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93-432: Because he was the fourth son, after the infantes John , Luís , and Ferdinand , he was assigned by his father to religious life, and he accumulated numerous ecclesiastical benefits even though he did not have the canonical age required to exercise these dignities. He was successively bishop of Guarda, cardinal, bishop of Viseu, bishop of Évora and finally archbishop of Lisbon. Afonso was born in Évora on 23 April 1509. He

186-567: A captain . Because the Portuguese established themselves in Macau, Chinese commercial relations and the silver trade with Japan were improved under John III's rule. After the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan , the Crown of Castile claimed the recently discovered Maluku Islands . In 1524, a conference of experts ( cartographers , cosmographers , pilots, etc.) was held to solve the dispute caused by

279-518: A central office and employed dozens of officials. The Inquisition's procedures were severe and irregular, accepting any denunciation as evidence, denying prisoners the right to choose their defenders, and allowing no appeal outside the Inquisition. Punishments ranged from fines and imprisonment to property confiscation and banishment, with executions for heresy carried out by Crown justice. Between 1543 and 1684, at least 1,379 people were burned at

372-830: A direct ocean route from the Cape of Good Hope to the Sunda Strait in Indonesia . People from the Neolithic period traded in spices , obsidian , sea shells , precious stones and other high-value materials as early as the 10th millennium BC. The first to mention the trade in historical periods are the Egyptians . In the 3rd millennium BC, they traded with the Land of Punt , which is believed to have been situated in an area encompassing northern Somalia , Djibouti , Eritrea and

465-470: A few years later began to help his father in administrative duties. At the age of sixteen John was chosen to marry his first cousin, the 20-year-old Eleanor of Austria , the eldest daughter of Philip the Handsome of Austria-Burgundy and Queen Joanna of Castile , but instead she married his widowed father Manuel. John took deep offence at this: his chroniclers say he became melancholic and was never quite

558-542: A gradual decline of the Portuguese trade monopoly. In consideration of the challenging military situation faced by Portuguese forces worldwide, on 7 August 1549 John III declared every male subject between 20 and 65 years old recruitable for military service. Among John III's many colonial governors in Asia were Vasco da Gama , Pedro Mascarenhas , Lopo Vaz de Sampaio , Nuno da Cunha , Estêvão da Gama , Martim Afonso de Sousa , João de Castro and Henrique de Meneses. Overseas,

651-747: A mark of high esteem for a distinguished Christian nobleman . The official style was the same used by his father Manuel I: "Dom João, by the grace of God, King of Portugal, of the Algarves , of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea , & of the Conquest , Navigation , & Commerce of Ethiopia , Arabia , Persia , & India " ( Dom João, por graça de Deus, Rei de Portugal, e dos Algarves, d'aquém e d'além mar em África, Senhor da Guiné, e da Conquista, Navegação, & Comércio da Etiópia, Arábia, Pérsia, & Índia ). This style would only change in

744-553: A monopoly on European trade with the Middle East. The silk and spice trade, involving spices , incense , herbs , drugs and opium , made these Mediterranean city-states extremely wealthy. Spices were among the most expensive and in-demand products of the Middle Ages, used in medicine as well as in the kitchen. They were all imported from Asia and Africa. Venetian and other navigators of maritime republics then distributed

837-531: A stronger alliance with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire . To strengthen his ties with Austria he married his maternal first cousin Catherine of Austria , younger sister of Charles V and his erstwhile fiancée Eleanor, in the town of Crato . John III had nine children from that marriage, but most of them died at young age. By the time of John's death, only his grandson Sebastian was alive to inherit

930-466: Is a record from Tamil texts of Greeks purchasing large sacks of black pepper from India, and many recipes in the 1st-century Roman cookbook Apicius make use of the spice. The trade in spices lessened after the fall of the Roman Empire , but demand for ginger , black pepper, cloves , cinnamon and nutmeg revived the trade in later centuries. Rome played a part in the spice trade during

1023-621: The Abbasid Caliphate and inspired famous legends such as that of Sinbad the Sailor . These early sailors and merchants would often set sail from the port city of Basra and, after many ports of call, would return to sell their goods, including spices, in Baghdad . The fame of many spices such as nutmeg and cinnamon are attributed to these early spice merchants. The Indian commercial connection with South East Asia proved vital to

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1116-682: The Arabian Peninsula , resulting in the Austronesian colonization of Madagascar by the first half of the first millennium AD. It continued into historic times, later becoming the Maritime Silk Road . In the first millennium BC the Arabs , Phoenicians , and Indians were also engaged in sea and land trade in luxury goods such as spices, gold, precious stones, leather of exotic animals, ebony and pearls. The sea trade

1209-600: The College of Guienne in Bordeaux , to head the college and organize faculty. André de Gouveia assembled a group of Scottish, French, and Portuguese scholars who had been educated in France. Those included George Buchanan , Diogo de Teive , Jerónimo Osório , Nicolas de Grouchy, Guillaume Guérante and Élie Vinet , who were decisive for the dissemination of the contemporary research of Pedro Nunes . However, rivalry between

1302-747: The Eastern World . These spices found their way into the Near East before the beginning of the Christian era, with fantastic tales hiding their true sources. The maritime aspect of the trade was dominated by the Austronesian peoples in Southeast Asia , namely the ancient Indonesian sailors who established routes from Southeast Asia to Sri Lanka and India (and later China) by 1500 BC. These goods were then transported by land towards

1395-480: The Governorate General of Brazil , and the twelve captaincy colonies became subordinate to it. The first Governor-General appointed by John III, Tomé de Sousa , founded the city of Salvador, Bahia (São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos) in 1549. For his role in the colonization of South America, John III has been referred to as The Colonizer ( Portuguese : "o Colonizador"). Immediately following

1488-745: The Maluku Islands (1512), the Chinese littoral (1513), Canton (1517) and Timor (1515). During John's rule the Portuguese reached Japan, and at the end of John's reign Macau was offered to Portugal by China. From India, John III imported an amazing variety of spices, herbs, minerals, and fabrics; from Malacca, exotic woods and spice; from Bengala, fabrics and exotic foodstuffs; from Alexandria and Cairo, exotic woods, metals, minerals, fabrics, and boullion; and from China, musk, rhubarb and silk in exchange for gromwells, pearls, horses from Arabia and Persia, non-worked silk, silk embroidery threads, fruits of

1581-744: The New World , Asia and Africa. In 1540, after successive appeals to Pope Paul III asking for missionaries for the Portuguese East Indies under the " Padroado " agreement, John III appointed Francis Xavier to take charge as Apostolic Nuncio . He had been enthusiastically endorsed by Diogo de Gouveia, his teacher at the Collège Sainte-Barbe, and advised the king to draw the youngsters of the newly formed Society of Jesus. The Jesuits were particularly important for mediating Portuguese relations with native peoples. John III

1674-741: The Red Sea coast of Sudan . The spice trade was associated with overland routes early on, but maritime routes proved to be the factor which helped the trade grow. The first true maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean was by the Austronesian peoples of Island Southeast Asia . They established trade routes with Southern India and Sri Lanka from around 1500 BC to 600 BC, ushering an exchange of material culture (like catamarans , outrigger boats , lashed-lug and sewn-plank boats, and paan ) and cultigens (like coconuts , sandalwood , bananas , and sugarcane ), as well as spices endemic to

1767-487: The Red Sea route before the 1st century AD. During the first millennium AD, Ethiopians became the maritime trading power of the Red Sea . By this period, trade routes existed from Sri Lanka (the Roman Taprobane ) and India, which had acquired maritime technology from early Austronesian contact. By the mid-7th century AD, after the rise of Islam , Arab traders started plying these maritime routes and dominated

1860-539: The Spice Islands ( cloves and nutmeg ). It also connected the material cultures of India and China later on via the Maritime Silk Road. Indonesians in particular were trading in spices (mainly cinnamon and cassia ) with East Africa using catamaran and outrigger boats and sailing with the help of the westerlies in the Indian Ocean. This trade network expanded to reach as far as Africa and

1953-753: The Strait of Magellan in the southern tip of South America, opening the Pacific to European exploration. On March 16, 1521, the ships reached the Philippines and soon after the Spice Islands, ultimately resulting decades later in the Manila Galleon trade, the first westward spice trade route to Asia. After Magellan's death in the Philippines, navigator Juan Sebastian Elcano took command of

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2046-477: The University of Siena (1476) and Professor of Law at Ferrara (1502). He studied Latin, Greek, mathematics, and cosmography. John's chronicler António de Castilho said that, "Dom João III faced problems easily, complementing his lack of culture with a practice formation that he always showed during his reign" ( Elogio d'el rei D. João de Portugal, terceiro, do nome ). In 1514 he was given his own house, and

2139-606: The absolutist politics of his predecessors. He called the Portuguese Cortes only three times and at great intervals: 1525 in Torres Novas , 1535 in Évora and 1544 in Almeirim . During the early part of his reign, he also tried to restructure administrative and judicial life in his realm. The marriage of John's sister Isabella of Portugal to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V , enabled the Portuguese king to forge

2232-650: The spice trade of cloves and nutmeg from the Maluku Islands . On the eve of his death in 1557, the Portuguese empire had a global dimension and spanned almost 4 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles). During his reign, the Portuguese became the first Europeans to make contact with Japan (during the Muromachi period ). He abandoned the Muslim territories in North Africa in favor of

2325-674: The sultan of Yemen . Indian spice exports find mention in the works of Ibn Khurdadhbeh (850), al-Ghafiqi (1150), Ishak bin Imaran (907) and Al Kalkashandi (14th century). Chinese traveler Xuanzang mentions the town of Puri where "merchants depart for distant countries." From there, overland routes led to the Mediterranean coasts. From the 8th until the 15th century, maritime republics ( Republic of Venice , Republic of Pisa , Republic of Genoa , Duchy of Amalfi , Duchy of Gaeta , Republic of Ancona and Republic of Ragusa ) held

2418-544: The 19th century when Brazil became a Vice-Kingdom. John III of Portugal figures in José Saramago 's 2008 novel The Elephant's Journey . John III features in Laurent Binet 's 2021 novel Civilizations . John III was mentioned in the historical Thai film The Legend of Suriyothai in 2001, but his role was cut when it was released. John III (referred to as João III) leads the Portuguese civilization in

2511-590: The 2016 4X video game Civilization VI, being released in the Portugal Pack on 25 March 2021, as part of the "New Frontier Pass" DLC. His ability and civilization focuses on maritime trade. Spice trade The spice trade involved historical civilizations in Asia , Northeast Africa and Europe . Spices, such as cinnamon , cassia , cardamom , ginger , pepper , nutmeg , star anise , clove , and turmeric , were known and used in antiquity and traded in

2604-459: The 5th century, but this role did not last through the Middle Ages. The rise of Islam brought a significant change to the trade as Radhanite Jewish and Arab merchants, particularly from Egypt , eventually took over conveying goods via the Levant to Europe . At times, Jews enjoyed a virtual monopoly on the spice trade in large parts of Western Europe. The spice trade had brought great riches to

2697-668: The Arabs had control over the sea trade with India. In the late second century BC, the Greeks from the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt learned from the Indians how to sail directly from Aden to the west coast of India using the monsoon winds (as did Hippalus ) and took control of the sea trade via Red Sea ports. Spices are discussed in biblical narratives, and there is literary evidence for their use in ancient Greek and Roman society. There

2790-763: The College of Arts of Coimbra. The objective was to increase the king's dominion , develop peaceful relations and to Christianize the indigenous peoples . Relations with local rulers were often complicated by trade in slaves , as shown by John's correspondence with them. John III refused to abandon all of the Portuguese North African strongholds, but he had to make choices based on the economic or strategic value of each possession. John III decided to leave Safim and Azamor in 1541, followed by Arzila and Alcácer Ceguer in 1549. The fortresses of Ceuta , Tangiers and Mazagan were strengthened "to face

2883-631: The East as of 1512. Goa became a starting point for the introduction of European cultural and religious values in India, and churches, schools and hospitals were built. Goa remained an overseas possession of Portugal until India reclaimed it in 1961 . The Portuguese arrived in Japan in 1543. Japan had been known in Portugal since the time of Marco Polo , who called it "Cipango". Whether Portuguese nationals were

Cardinal-Infante Afonso of Portugal - Misplaced Pages Continue

2976-639: The Empire was threatened by the Ottoman Empire in both the Indian Ocean and North Africa, causing Portugal to increase spending on defense and fortifications. Meanwhile in the Atlantic , where Portuguese ships already had to withstand constant attacks of privateers , an initial settlement of French colonists in Brazil created yet another "front". The French made alliances with native South Americans against

3069-559: The Inquisition extended from book censorship, repression and trial for divination , witchcraft and bigamy , as well as the prosecution of sexual crimes, especially sodomy . Because Protestants and Jews did not have a significant presence in Portugal, the Inquisition instead targeted New Christians. The Inquisition in Portugal gradually became a remarkably powerful entity with its own extensive bureaucracy. There were inquisitorial courts in Lisbon, Coimbra, Évora and Goa that each featured

3162-575: The Mediterranean and the Greco-Roman world via the incense route and the Roman–India routes by Indian and Persian traders. The Austronesian maritime trade lanes later expanded into the Middle East and eastern Africa by the 1st millennium AD, resulting in the Austronesian colonization of Madagascar . Within specific regions, the Kingdom of Axum (5th century BC–AD 11th century) had pioneered

3255-640: The Moluccas and Maloko , and navigational works of the 14th and 15th centuries contain the first unequivocal Arab reference to Moluccas. Sulaima al-Mahr writes: "East of Timor [where sandalwood is found] are the islands of Bandam and they are the islands where nutmeg and mace are found. The islands of cloves are called Maluku ....." Moluccan products were shipped to trading emporiums in India, passing through ports like Kozhikode in Kerala and through Sri Lanka . From there they were shipped westward across

3348-591: The Portuguese and military and political interventions were used. Eventually they were forced out, but not until 1565. In the first years of John III's reign, explorations in the Far East continued, and the Portuguese reached China and Japan; however these accomplishments were offset by pressure from a strengthening Ottoman Empire under Suleiman the Magnificent , and especially in India, where attacks became more frequent. The expense of defending Indian interests

3441-682: The Portuguese continued its hostile stance against their Muslim rivals and insurgent Indian leaders. John III's support for the humanist cause was significant. He patronized various writers, including Gil Vicente , Garcia de Resende , Sá de Miranda , Bernardim Ribeiro , Fernão Mendes Pinto , João de Barros and Luís de Camões . He also supported the mathematician Pedro Nunes and the physician Garcia de Orta . Through his links to Portuguese humanists such as Luís Teixeira Lobo, Erasmus dedicated his Chrysostomi Lucubrationes to John III of Portugal in 1527. French mathematician Jean Fernel and Spanish academic Juan Luis Vives also dedicated works to

3534-615: The Portuguese had complete control of the African sea route, which extended through a long network of routes that linked three oceans, from the Moluccas (the Spice Islands) in the Pacific Ocean limits, through Malacca, Kerala and Sri Lanka, to Lisbon in Portugal. The Crown of Castile had organized the expedition of Christopher Columbus to compete with Portugal for the spice trade with Asia, but when Columbus landed on

3627-548: The areas of Spanish and Portuguese influence in Asia and established the anti-meridian to the Treaty of Tordesillas . The reign of John III was marked by active diplomacy. With Spain, he made alliances through marriage that ensured peace in the Iberian Peninsula for a number of years. He himself married Catherine of Austria , the daughter of Philip I of Castile . His sister Isabella of Portugal married Charles V ,

3720-743: The attacks of French privateers. He strengthened relations with the Papal States by introducing the Inquisition in Portugal and the adhesion of the Portuguese clergy to the Counter-Reformation . This relationship with the Catholic Church made it possible for John to name whomever he desired to important religious positions in Portugal: his brothers Henry and Afonso were made Cardinals and his biological son, Duarte;

3813-434: The bishopric of Évora (in a seat vacant since the previous year). Once again he was granted a special dispensation for not having the canonical age to preside over a diocese. He appointed as his vicar in the Lisbon archdiocese the dean of the cathedral, Fernão Gonçalves, who conducted pastoral affairs during his minority. He established his habitual residence in the city of Évora, just as his younger brother, also dedicated to

Cardinal-Infante Afonso of Portugal - Misplaced Pages Continue

3906-519: The bishopric. After the embassy led by Tristão da Cunha which Manuel I sent to Pope Leo X in 1514, and which left the Roman Curia very impressed, the Portuguese king again proposed his son for the cardinalship. The pope finally agreed to the request of the Portuguese monarch and created a cardinal Alfonso on July 1, 1517, with the title of cardinal-deacon of Santa Lucia in Septisolio. The title

3999-415: The climate of Brazil and especially around Recife and Bahia . In the final years of John's reign Portugal's colony of Brazil was just beginning its rapid development as a producer of sugar that compensated for the gradual decline of revenues from Asia, a development that would continue during the reign of his grandson and successor, Sebastian (1557–1578). Since Brazil lacked a large native population and

4092-399: The command of navigator Vasco da Gama continued beyond to the eastern coast of Africa to Malindi and sailed across the Indian Ocean to Calicut , on the Malabar Coast in Kerala in South India — the capital of the local Zamorin rulers. The wealth of the Indies was now open for the Europeans to explore; the Portuguese Empire was the earliest European seaborne empire to grow from

4185-523: The crown. The large and far-flung Portuguese Empire was difficult and expensive to administer and was burdened with huge external debt and trade deficits . Portugal's Indian and Far Eastern interests grew increasingly chaotic under the poor administration of ambitious governors. John III responded with new appointments that proved troubled and short-lived: in some cases, the new governors even had to fight their predecessors to take up their appointments. The resulting failures in administration brought on

4278-558: The date palm, raisins, salt, sulphur and many other goods. As Muslims and other peoples constantly attacked Portuguese fleets in India, and because it was so far away from mainland Portugal, it was extremely difficult for John III to secure Portuguese dominion in this area. A viceroy (or Governor-General with extensive powers) was nominated, but it was not enough to defend the Portuguese possessions in India. The Portuguese started by creating feitorias – commercial strongholds in Cochin , Cannanore , Coulão , Cranganore and Tanor – with

4371-430: The difficulty of determining the meridian agreed to in the Treaty of Tordesillas . The Portuguese delegation sent by John III included names such as António de Azevedo Coutinho, Diogo Lopes de Sequeira , Lopo Homem and Simão Fernandes. The dispute was settled in 1529 by the Treaty of Zaragoza , signed by John III and Charles I of Spain. The Portuguese paid 350,000 gold ducados to Spain and secured their presence in

4464-408: The discovery of Brazil in 1500, the Portuguese imported brazilwood , Indian slaves and exotic birds from there. Brazilian wood was a very appreciated product in Europe because it could be used to produce a type of red dye. During John III's rule, after the initial colonization , Portuguese explorers intensified the search for brazilwood and began the cultivation of sugarcane , which was well suited to

4557-415: The ecclesiastical career, the cardinal-infante Dom Henrique, would later do. He died on 21 April 1540, in Lisbon and was buried in Lisbon Cathedral before he was moved to the Jerónimos Monastery . John III of Portugal John III ( Portuguese : João III Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒuˈɐ̃w] ; 6 June 1502 – 11 June 1557), nicknamed The Pious ( Portuguese : o Piedoso ),

4650-420: The eponymous Strait of Malacca , was vital to Portuguese interests in the Far East. After an unsuccessful expedition in 1509, Malacca was finally captured by Afonso de Albuquerque , the Portuguese viceroy of India, on 24 August 1511. Malacca was later taken by the Dutch in 1641 . In order to follow its trade routes to the Far East, Portugal depended on the seasonal monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean. In winter

4743-449: The expedition and drove it across the Indian Ocean and back to Spain, where they arrived in 1522 aboard the last remaining ship, the Victoria . For the next two-and-a-half centuries, Spain controlled a vast trade network that linked three continents: Asia, the Americas and Europe. A global spice route had been created: from Manila in the Philippines (Asia) to Seville in Spain (Europe), via Acapulco in Mexico (North America). One of

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4836-408: The first Europeans to arrive in Japan is debated. Some say the first Portuguese arrival was the writer Fernão Mendes Pinto , while others say it was the navigators António Peixoto, António da Mota, and Francisco Zeimoto. Portuguese traders started negotiating with Japan as early as of 1550 and established a base there in Nagasaki . By then, trade with Japan was a Portuguese monopoly under the rule of

4929-415: The first Europeans to arrive, in early 1512. Abreu's expedition reached Buru , Ambon and Seram Islands, and then Banda. From 1507 to 1515 Albuquerque tried to completely block Arab and other traditional routes that stretched from the shores of Western India to the Mediterranean Sea, through the conquest of strategic bases in the Persian Gulf and at the entry of the Red Sea. By the early 16th century

5022-485: The goods through Europe. The Republic of Venice had become a formidable power and a key player in the Eastern spice trade. Other powers, in an attempt to break the Venetian hold on spice trade, began to build up maritime capability. Until the mid-15th century, trade with the East was achieved through the Silk Road , with the Byzantine Empire and the Italian city-states of Venice and Genoa acting as middlemen. The first country to attempt to circumnavigate Africa

5115-410: The initial objective of establishing just a commercial dominion in the region. The hostility of many Indian kingdoms and alliances between sultans and zamorins with the intent of expelling the Portuguese made it necessary for the Europeans to establish a sovereign state. Portugal thus militarily occupied some key cities on the Indian coast and Goa became the headquarters of the Portuguese Empire in

5208-409: The island of Hispaniola (in what is now Haiti ) instead of in the Indies , the search for a route to Asia was postponed until a few years later. After Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513, the Spanish Crown prepared a westward voyage by Ferdinand Magellan in order to reach Asia from Spain across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. On October 21, 1520, his expedition crossed

5301-417: The islands, which was not actually necessary, since Portugal was actually entitled to the islands according to the Treaty of Tordesillas. In 1553, Leonel de Sousa obtained authorization for the Portuguese to establish themselves in Canton and Macau. Macau was later offered to John III as a reward for Portuguese assistance against maritime piracy in the period between 1557 and 1564. Malacca , which controlled

5394-424: The king of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor. His daughter Maria Manuela married King Philip II of Spain – and there were others. However, the intermarriage of these closely related royal families may have been one of the factors that contributed to the poor health of John's children and of future King Sebastian of Portugal . John III remained neutral during the war between France and Spain, but stood firm in fighting

5487-429: The king. John awarded many scholarships to universities abroad, mainly in the University of Paris , where fifty Portuguese students were sent to the Collège Sainte-Barbe headed by Diogo de Gouveia . He definitively transferred the Portuguese university from Lisbon to Coimbra in 1537. In 1547 John established in Coimbra a College of Arts and Humanities ( Liberal arts ) and invited André de Gouveia , principal of

5580-468: The land trade of spices from South Arabia to the Mediterranean Sea . These tribes were the M'ain , Qataban , Hadhramaut , Saba and Himyarite . In the north the Nabateans took control of the trade route that crossed the Negev from Petra to Gaza . The trade enriched these tribes. South Arabia was called Eudaemon Arabia (the elated Arabia) by the Greeks and was on the agenda of conquests of Alexander of Macedonia before he died. The Indians and

5673-416: The maritime trade, promoting coinage, art, and literacy. Islam spread throughout the East, reaching maritime Southeast Asia in the 10th century; Muslim merchants played a crucial part in the trade. Christian missionaries, such as Saint Francis Xavier , were instrumental in the spread of Christianity in the East. Christianity competed with Islam to become the dominant religion of the Moluccas. However,

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5766-420: The merchants of Arabia and Persia during the 7th and 8th centuries. Arab traders — mainly descendants of sailors from Yemen and Oman — dominated maritime routes throughout the Indian Ocean, tapping source regions in the Far East and linking to the secret "spice islands" ( Maluku Islands and Banda Islands ). The islands of Molucca also find mention in several records: a Javanese chronicle (1365) mentions

5859-857: The most important technological exchanges of the spice trade network was the early introduction of maritime technologies to India, the Middle East, East Africa, and China by the Austronesian peoples . These technologies include the plank-sewn hulls, catamarans , outrigger boats , and possibly the lateen sail . This is still evident in Sri Lankan and South Indian languages. For example, Tamil paṭavu , Telugu paḍava , and Kannada paḍahu , all meaning "ship", are all derived from Proto-Hesperonesian *padaw , "sailboat", with Austronesian cognates like Javanese perahu , Kadazan padau , Maranao padaw , Cebuano paráw , Samoan folau , Hawaiian halau , and Māori wharau . Austronesians also introduced many Austronesian cultigens to southern India, Sri Lanka, and eastern Africa that figured prominently in

5952-474: The natives of the Spice Islands accommodated to aspects of both religions easily. The Portuguese colonial settlements saw traders, such as the Gujarati banias , South Indian Chettis , Syrian Christians , Chinese from Fujian province, and Arabs from Aden , involved in the spice trade. Epics, languages, and cultural customs were borrowed by Southeast Asia from India, and later China. Knowledge of Portuguese language became essential for merchants involved in

6045-406: The new military techniques, imposed by the generalization of heavy artillery, combined with light fire weapons and blades". John III's court jester was João de Sá Panasco , a black African, who was eventually admitted to the prestigious Order of Saint James based on his service in the Conquest of Tunis (1535) . Before the reign of John III, the Portuguese had already reached Siam (1511),

6138-569: The ones who lived there weren't adapted to the strenuous work required in the plantation fields, the Portuguese colonists began importing African slaves to strengthen the workforce present in the territory. The first slaves, from the region of Guinea , arrived in Brazil in 1539. Most of them worked in the sugarcane fields or served as house servants. From 1539, the heir to the throne was João Manuel, Prince of Portugal , who married Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal , daughter of Charles V . The sole son of John III to survive childhood, Prince John,

6231-437: The orthodox views of the "Parisians" group headed by Diogo de Gouveia and the more secular views of the "Bordeaux" school headed by his nephew André de Gouveia led to accusations of heterodoxy and Protestant sympathies, resulting in all foreign professors leaving by 1551. The Society of Jesus took over administration of the college in 1555. Another noteworthy aspect of John III's rule was the support he gave to missionaries in

6324-403: The pope appoint the young infante as apostolic protonotary in the kingdom of Portugal. Manuel also succeeded in elevating him to bishop of Guarda, at only seven years of age, on September 9, 1516; he obtained papal dispensation for the exercise of the office because he did not yet have the canonical age for the prelature. Even if he did not carry out any pastoral work, he received the income of

6417-450: The ports of Arabia to the Near East, to Ormus in the Persian Gulf and Jeddah in the Red Sea and sometimes to East Africa , where they were used for many purposes, including burial rites. The Abbasids used Alexandria, Damietta , Aden and Siraf as entry ports to trade with India and China. Merchants arriving from India in the port city of Aden paid tribute in form of musk , camphor , ambergris and sandalwood to Ibn Ziyad ,

6510-423: The prevailing northeasterly monsoon impeded travel to India; in summer the southwest monsoon made departure from India difficult. As a result, Portugal decided that it needed permanent bases in India in addition to its ports in Africa, to pass the time while the wind was changing. In addition to Goa, they established themselves in Ceylon (in what is now Sri Lanka ) through the conquest of several Ceylonese kingdoms in

6603-428: The queen's chamber. The young prince was sworn heir to the throne in 1503, the year his youngest sister, Isabella of Portugal , Empress Consort of the Holy Roman Empire between 1527 and 1538, was born. John was educated by notable scholars of the time, including the astrologer Tomás de Torres , Diogo de Ortiz, Bishop of Viseu , and Luís Teixeira Lobo, one of the first Portuguese Renaissance humanists , rector of

6696-549: The same. Some historians also argue this was one of the main reasons that John later became fervently religious, giving him the name of the Pious ( Portuguese : o Piedoso ). On 19 December 1521 John was crowned king in the Church of São Domingos in Lisbon, beginning a thirty-six-year reign characterized by extensive activity in internal and overseas politics, especially in relations with other major European states. John III continued

6789-411: The seat of Guarda and on the same day was transferred to the diocese of Viseu, again with a dispensation because he was not yet of canonical age. On February 20, 1523, at the age of just fourteen, due to the death of Archbishop Martinho da Costa, he was promoted to Archbishop of Lisbon by Pope Adrian VI thanks to the supplications of John III, his brother; in the same way, he was offered the government of

6882-609: The sixteenth century. Portuguese Ceylon remained in Portuguese hands until 1658, when it was seized by the Dutch after an epic siege. During the reign of King John III the Portuguese Empire established itself in South America with the foundation of the twelve Captaincy Colonies of Brazil (from 1534 onwards). Each with its own donatary captain, the twelve colonies worked independently. In 1549, John III established

6975-473: The spice trade. In 1511, Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Malacca for Portugal, then the center of Asian trade. East of Malacca, Albuquerque sent several diplomatic and exploratory missions, including to the Moluccas. Learning the secret location of the Spice Islands , mainly the Banda Islands, then the world source of nutmeg, he sent an expedition led by António de Abreu to Banda, where they were

7068-587: The spice trade. They include bananas , Pacific domesticated coconuts , Dioscorea yams, wetland rice, sandalwood , giant taro , Polynesian arrowroot , ginger , lengkuas , tailed pepper , betel , areca nut , and sugarcane . Hindu and Buddhist religious establishments of Southeast Asia came to be associated with economic activity and commerce as patrons, entrusted large funds which would later be used to benefit local economies by estate management, craftsmanship, and promotion of trading activities. Buddhism , in particular, traveled alongside

7161-506: The stake, and a minimum of 19,247 were condemned, with many dying in prison without trial. In John III's time, trade between the Portuguese and Africans was extremely intense in feitorias such Arguim , Mina , Mombasa , Sofala or Mozambique . Under John III, several expeditions started in coastal Africa and advanced to the interior of the continent. These expeditions were formed by groups of navigators , merchants , adventurers and missionaries . Missions in Africa were established by

7254-492: The trade along the many spice routes. In 1571 the Spanish opened the first trans-Pacific route between its territories of the Philippines and Mexico, served by the Manila Galleon . This trade route lasted until 1815. The Portuguese trade routes were mainly restricted and limited by the use of ancient routes, ports, and nations that were difficult to dominate. The Dutch were later able to bypass many of these problems by pioneering

7347-732: The trade with India and investments in Brazil. In Europe he improved relations with the Baltic region and the Rhineland , hoping that this would bolster Portuguese trade. John, the eldest son of King Manuel I born from his second wife Maria of Aragon , was born in Lisbon on 6 June 1502. The event was marked by the presentation of Gil Vicente 's Visitation Play or the Monologue of the Cowherd ( Auto da Visitação ou Monólogo do Vaqueiro ) in

7440-572: The trade. The colonial pepper trade drastically changed the experience of modernity in Europe, and in Kerala and it brought, along with colonialism, early capitalism to India's Malabar Coast, changing cultures of work and caste. Indian merchants involved in spice trade took Indian cuisine to Southeast Asia, notably present day Malaysia and Indonesia , where spice mixtures and black pepper became popular. Conversely, Southeast Asian cuisine and crops

7533-540: The western Indian Ocean maritime routes. Arab traders eventually took over conveying goods via the Levant and Venetian merchants to Europe until the rise of the Seljuk Turks in 1090. Later the Ottoman Turks held the route again by 1453 respectively. Overland routes helped the spice trade initially, but maritime trade routes led to tremendous growth in commercial activities to Europe. The trade

7626-530: Was Portugal, which had, since the early 15th century, begun to explore northern Africa under Henry the Navigator . Emboldened by these early successes and eyeing a lucrative monopoly on a possible sea route to the Indies , the Portuguese first rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 on an expedition led by Bartolomeu Dias . Just nine years later in 1497, on the orders of Manuel I of Portugal , four vessels under

7719-542: Was also introduced to India and Sri Lanka, where rice cakes and coconut milk -based dishes are still dominant. European people intermarried with Indians and popularized valuable culinary skills , such as baking , in India. Indian food, adapted to the European palate, became visible in England by 1811 as exclusive establishments began catering to the tastes of both the curious and those returning from India. Opium

7812-578: Was changed by the Crusades and later the European Age of Discovery , during which the spice trade, particularly in black pepper , became an influential activity for European traders. From the 11th to the 15th centuries, the Italian maritime republics of Venice and Genoa monopolized the trade between Europe and Asia. The Cape Route from Europe to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope

7905-420: Was educated at the Portuguese court; he studied humanities, Greek and Latin directed by two masters Aires de Figueiredo Barbosa and André de Resende. At only three years of age, in 1512, his father Manuel I tried to make him a cardinal; Pope Julius II refused because it was not in accordance with canonical laws, according to which one could not be created a cardinal under 30 years of age. He succeeded in having

7998-566: Was granted on the condition that the cardinal's chapel would not be given to the young infante until the age of eighteen; however, in Portugal he was always treated and revered as a cardinal, before his title had been made official. Meanwhile Alfonso was appointed by the monarch as abbot of Alcobaça, and abbot commendatory of the Monastery of Santa Cruz de Coimbra and of the Convent of San Juan de Tarouca. On February 23, 1519, he resigned from

8091-658: Was huge. To pay for it, John III abandoned a number of strongholds in North Africa: Safim , Azamor , Alcácer Ceguer and Arzila . John III achieved an important political victory in securing the control of the Maluku Islands , the "Spice Islands" claimed by Spain since the Magellan-Elcano circumnavigation . After almost a decade of skirmishes in Southeast Asia, he signed the Treaty of Zaragoza with Emperor Charles V on 22 April 1529. It defined

8184-631: Was in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean . The sea route in the Red Sea was from Bab-el-Mandeb to Berenike , from there by land to the Nile , and then by boats to Alexandria . Luxury goods including Indian spices, ebony , silk and fine textiles were traded along the overland incense route . In the second half of the first millennium BC the Arab tribes of South and West Arabia took control over

8277-453: Was made Archbishop of Braga . Commercial relations were intensified with England, the countries of the Baltic regions and Flanders during John III's reign. Meanwhile, in the opposite side of the world, Portugal was the first European nation to make contact with Japan. In China Macau was offered to the Portuguese, and soon Portugal controlled major trade routes in the area. In South Asia,

8370-411: Was persuaded to establish the Inquisition in Portugal by pressure from neighboring Castile and reports that New Christians had failed to properly renounce Judaism . Following ten years of negotiations with Rome, a Portuguese Inquisition received papal dispensation in 1536. The first Grand Inquisitor was Cardinal Henry , the king's brother (who would later himself become king). The activities of

8463-603: Was pioneered by the Portuguese explorer navigator Vasco da Gama in 1498, resulting in new maritime routes for trade. This trade, which drove world trade from the end of the Middle Ages well into the Renaissance , ushered in an age of European domination in the East. Channels such as the Bay of Bengal served as bridges for cultural and commercial exchanges between diverse cultures as nations struggled to gain control of

8556-475: Was sick and died at young age (of juvenile diabetes ), eighteen days before his wife gave birth to Prince Sebastian on 20 January 1554. When John III died of apoplexy in 1557, his only heir was his three-year-old grandson, Sebastian . John III's body rests in the Monastery of Jerónimos in Lisbon. Like his predecessors John III used the style " El-rei " (the king) followed by " Dom " (abbreviated to D. ),

8649-633: Was the King of Portugal and the Algarves from 1521 until his death in 1557. He was the son of King Manuel I and Maria of Aragon , the third daughter of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile . John succeeded his father in 1521 at the age of nineteen. During his rule, Portuguese possessions were extended in Asia and in the New World through the Portuguese colonization of Brazil . John III's policy of reinforcing Portugal's bases in India (such as Goa ) secured Portugal's monopoly over

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