense of self-importance. Don is prefixed either to the full name or to the person's given name . The form "Don Lastname" for crime bosses (as in Don Corleone ) is an American custom. In Southern Italy, mafia bosses are addressed as "Don Firstname" by other mafiosi and sometimes their victims as well, while

1242-669: Is still commonly seen in Central and South American churches and monasteries. Houses and business premises also have copies pinned to the wall like lucky charms, and may be surrounded by a lucky horseshoe. This legend of the appearance of the Cross is remembered by the people of Caravaca each year with festivities. The May celebrations honouring the Holy Cross combine culture, religion, history, and entertainment in which all citizens and visitors participate. In 1998 Caravaca de la Cruz became

1311-534: Is to men. Today in the Spanish language, Doña is used to respectfully refer to a mature woman. In present-day Hispanic America, the title Don or Doña is sometimes used in honorific form when addressing a senior citizen. In some countries, Don or Doña may be used as a generic honorific, similar to Sir and Madam in the United States. In Spanish, don and doña convey a higher degree of reverence. Unlike The Honourable in English (but like

1380-464: Is used by nuns of the Order. In Spanish, although originally a title reserved for royalty, select nobles, and church hierarchs, it is now often used as a mark of esteem for an individual of personal, social or official distinction, such as a community leader of long-standing, a person of significant wealth, a noble , or the member of an order of merit . As a style , rather than a title or rank , it

1449-534: Is used for certain higher members hierarchs , such as superiors , of the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. In Catholic religious orders , such as the Order of Saint Benedict , it is also associated with the status of Dom Frater . Dom is similarly used as an honorific for Benedictine monks within the Benedictine Order throughout France and the English speaking world, such as

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1518-454: Is used with, rather than in place of, a person's name. The feminine equivalents are Doña ( Spanish: [ˈdoɲa] ), Donna ( Italian: [ˈdɔnna] ), Doamnă (Romanian) and Dona ( Portuguese: [ˈdonɐ] ) abbreviated 'D.ª', 'Da.', or simply 'D.' It is a common honorific reserved for women, especially mature women. In Portuguese Dona tends to be less restricted in use to women than Dom

1587-413: The principalía (e.g., gobernadorcillo and cabeza de barangay ) were replaced by American political positions such as the municipal president. The practise slowly faded after World War II , as heirs of the principalía often did not inherit the title, and as civic leaders were chosen by popular election. Prior to 1954, the appointment and tenure of mayors was at the pleasure of the president of

1656-720: The Culture House and the cultural center built in the Church of the Society of Jesus are the places where cultural activity centers, film and artistic community. One of the most established cultural events is the Theatre Week Caravaca de la Cruz , who in 2010 reached its thirtieth edition. It is now done at the end of July each year in the Plaza de Toros in the town. Since December 2010 is being carried out work on

1725-611: The Middle Ages , traditionally it is reserved for Catholic clergy and nobles , in addition to certain educational authorities and persons of high distinction. The older form of Dom is the variant used in Portuguese, which in Brazil is reserved for bishops . The title is also used among Benedictine monks for those members of the community who have professed perpetual religious vows . The equivalent of Doña or Dame

1794-551: The Multifunctional Center and Auditorium of Caravaca de la Cruz, which has been controversial for its potential visual impact on the Old Town area, although from the drivers of argues that this work will be minimal and that the building itself will be a new attraction for the municipality. 'Las Fuentes del Marques' is a place of natural beauty whose role lies in the numerous births of crystalline waters that form

1863-492: The Principality of Asturias , municipalities are officially named concejos (councils). The average population of a municipality is about 5,300, but this figure masks a huge range: the most populous Spanish municipality is the city of Madrid , with a population of 3,305,408 (2022) , while several rural municipalities have fewer than ten inhabitants ( Illán de Vacas , had a population of three in 2022 ). Almost 40% of

1932-463: The Puerto Rican industrialist and politician Don Luis Ferré , among many other figures. Although Puerto Rican politician Pedro Albizu Campos had a doctoral degree, he has been titled Don . Likewise, Puerto Rican Governor Luis Muñoz Marín has often been called Don Luís Muñoz Marin instead of Governor Muñoz Marin. In the same manner, Don Miguel Ángel Ruiz is an M.D. Additionally

2001-615: The Rule of St. Benedict ) and Carthusian monks , and for members of certain communities of canons regular . Examples include Benedictine monks of the English Benedictine Congregation (e.g. Dom John Chapman , late Abbot of Downside ). Since the Second Vatican Council , the title can be given to any monk ( lay or ordained ) who has made a solemn profession . The equivalent title for a nun

2070-410: The municipal headquarters (city/town hall). The ayuntamiento is composed of the mayor (Spanish: alcalde ), the deputy mayors (Spanish: tenientes de alcalde ) and the deliberative assembly ( pleno ) of councillors ( concejales ). Another form of local government used in small municipalities is the concejo abierto (open council), in which the deliberative assembly is formed by all the electors in

2139-421: The Caravaca Cross is unusual in that the arms of the corpus are nailed to it rather than the lower bar. The power of the Cross of Caravaca is in its original meaning and foremost representation of a religious value that was the maintaining starting point of other values. Without the religious symbolism, the Cross had not had the importance and character development in its history. Secular symbols usually do not cause

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2208-422: The Cross, when Caravaca becomes the capital of joy, beauty and festive participation. Wine Horses begin at dawn with the washing and harnessing the horse, in over forty different locations in the city. Few spectators, most linked to the rocks or family have the privilege to attend the ceremony. In the early morning light group (formed by the horse and four horses), is preparing to recognize the streets within hours of

2277-526: The English Sir for a knight or baronet ), Don may be used when speaking directly to a person, and unlike Lord it must be used with a given name. For example, "Don Diego de la Vega" or simply "Don Diego" (the secret identity of Zorro ) are typical forms. But a form using the last name (e.g. "Don de la Vega") is not considered correct and rarely would be used by Spanish speakers ("señor de la Vega" would be used instead). Historically, don

2346-573: The Holy and Vera Cruz. (5 May). In the early 8th century, Arabs and Berbers invaded and occupied the Iberian Peninsula . This triggered conflicts with the locals lasting almost 800 years, ending with Christian kingdoms successfully retaking the entire Peninsula in the 15th century. During the middle of that period, in the year 1231 (or 1232 by some accounts), a miracle occurred in the southeastern Spanish town of Caravaca de la Cruz, which

2415-445: The Philippines , pursuant to Commonwealth Act No. 158 amending Commonwealth Act No. 57., Section 8 of Commonwealth Act No. 158, as amended by Republic Act No. 276. The 1987 Constitution , meanwhile, explicitly prohibits recognition of titles of nobility, thus the terms Don and Doña are now courtesy titles with no requirements for their attainment other than common usage for socially prominent and rich persons. Officially, Don

2484-417: The Spanish population resides in just 62 municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. 84% (6,817) of municipalities have less than 5,000 inhabitants. Castile and León alone account for 28% of municipalities but they constitute less than 6% of the population of Spain. A European report said that one of the most important problems facing local governments in Spain is the very high number of little towns with

2553-525: The blessed wine was mixed with the toxic water in the storage tanks. The water became fresh and as a result, the Christians were able to resist the enemy. Today, an annual fiesta is held in the town to remember those events, which includes a ceremony to bless the irrigation water used by Caravaca farmers. Before offering and sprucing women to young men and horses richly embroidered robes and bouquets of flowers, considering, in this way, heroes and saviors of

2622-420: The castle at night to look for water but found the neighboring wells had been poisoned. In desperation, the scouts raced out of the castle on horses to find a safe source of water. They found some wine, loaded the wineskins on their horses and raced back to the castle. The wine was blessed in the presence the Caravaca Cross and served to those who had been debilitated by the bad water. They recovered immediately and

2691-553: The celebration of Horses of Wine is especially relevant, which now aspires to be listed as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO . The Neoclassical painter Rafael Tejeo was born in Caravaca. Caravaca is home to other monuments and museums. The hills which extend to the north are rich in marble and iron, while the town itself has been a considerable industrial centre, with large iron-works, tanneries and paper, chocolate and oil factories. A large archeological site

2760-614: The famous Dom Pérignon . In France, it is also used within the male branch of the Carthusian Order. It is also employed for laymen who belong to the royal and imperial families (for example the House of Aviz in Portugal and the House of Braganza in Portugal and Brazil). It was also accorded to members of families of the titled Portuguese nobility . Unless ennobling letters patent specifically authorised its use, Dom

2829-617: The fifth Holy City (along with Santiago de Compostela, Santo Toribio de Liébana, Rome and Jerusalem) celebrating the Perpetual Jubilee in the Vera Cruz Sanctuary (Sanctuario de la Vera Cruz), where the Cross of Caravaca is kept. The Caravaca Cross shows a Corpus on a Patriarchal Cross , often flanked by two angels. In most Patriarchal Crosses, the smaller, upper bar normally represents the Titulus Crucis ;

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2898-464: The first being in 2003, when it was visited by Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger , later Pope Benedict XVI. In 2010, the second jubilee was celebrated, and it surpassed the one million visits received in 2003. Festivities of International Tourist Interest have occurred since 2004. Caravaca is dominated by the medieval Santuario de la Vera Cruz (Shrine of the True Cross), a complex of several convents and

2967-495: The functions of the comarcas and provinces are municipal powers pooled together. All citizens of Spain are required to register in the municipality they live in, and after doing so, they are juridically considered "neighbors" (residents) of the municipality, a designation that grants them various rights and privileges, and which entail certain obligations as well, including the right to vote or be elected for public office in said municipality. The right to vote in municipal elections

3036-497: The honorific is usually used with people of older age. The same happens in other Hispanic American countries. For example, despite having a doctoral degree in theology , the Paraguayan dictator José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia was usually styled as "Don". Likewise, despite being a respected military commander with the rank of Brigade General , Argentine Ruler Juan Manuel de Rosas was formally and informally styled "Don" as

3105-585: The liberal reforms associated with the new Spanish Constitution of 1812 and based on similar actions in revolutionary France. The idea was to rationalise and homogenise territorial organisation, do away with the prior feudal system and provide equality before the law of all citizens. Between 1812 and 1931, the legislation regarding municipal organisation was changed more than 20 times, and there were 20 addition and unsuccessful proposals for change. Don (honorific) The term Don ( Spanish: [don] , literally ' Lord ') abbreviated as D. ,

3174-537: The mists of time blending between history and legend. The town passed to the Knights Templar who, in the 13th century, built the castle that still dominates the town today. At one time, the Knights Templar and townsfolk were under siege by the Muslim army and took refuge in the castle. It wasn't long before the water stored in the castle became unpotable and several of the refugees became ill. Scouts crept out of

3243-418: The municipality. The operation of the municipalities is broadly outlined by the 1985 Local Government Act. The Statutes of Autonomy of the various autonomous communities also contain provisions and many sectorial laws from national and autonomous community government determine the functions and powers of ayuntamientos. In general, municipalities enjoy a large degree of autonomy in their local affairs: many of

3312-417: The other. Instead the two entities are defined according to the authority or jurisdiction of each ( Spanish : competencias ). Some autonomous communities also group municipalities into entities known as comarcas (districts) or mancomunidades (commonwealths). The governing body in most municipalities is called ayuntamiento ( municipal council or corporation ), a term often also used to refer to

3381-398: The press usually refers to them as "Firstname Lastname", without the honorific. Priests are the only ones to be referred as "Don" plus the last name (e.g. Don Marioni), although when talking directly to them they are usually addressed as "Don" plus the first name (e.g. Don Francesco), which is also the most common form used by parishioners when referring to their priest. The usage of Dom

3450-508: The rule, such as the mulatto Miguel Enríquez who received the distinction from Philip V due to his privateering work in the Caribbean . It is now often used as a more formal version of Señor , a term which itself was also once used to address someone with the quality of nobility (not necessarily holding a nobiliary title). During the reign of King Juan Carlos of Spain from 1975 until his abdication as monarch on 19 June 2014, he

3519-459: The same force as religious symbols, which are the meeting place of a transcendent reality and other material. The Caravaca Cross is the symbol of a city, protecting and giving strength to all its people. It provides a deep feeling of community to all caravaqueños , and it also reaches deep into the heart of the pilgrims who come to visit the Shrine. For almost eight centuries of pilgrims' worship it

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3588-493: The show will be the scenario. Fast runs and solemn presences begin to get followers who have not given up the rock around the passage of celebration. Thuiller Theatre , built in 1843 on the old "Court of Comedy". In 2006, after being closed several months, completed the last renovation of the building, reopening to the public in April of that year with the play El hombre de Central Park , by Carlos Larrañaga. Besides this theater,

3657-527: The situation. Since the Middle Ages, in more or less splendor, according to the times, the anniversary has been held annually. However, it is in the 18th century, in full Baroque, when the festival begins to appear as such, and during the Romantic Decimónico playful when it reaches the structure it has today. The Celebration takes place during the morning of each Dos de Mayo, the eve of the Feast of

3726-466: The spectacular career of the horses came on the slope of the castle. The horses came roaring burst and annually in the spring of Caravaca, on 2 May, opening wide the gates of the festival every year is dedicated to the Blessed. Cruz Caravaca, Murcia Northwest particular corner. A display of fantasy and symbolism. Cult given the strength, value, beauty and the senses. The origins of the festival are lost in

3795-430: The title is usually only given to Roman Catholic diocesan priests (never to prelates, who bear higher honorifics such as monsignore , eminenza , and so on). In Sardinia , until recently it was commonly used for nobility (whether titled or not), but it is being presently used mainly when the speaker wants to show that he knows the don 's condition of nobility. Outside of the priesthood or old nobility, usage

3864-444: The title itself had been granted. A well-known exception is the descent of Dom Vasco da Gama . There were many cases, both in Portugal and Brazil, in which the title of Dom (or Dona ) was conceded to, and even bought by, people who were not from royalty. In any case, when the title was officially recognized by the proper authority, it became part of the name. In Portugal and Brazil, Dom ( pronounced [ˈdõ] )

3933-466: The writer Ballester on one of his books and is celebrated on 2 May. The horses come together to Moors and Christians, the Fiestas de Caravaca de la Cruz are held from 1 to 5 May in honor of the patron saint of the village, the Blessed and Vera Cruz de Caravaca. The horses came from Caravaca de la Cruz, on 2 May was done with the streets of the city with its splendid robes embroidered in silk and gold, and

4002-416: Was a prerogative of princes of royal blood and also of other individuals to whom it had been granted by the sovereign. In most cases, the title was passed on through the male line. Strictly speaking, only females born of a nobleman bearing the title Dom would be addressed as Dona ('D.ª'), but the style was not heritable through daughters. The few exceptions depended solely on the conditions upon which

4071-710: Was captured and taken before the Muslim king, who was curious about aspects of Christianity. In particular, he was interested in the celebration of the Last Supper , and so asked the missionary to demonstrate the procedure for the Mass . The priest was reluctant to profane the Blessed Sacrament , as at the time only the Faithful could be present at the liturgy. Nevertheless, he agreed and the king arranged for all necessary items to be prepared: an altar draped with

4140-744: Was found in January 2009, comprising 1,300 graves dating from 2400 to 1950 BC. [1] Festivities in honor of the Santisima y Vera Cruz de Caravaca. Declared of International Tourist Interest in November 2004 , held from 1 to 5 May. Include the following acts: Competition Southeast Migas. "Night of the crumbs. " 30 April. Bareback horse contest. 1 May. Processions accompanying the Cruz de Moros y Cristianos (2 and 3 May). Fiesta de la Santisima y Vera Cruz (3 May). Moors and Christians parade (4 May). Procession of

4209-470: Was guarded by the Knights Templar , and later by the Order of Santiago . The Cross also has other connotations and considerations. The historical experiences and experiences of identity accumulated over time have provided it with an emotional function for the local community and for many people elsewhere. Festivity of Caballos del Vino is a celebration "Unique, unusual and passionate" as defined by

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4278-471: Was how the style was used in the Almanach de Gotha for extant families in its third section focused on the 200 non sovereign princely and ducal families of Europe. The last official Italian nobility law (abrogated 1948) stated that the style belonged to members of the following groups: Genealogical databases and dynastic works still reserve the title for this class of noble by tradition, although it

4347-421: Was not attributed to members of Portugal's untitled nobility: Since hereditary titles in Portugal descended according to primogeniture , the right to the style of Dom was the only apparent distinction between cadets of titled families and members of untitled noble families. In the Portuguese language, the feminine form, Dona (or, more politely, Senhora Dona ), has become common when referring to

4416-556: Was reserved to the nobility , the prehispanic datu that became the principalía , whose right to rule was recognised by Philip II on 11 June 1594. Similar to Latin America, the title Don is considered highly honoured, more so than academic titles such as "Doctor", political titles such as "Governor", and even knights titled " Sir ". Usage was retained during the American period , although traditional official positions of

4485-425: Was still under the control of Zeyt-Abuzeyt. Being several generations away from the initial invaders, Zeyt-Abuzeyt was from a line of well-established Moorish kings and one of his duties was to protect the region from invasion by Christians. The Christian Reconquista took various forms; from fighting to gradual infiltration through missionaries. One such Christian missionary was Don Gínes Pérez Chirinos de Cuenca. He

4554-446: Was the honorific title exclusively reserved for a member of a high noble family such a principe or a duca , excluding a marchese or a conte (and any legitimate, male-line descendant thereof). A reigning prince or duke would also be entitled to some form of the higher style of Altezza (eg Sua Altezza Serenissima , Sua Altezza Reale ) in addition to the Don. This

4623-482: Was titled Su Majestad [S. M.] el Rey Juan Carlos (His Majesty King Juan Carlos). Following the abdication, Juan Carlos and his wife are titled, according to the Royal Household website, S. M. el Rey Don Juan Carlos (H.M. King Juan Carlos) and S. M. la Reina Doña Sofía (H.M. Queen Sofía)—the same as during his reign, with the honorific Don / Doña prefixed to the names. Juan Carlos' successor

4692-421: Was used to address members of the nobility, e.g. hidalgos , as well as members of the secular clergy . The treatment gradually came to be reserved for persons of the blood royal , e.g. Don John of Austria , and those of such acknowledged high or ancient aristocratic birth as to be noble de Juro e Herdade , that is, "by right and heredity" rather than by the king's grace. However, there were rare exemptions to

4761-626: Was widely used in Crown documents throughout Hispanic America by those in nobility or landed gentry. It can be found in the many 'Padrones' and "Aguas y Tierras" records in Mexican archives. The honorific in modern times is also widely used throughout the Americas. This is the case of the Mexican New Age author Don Miguel Ángel Ruiz , the Chilean television personality Don Francisco , and

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