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39-626: It was founded in 1922. Previous to 1948, it was the Association of Juvenile Employment Officers, who worked in a Juvenile Employment Bureau. It was known as the National Association of Youth Employment Officers until April 1961, when it became the Institute of Youth Employment Officers. It was the Institute of Careers Officers from the late 1960s until October 1991, becoming the Institute of Career Guidance from 22 October 1991, and

78-574: A greater or lesser degree (for instance Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster or Lord Privy Seal ). The government is sometimes referred to by the metonym " Westminster " or " Whitehall ", as many of its offices are situated there. These metonyms are used especially by members of the Scottish Government , Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive to differentiate their government from His Majesty's Government. The United Kingdom

117-482: A member of either House of Parliament. In practice, however, the convention is that ministers must be members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords to be accountable to Parliament. From time to time, prime ministers appoint non-parliamentarians as ministers. In recent years such ministers have been appointed to the House of Lords. The government is required by convention and for practical reasons to maintain

156-412: A new House of Commons, unless the prime minister advises the monarch to dissolve Parliament , in which case an election may be held sooner. After an election, the monarch selects as prime minister the leader of the party most likely to command the confidence of the House of Commons, usually by possessing a majority of MPs. Under the uncodified British constitution , executive authority lies with

195-604: A substantial grant from the government, the Sovereign Support Grant , and Queen Elizabeth II's inheritance from her mother, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , was exempt from inheritance tax . In addition to legislative powers, His Majesty's Government has substantial influence over local authorities and other bodies set up by it, through financial powers and grants. Many functions carried out by local authorities, such as paying out housing benefits and council tax benefits, are funded or substantially part-funded by

234-424: Is a constitutional monarchy in which the reigning monarch (that is, the king or queen who is the head of state at any given time) does not make any open political decisions. All political decisions are taken by the government and Parliament. This constitutional state of affairs is the result of a long history of constraining and reducing the political power of the monarch, beginning with Magna Carta in 1215. Since

273-603: Is not vital. A government is not required to resign even if it loses the confidence of the Lords and is defeated in key votes in that House. The House of Commons is thus the responsible house . The prime minister is held to account during Prime Minister's Questions (PMQs) which provides an opportunity for MPs from all parties to question the PM on any subject. There are also departmental questions when ministers answer questions relating to their specific departmental brief. Unlike PMQs, both

312-1004: The Association of Chief Education Officers Percy Walton, the Secretary, took part in the BBC2 ten-part series Just the Job on Monday 13 January 1969, repeated on BBC1 in July 1969. In 1971 there were 2,000 careers officers in the UK, for 7,000 secondary schools. In January 1972, the President, Katherine Hall, spoke at a three-day conference of the British Psychological Society , at the University of Warwick, where also Zander Wedderburn of Heriot-Watt University spoke about

351-483: The Greater London Authority disputed. Similarly, the monarch is immune from criminal prosecution and may only be sued with his permission (this is known as sovereign immunity ). The sovereign, by law, is not required to pay income tax, but Queen Elizabeth II voluntarily paid it from 1993 until the end of her reign in 2022, and also paid local rates voluntarily. However, the monarchy also received

390-722: The Learning and Skills Act 2000 , was there to help people on the margins of society, and was less about offering professional guidance, which the previous Careers Service had done; if you required professional guidance, you were probably not on the margins of society. Connexions was, essentially, a demeaning or trivial view of careers guidance; only people with learning difficulties over the age of 19 could be helped, so it would offer nothing whatsoever to university graduates looking for work. The Connexions Card launched in June 2002, apparently for 16-19 year olds, barely had any credible effect, and

429-520: The 1950s and 1960s, the service had great popular support. It would be replaced from the late 1970s onwards by the Careers Service. The organisation (also known as the Y.E.S.), set up in district and regional centres, provided vocational guidance for people aged around 16-17, many often from grammar schools . Only the most academic would attend university from the age of 18 in the 1950s, and many of those at grammar school would not stay until

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468-511: The Crown, who may use them without having to obtain the consent of Parliament. The prime minister also has weekly meetings with the monarch. What is said in these meetings is strictly private; however, they generally involve government and political matters which the monarch has a "right and a duty" to comment on. Such comments are non-binding however and the King must ultimately abide by decisions of

507-621: The European Parliament are immune from prosecution in EU states under any circumstance. As a consequence, neither EU bodies nor diplomats have to pay taxes, since it would not be possible to prosecute them for tax evasion. When the UK was a member of the EU, this caused a dispute when the US ambassador to the UK claimed that London's congestion charge was a tax, and not a charge (despite the name), and therefore he did not have to pay it—a claim

546-424: The Institute of Career Guidance from 1 November 2000. In the 1960s, its staff were widely referred to as youth employment officers; there were around 1,500 of these by 1965. In the 1960s, it worked with the government Youth Employment Service . In 1962, a report it had commissioned found that apprenticeships widely varied, and some apprenticeship schemes were not really apprenticeships. In the 1960s, it worked with

585-580: The United Kingdom , officially His Majesty's Government , abbreviated to HM Government , is the central executive authority of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . The government is led by the prime minister (currently Keir Starmer since 5 July 2024) who selects all the other ministers . The country has had a Labour government since 2024. The prime minister Keir Starmer and his most senior ministers belong to

624-792: The Youth Employment Service Training Board. The service had eight activities Government of the United Kingdom King Charles III [REDACTED] William, Prince of Wales [REDACTED] Charles III ( King-in-Council ) [REDACTED] Starmer ministry ( L ) Keir Starmer ( L ) Angela Rayner ( L ) ( King-in-Parliament ) [REDACTED] Charles III [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The Lord Reed The Lord Hodge Andrew Bailey Monetary Policy Committee The government of

663-930: The age of 18. The Unemployment Insurance Act 1923 allowed LEAs to cover juveniles in an unemployment insurance scheme. In 1927 the Ministry of Labour established the National Advisory Council for Juvenile Employment. The Employment and Training Act 1948 was passed by the Labour government of 1945-51 , and section 10 of this act established and employment advisory service for all young people under 18 who attended school. By January 1949, 43 county councils and 73 county boroughs in England and Wales, and 3 town councils and 10 county councils in Scotland had submitted plans for their youth employment services. In

702-620: The age of 18. The A-level had been introduced in 1951, and previous to this it had been the Higher School Certificate ; in Scotland it has been the Higher exam. In 1945 24% of those at grammar school left before the age of 16; by 1949 this had lowered to 16%. In 1945, 15% of those at grammar school would stay until the age of 18; by 1949, this was over 20%. By 1955, around 34% of those at grammar school stayed on until 18. In 1962, around 38% of boys found apprenticeships. It

741-440: The cabinet ministers for the department and junior ministers within the department may answer on behalf of the government, depending on the topic of the question. During debates on legislation proposed by the government, ministers—usually with departmental responsibility for the bill —will lead the debate for the government and respond to points made by MPs or Lords. Committees of both the House of Commons and House of Lords hold

780-411: The charity commissions) are legally more or less independent of the government, and government powers are legally limited to those retained by the Crown under common law or granted and limited by act of Parliament. Both substantive and procedural limitations are enforceable in the courts by judicial review . Nevertheless, magistrates and mayors can still be arrested and put on trial for corruption, and

819-436: The confidence of the House of Commons. It requires the support of the House of Commons for the maintenance of supply (by voting through the government's budgets) and to pass primary legislation . By convention, if a government loses the confidence of the House of Commons it must either resign or a general election is held. The support of the Lords, while useful to the government in getting its legislation passed without delay,

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858-457: The effects of shift work, and Hywel Murrell of the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology (UWIST) spoke; he had invented the term ergonomics in 1949, and founded the organisation which is now The Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors . The Employment and Training Act 1973 made it a legal requirement for local authorities to provide careers guidance; this

897-409: The exchequer to be a member of the House of Lords was Lord Denman , who served for one month in 1834. The British monarch is the head of state and the sovereign , but not the head of government . The monarch takes little direct part in governing the country and remains neutral in political affairs. However, the authority of the state that is vested in the sovereign, known as the Crown , remains

936-532: The government has powers to insert commissioners into a local authority to oversee its work, and to issue directives that must be obeyed by the local authority if the local authority is not abiding by its statutory obligations. By contrast, as in European Union (EU) member states, EU officials cannot be prosecuted for any actions carried out in pursuit of their official duties, and foreign country diplomats (though not their employees) and foreign members of

975-766: The government on the statement. When the government instead chooses to make announcements first outside Parliament, it is often the subject of significant criticism from MPs and the speaker of the House of Commons . The prime minister is based at 10 Downing Street in Westminster , London. Cabinet meetings also take place here. Most government departments have their headquarters nearby in Whitehall . The government's powers include general executive and statutory powers , delegated legislation , and numerous powers of appointment and patronage. However, some powerful officials and bodies, (e.g. HM judges, local authorities , and

1014-485: The government to account, scrutinise its work and examine in detail proposals for legislation. Ministers appear before committees to give evidence and answer questions. Government ministers are also required by convention and the Ministerial Code , when Parliament is sitting, to make major statements regarding government policy or issues of national importance to Parliament. This allows MPs or Lords to question

1053-519: The government. Royal prerogative powers include, but are not limited to, the following: While no formal documents set out the prerogatives, the government published the above list in October 2003 to increase transparency, as some of the powers exercised in the name of the monarch are part of the royal prerogative . However, the complete extent of the royal prerogative powers has never been fully set out, as many of them originated in ancient custom and

1092-532: The internet. When the Labour government entered, it heavily prioritised the 16-19 age range, and largely viewed capable well-qualified people, over that age range as unimportant, or 'not an urgent priority'. The Labour government formed organisations, such as the Social Exclusion Unit ; the government saw people needing career guidance, often as possible victims of society. Connexions , established by

1131-433: The period of absolute monarchy , or were modified by later constitutional practice. As of 2019, there are around 120 government ministers supported by 560,000 civil servants and other staff working in the 24 ministerial departments and their executive agencies . There are also an additional 20 non-ministerial departments with a range of further responsibilities. In theory, a government minister does not have to be

1170-591: The service were known as Youth Employment Officers; in later years, their function was largely taken over by careers advisory officers . The service was run by the Central Youth Employment Executive, composed of people from the Ministry of Labour, the Ministry of Education and the Scottish Education Department . In 1963 there were around 1,000 youth employment officers. Youth Employment Officers were trained at

1209-433: The source of executive power exercised by the government. In addition to explicit statutory authority , the Crown also possesses a body of powers in certain matters collectively known as the royal prerogative . These powers range from the authority to issue or withdraw passports to declarations of war. By long-standing convention, most of these powers are delegated from the sovereign to various ministers or other officers of

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1248-666: The sovereign, although this authority is exercised only after receiving the advice of the Privy Council . The prime minister, the House of Lords, the Leader of the Opposition, and the police and military high command serve as members and advisers of the monarch on the Privy Council. In most cases the cabinet exercise power directly as leaders of the government departments , though some Cabinet positions are sinecures to

1287-400: The start of Edward VII 's reign in 1901, by convention, the prime minister has been an elected member of Parliament (MP) and thus answerable to the House of Commons, although there were two weeks in 1963 when Alec Douglas-Home was first a member of the House of Lords and then of neither house. A similar convention applies to the position of chancellor of the exchequer . The last chancellor of

1326-581: The supreme decision-making committee, known as the Cabinet . Ministers of the Crown are responsible to the House in which they sit; they make statements in that House and take questions from members of that House. For most senior ministers this is usually the elected House of Commons rather than the House of Lords . The government is dependent on Parliament to make primary legislation , and general elections are held every five years (at most) to elect

1365-455: Was a British government agency from the 1950s to the 1970s, aimed at school-leavers (teenagers). From the late 1910s, many Local Education Authorities in England and Wales had set up Youth Employment Services, started by the Education (Choice of Employment) Act 1910 , for up to the age of 17. Scotland had not been allowed to do this. The Education Act 1918 allowed LEAs to guidance up to

1404-457: Was financed by the Ministry of Labour and local authorities. The total cost in the early 1950s of the service per year was around £1.7m. In a study from 1950-3, it was found that around 1.48m school-leavers had been given advice, and from that 1.357m had directly found employment. A Training Allowance Scheme had been introduced in 1947 for Youths when Training away from Home. Those working in

1443-536: Was launched in the late 1980s. In the early 1990s it published Stepping into Europe , a guide to working in Europe, and Europps , for the EC . Youth unemployment statistics have been collated since 1992. The Conservative government privatised the Careers Service in 1994, but it was well-funded, and was a halcyon era for careers guidance in the UK, although was before the plentiful careers information later being available over

1482-572: Was mostly taken up by more-affluent opportunist teenagers, probably on the make, instead. Connexions was not really for people entering the well-heeled professions; it was largely for people who would struggle to get five good GCSEs. The organisation is today headquartered in the West Midlands. It had 16 regional branches in the 1990s. It produced a journal called Youth Employment , in the 1960s. Its annual awards started in 1997. Youth Employment Service The Youth Employment Service

1521-774: Was revoked by the Trade Union Reform and Employment Rights Act 1993 . In November 1981 the Conservative government proposed the removal of 16 of Britain's 23 industrial training boards. The YTS scheme was introduced in September 1983. In May 1984 it launched the week-long Jobsearch '84 , then Jobsearch '85 the next year, and in May 1986, June 1987, and April 1988, in conjunction with BBC Radio 1 , which hosted phone-ins; by May 1989 it became Careers Service Week . The Technical and Vocational Education Initiative (TVEI)

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