75-404: Carey McWilliams may refer to: Carey McWilliams (journalist) (1905–1980), American journalist and lawyer Carey McWilliams (marksman) (born 1973), blind marksman, author, and skydiver See also [ edit ] Wilson Carey McWilliams (1933–2005), American political scientist, son of the journalist [REDACTED] Topics referred to by
150-411: A 1937 study, Karl Loewenstein provides the following list of examples: In the interwar period many parties which in historiography are referred to as fascist, proto-fascist, para-fascist, quasi-fascist, fascist-like, fascistic, fascistoid or fascistized participated in general elections organized in their respective countries. Though in numerous cases the fascist denomination is doubted (e.g. in case of
225-567: A biologically superior race was not possible, but that a more developed culture's superiority over the less developed ones warranted the destruction of the latter, such as the culture of Ethiopia and the neighboring Slavic cultures , such as those in Slovenia and Croatia . He took advantage of the fact that no undertaking was made with regard to the rights of minorities (such as those that lived in Istria and Trieste 's surroundings) in either
300-698: A group of brave men in Italy have done, we can also do in Bavaria. We’ve also got Italy's Mussolini: his name is Adolf Hitler". The second part of Hitler's Mein Kampf ("The National Socialist Movement", 1926) contains this passage: I conceived the profoundest admiration for the great man south of the Alps , who, full of ardent love for his people, made no pacts with the enemies of Italy, but strove for their annihilation by all ways and means. What will rank Mussolini among
375-541: A major journalistic contribution to our understanding of politics." In Embattled Dreams (2002), California historian Kevin Starr calls McWilliams "the single finest nonfiction on California–ever," and biographer Peter Richardson maintains that McWilliams might be the most versatile American public intellectual of the twentieth century. His first son, Wilson Carey McWilliams , was a noted political scientist who taught at Rutgers University . His second son, Jerry McWilliams,
450-642: A number of political movements active in Europe that were influenced in part by some features of Mussolini's regime. These include: Le Faisceau , British Fascists , British Union of Fascists , Imperial Fascist League , Blueshirts , French National-Collectivist Party , Breton National Party , Falange Española , Black Front , National Syndicalist Movement , Verdinaso , Nationale Front , Greek National Socialist Party , Vlajka , National Fascist Community , ONR-Falanga , Patriotic People's Movement , Pērkonkrusts , Union of Bulgarian National Legions , Ratniks and
525-722: A profound, perennial need of this our Aryan and Mediterranean race ". In this speech, Mussolini was referring to Italians as being the Mediterranean branch of the Aryan race , Aryan in the meaning of people of an Indo-European language and culture. However, Italian fascism initially strongly rejected the common Nordicist conception of the Aryan race that idealized "pure" Aryans as having certain physical traits that were defined as Nordic such as blond hair and blue eyes. The antipathy by Mussolini and other Italian fascists to Nordicism
600-874: A result, he allowed Muslims to join a Muslim section of the Fascist Party, namely the Muslim Association of the Lictor . However, under pressure from Nazi Germany, the fascist regime eventually embraced a racist ideology, such as promoting the belief that Italy was settling Africa in order to create a white civilization there and it imposed five-year prison sentences on any Italians who were caught having sexual or marital relationships with native Africans. Against those colonial peoples who were not loyal, vicious campaigns of repression were waged such as in Ethiopia, where native Ethiopian settlements were burned to
675-585: A story about the guerrilla force. Following the failure of the invasion, Kennedy expressed regret that more information about the invasion plan was not published by telling Times reporter Turner Catledge , "If you had printed more about the operation, you would have saved us from a colossal mistake." McWilliams died in New York City on June 27, 1980, at 74. Since his death, his critical fortunes have risen steadily. The American Political Science Association gives an annual Carey McWilliams Award "to honor
750-618: A traditional national unity and revolutionary anti-democratic rhetoric which was espoused by the integral nationalist Charles Maurras and the revolutionary syndicalist Georges Sorel . The earliest foundations of fascism in practice can be seen in the Italian Regency of Carnaro , led by the Italian nationalist Gabriele D'Annunzio , many of whose politics and aesthetics were subsequently used by Benito Mussolini and his Italian Fasces of Combat which Mussolini had founded as
825-504: Is constructing a colossal empire which will put the Roman Empire in the shade. We shall put up ... for his victories. Mussolini is a typical representative of our Alpine race ... Mussolini had personal reasons to oppose antisemitism as his longtime mistress and Fascist propaganda director Margherita Sarfatti was Jewish. She had played an important role in the foundation of the fascist movement in Italy and promoting it to Italians and
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#1732797923978900-495: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Carey McWilliams (journalist) Carey McWilliams (December 13, 1905 – June 27, 1980) was an American author, editor, and lawyer. He is best known for his writings about California politics and culture, including the condition of migrant farm workers and the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II . From 1955 to 1975, he edited The Nation magazine. McWilliams
975-456: Is up to us, I tell you, to make the face of this country unrecognizable in the next ten years. In ten years comrades, Italy will be unrecognizable! We will create a new Italian, an Italian that does not recognize the Italian of yesterday...we will create them according to our own imagination and likeness. In a 1921 speech in Bologna , Mussolini stated the following: "Fascism was born [...] out of
1050-649: The "New State" was also influenced by Mussolini's rule. European fascism was also influential in the European diaspora elsewhere in the world, in Australia Eric Campbell's Centre Party and the South African fascist movement, which included Oswald Pirow , being examples of this. The rise of fascist activities and violence across Europe prompted governments to enact regulations to limit disturbances caused by fascists and other extremists. In
1125-581: The American Civil Liberties Union and the National Lawyers Guild . He also wrote for Pacific Weekly, Controversy, The Nation , and other progressive magazines. He continued to represent workers in and around Los Angeles, helped organize unions and guilds, and served as a trial examiner for the new National Labor Relations Board . McWilliams's activism took many forms. In the early 1940s, he helped overturn
1200-615: The Bay of Pigs Invasion . His article for The Nation , "Are We Training Cuban Guerrillas?", was published in November 1960, during the Eisenhower Administration, five months before the invasion occurred. The story was largely ignored by major newspapers like The New York Times and The Washington Post . Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. , an aide to President John F. Kennedy , pressured The New Republic not to run
1275-676: The Fasces of Revolutionary Action in 1914. Despite the fact that its members referred to themselves as "fascists", the ideology was based around national syndicalism . The ideology of fascism would not fully develop until 1921, when Mussolini transformed his movement into the National Fascist Party , which then in 1923 incorporated the Italian Nationalist Association . The INA established fascist tropes such as colored shirt uniforms and also received
1350-681: The German National People's Party , CEDA , Danish Unity , Zveno , Party of Hungarian Life , Union of Mladorossi and the Fatherland League lacked the ideology of fascism but adopted some fascist characteristics. Far-right politicians like Alfred Hugenberg , José María Gil-Robles , and Gyula Gömbös represent fascism's influence on the right with these leaders adopting an ultra-nationalist and authoritarian rhetoric influenced by Mussolini and later Hitler's successes. The nationalism espoused by these groups contrasted
1425-589: The Hollywood Ten was cited for contempt of Congress after refusing to answer a House committee's questions about Communist Party membership. McWilliams drafted a Supreme Court amicus brief for two of them, John Howard Lawson and Dalton Trumbo . (The Court declined to hear their appeal.) McWilliams was the first American reporter to reveal that the CIA was training a group of Cuban exiles in Guatemala for
1500-476: The Italian Social Republic was created, Alto Adige/South Tyrol was annexed to Nazi Greater Germany, but was restored to Italy after the war. The most striking difference between fascist ideologies is the racialist ideology which was the central priority of Nazism , but not a priority of the other fascist ideologies. Fascism was founded on the principle of nationalist unity which opposed
1575-826: The Kingdom of Romania that were influenced by fascism. These include the National Christian Party under Octavian Goga (1938), Party of the Nation under Ion Gigurtu (1940), and the National Legionary State which was led by the Iron Guard under Horia Sima in conjunction with the Romanian military dictatorship under Ion Antonescu (1940–1941). The first two of these regimes were not completely fascist however used fascism to appeal to
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#17327979239781650-622: The Narodni dom (Community Hall of ethnic Slovenes in Trieste) in Trieste, which was carried out at night by fascists with the connivance of the police on 13 July 1920. After the complete destruction of all Slovene minority cultural, financial, and other organizations and the continuation of violent fascist Italianization policies of ethnic cleansing, one of the first anti-fascist organizations in Europe, TIGR , emerged in 1927, and it coordinated
1725-730: The Russian Fascist Party (based in Manchuria). Prominent figures associated with European fascism outside of the Axis include Oswald Mosley , Rotha Lintorn-Orman , José Antonio Primo de Rivera , Joris Van Severen , Corneliu Zelea Codreanu , Francisco Rolão Preto , Hristo Lukov , Aleksandar Tsankov , Bolesław Piasecki , Radola Gajda , Eoin O'Duffy , Sven Olov Lindholm , Vihtori Kosola , and Konstantin Rodzaevsky . Other right-wing/far-right political parties such as
1800-598: The Treaty of Rapallo or the Treaty of Rome ; and after 1924's Treaty of Rome these same treaties did not make any undertaking with regard to the rights of the minorities that lived in Rijeka . Croatian, Slovene, German and French toponyms were systematically Italianized. Against ethnic Slovenes, he imposed an especially violent fascist Italianization policy. To Italianize ethnic Slovene and Croatian children, Fascist Italy brought Italian teachers from Southern Italy to
1875-777: The University of Southern California from which he obtained a law degree in 1927. From 1927 to 1938, McWilliams practiced law in Los Angeles at Black, Hammock & Black. Some of his cases, including his defense of striking Mexican citrus workers, prefigured his later writing. During the 1920s and early 1930s, McWilliams joined a loose network of mostly Southern California writers that included Robinson Jeffers , John Fante , Louis Adamic , and Upton Sinclair . His literary career also benefited greatly from his relationships with Mary Austin and H.L. Mencken . Mencken provided an outlet for McWilliams's early journalism and floated
1950-569: The internationalist focus of communism ; there was little coordination between fascist movements prior to the Second World War; however. there was an attempt at unifying European fascists. The 1934 Montreux Fascist conference was a meeting held by members of a number of European fascist parties and movements and was organised by the Comitati d'Azione per l'Universalità di Roma, which received support from Mussolini. The first conference
2025-502: The 1920s, Hitler with only a small Nazi party at the time wanted to form an alliance with Mussolini's regime as he recognized that his pan-German nationalism was seen as a threat by Italy. In Hitler's unpublished sequel to Mein Kampf , he attempts to address concerns among Italian fascists about Nazism. In the book, Hitler puts aside the issue of Germans in Tyrol by explaining that overall Germany and Italy have more in common than not and that
2100-598: The 1940s, he was called before the Committee on Un-American Activities in California. FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover placed him on the Custodial Detention List and this made him a candidate for detention in case of national emergency even though McWilliams was serving in the state government at the time. Several years later, a group of Los Angeles screenwriters, directors, and producers known as
2175-967: The Americas. Both North America and South America would develop fascistic political groups rooted in the local European descended communities. These included the Chilean Nacistas , Brazilian Integralist Action , Argentine Civic Legion , Peruvian Revolutionary Union , National Synarchist Union , Revolutionary Mexicanist Action and the Silver Legion of America along with figures like Plínio Salgado , Gustavo Barroso , González von Marées , Salvador Abascal , Nicolás Carrasco , William Dudley Pelley and Adrien Arcand . Some historians also consider Argentine president Juan Perón and his ideology, Peronism as being influenced by European fascism, however, this has been disputed. Brazilian president, Getúlio Vargas , and his corporate regime known as
2250-548: The Belgian Christus Rex or the Greek National Union ), electoral results obtained demonstrate their scale of popular support among the population. The best-ever performance of such parties in specific countries is given in the below table. Outcome of theoretically multi-party elections which were clearly manipulated is ignored as unrepresentative for genuine support which the party enjoyed, e.g.
2325-529: The Germans were not a pure race: But which race? Does there exist a German race. Has it ever existed? Will it ever exist? Reality, myth, or hoax of theorists? (Another parenthesis: the theoretician of racism is a 100 percent Frenchman: Gobineau) Ah well, we respond, a Germanic race does not exist. Various movements. Curiosity. Stupor. We repeat. Does not exist. We don't say so. Scientists say so. Hitler says so. Final solution Parties Italian Fascism
Carey McWilliams - Misplaced Pages Continue
2400-612: The Italian fascist movement sought to preserve the class system and uphold it as the foundation of an established and desirable culture. Nevertheless, the Italian fascists did not reject the concept of social mobility and a central tenet of the fascist state was meritocracy , yet fascism also heavily based itself on corporatism , which was supposed to supersede class conflicts . Despite these differences, Kevin Passmore (2002 p. 62) observes: There are sufficient similarities between Fascism and Nazism to make it worthwhile by applying
2475-482: The Land (1946, American Folkways series ) and California: The Great Exception (1949), which many aficionados still regard as the finest interpretive histories of those areas. Decades after its publication, Southern California Country inspired Robert Towne 's Oscar-winning original screenplay for Chinatown (1974). In 1951, McWilliams moved to New York City to work at The Nation under editor Freda Kirchwey . For
2550-624: The Slovene resistance against Fascist Italy until it was dismantled by the fascist secret police in 1941, after which some ex-TIGR members joined the Slovene Partisans . For Mussolini, the inclusion of people in a fascist society depended upon their loyalty to the state. Meetings between Mussolini and Arab dignitaries from the colony of Libya convinced him that the Arab population was worthy enough to be given extensive civil rights and as
2625-647: The Tyrol Germans must accept that it is in Germany's interests to be allied with Italy. Hitler claims that Germany, like Italy, was subjected to oppression by its neighbours and he denounces the Austrian Empire as having oppressed Italy from completing national unification just as France oppressed Germany from completing its national unification. Hitler's denunciation of Austria in the book is important because Italian fascists were skeptical about him due to
2700-684: The advent of World War II . McWilliams left his government post in 1942, when incoming Governor Earl Warren promised campaign audiences that his first official act would be to fire him. McWilliams was a sharp critic of Warren, whom he described as "the personification of Smart Reaction," but he became an enthusiastic admirer after Warren joined the US Supreme Court the following decade. No such conversion occurred in his attitude toward another California politician, Richard Nixon , whom McWilliams described in 1950 as "a dapper little man with an astonishing capacity for petty malice." After leaving
2775-450: The assassination of Austria's fascist chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss by Austrian Nazis in 1934. Under Dollfuss Austria was a key ally of Mussolini and Mussolini was deeply angered by Hitler's attempt to take over Austria and he expressed it by angrily mocking Hitler's earlier remark on the impurity of the Italian race by declaring that a "Germanic" race did not exist and he also indicated that Hitler's repression of Germany's Jews proved that
2850-563: The concept of a biologically superior race and denounced racism as being a foolish concept. Mussolini did not believe that race alone was that significant. Mussolini viewed himself as a modern-day Roman Emperor , the Italians as a cultural elite and he also wished to " Italianise " the parts of the Italian Empire which he had desired to build. A cultural superiority of Italians, rather than a view of racialism. Mussolini believed that
2925-406: The concept of fascism to both. In Italy and Germany, a movement came to power that sought to create national unity through the repression of national enemies and the incorporation of all classes and both genders into a permanently mobilized nation. Nazi ideologues such as Alfred Rosenberg were highly skeptical of the Italian race and fascism, but he believed that the improvement of the Italian race
3000-488: The convictions of mostly-Latino youths following the so-called Sleepy Lagoon murder trial. He also helped cool the city's temperature during the Zoot Suit Riots of 1943, when scuffles between servicemen and Latino youths spun out of control. Once out of government, McWilliams became an outspoken critic of the removal and internment of Japanese American citizens and almost immediately began writing an exposé on
3075-409: The delirium of race. Only a revolution and a decisive leader can improve a race, even if this is more a sentiment than a reality. But I repeat that a race can change itself and improve itself. I say that it is possible to change not only the somatic lines, the height, but really also the character. Influence of moral pressure can act deterministically also in the biological sense. Mussolini believed that
Carey McWilliams - Misplaced Pages Continue
3150-442: The development of a race was insignificant in comparison to the development of a culture, but he did believe that a race could be improved through moral development, though he did not say that this would make a superior race: Race! It is a feeling, not a reality: ninety-five percent, at least, is a feeling. Nothing will ever make me believe that biologically pure races can be shown to exist today. [...] National pride has no need of
3225-405: The divisionist class war ideologies of Marxist socialism and communism ; therefore, the majority of the regimes viewed racialism as counterproductive to unity, with Mussolini asserting: that " National pride has no need of the delirium of race". Nazism differed from Italian fascism in that it had a stronger emphasis on race in terms of social and economic policies. Though both ideologies denied
3300-524: The ex Austro-Hungarian territories that had been given to Italy in exchange for its decision to join Great Britain in World War I such as Slovene Littoral and a big part of western Slovenia while Slovene and Croatian teachers, poets, writers, artists, and clergy were exiled to Sardinia and Southern Italy . Acts of fascist violence were not hampered by the authorities, such as the burning down of
3375-649: The expansion of fascist ideology throughout the world, he did not initially appreciate Hitler and the Nazi Party . Hitler was an early admirer of Mussolini and asked for Mussolini's guidance on how the Nazis could pull off their own March on Rome . Mussolini did not respond to Hitler's requests as he did not have much interest in Hitler's movement and regarded Hitler to be somewhat crazy. Mussolini did attempt to read Mein Kampf to find out what Hitler's Nazism was, but he
3450-619: The great men of this earth is his determination not to share Italy with the Marxists , but to destroy internationalism and save the fatherland from it. In a 1931 interview, Hitler spoke admirably about Mussolini, commending Mussolini's racial origins as being the same as that of Germans and claimed at the time that Mussolini was capable of building an Italian Empire that would outdo the Roman Empire and that he supported Mussolini's endeavors, saying: They know that Benito Mussolini
3525-470: The ground by the Italian armed forces in 1937. Under fascism, native Africans were allowed to join the Italian armed forces as colonial troops and they also appeared in fascist propaganda . At least in its overt ideology, the Nazi movement believed that the existence of a class-based society was a threat to its survival, and as a result, it wanted to unify the racial element above the established classes, but
3600-460: The growing far-right sympathies amongst the populace. The military dictatorship of Ion Antonescu (1941–1944) is also often considered fascist. Prior to and during the Second World War, Nazi Germany and its allies imposed numerous anti-democratic regimes and collaborationist dictatorships across German-occupied Europe , whose characterization was authoritarian, nationalist, anti-communist, and staunchly pro- Axis powers : There were also
3675-530: The idea for his first book, a 1929 biography of popular writer and sometime Californian Ambrose Bierce . During the 1940s, McWilliams lived in Echo Park, California , a neighborhood of Los Angeles. He owned his home at 2041 Alvarado Street until the 1970s, well after he moved to New York in 1951. The Depression and the rise of European fascism in the 1930s radicalized McWilliams. He began working with left-wing political and legal organizations, including
3750-406: The infinite series of generations of which the individuals are only transient elements; it is the supreme synthesis of all the material and immaterial values of the race. Like Hitler, Mussolini publicly declared his support of a eugenics policy to improve the status of Italians in 1926 to the people of Reggio Emilia : We need to create ourselves; we of this epoch and this generation, because it
3825-476: The lives of migrant farm workers in California and condemns the politics and consequences of California agricultural land monopoly and large-scale agribusiness . Shortly before its publication, McWilliams accepted an offer from incoming Governor Culbert Olson to head California's Division of Immigration and Housing . Over his four-year term (1938–1942), he focused on improving agricultural working conditions and wages, but his hopes for major reform deteriorated with
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#17327979239783900-437: The next decade, he helped shepherd the magazine through its most difficult period. Taking over as editor in 1955, he stayed until 1975 and is credited with strengthening the magazine's investigative reporting. He also published the early work of Ralph Nader , Howard Zinn , Theodore Roszak , William Ryan and Hunter S. Thompson . William Ryan credited McWilliams with challenging him to write what became his classic book 'Blaming
3975-452: The pure elements of the former Roman civilization, such as the desire to create a strong and aggressive Italian people. However, Hitler was still audacious enough when meeting Mussolini for the first time in 1934 to tell him that all Mediterranean peoples were "tainted" by "Negro blood" and thus in his racist view they were degenerate. Relations between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany were initially poor but they deteriorated even further after
4050-660: The result of Partito Nazionale Fascista in Italy of 1924 . In case of some countries the lifetime of a fascistoid party did not overlap with reasonably free general elections, though the party might have fared well in other elections, e.g. in local elections in Bulgaria of 1934 Народно социално движение gained 12% of the votes, in local elections of Estonia in 1934 Eesti Vabadussõjalaste Kesklii won absolute majority of seats in 3 largest cities, while in local elections of France in 1938–1939 Parti Social Français garnered some 15% of
4125-410: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_McWilliams&oldid=1218616926 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
4200-625: The senate, formation of national councils loyal to the state, expanded military power, and support for militias ( Blackshirts , for example) were adopted by Mussolini's regime, while other calls such as universal suffrage and a peaceful foreign policy were abandoned. De Ambris later became a prominent anti-fascist . In 1932, " The Doctrine of Fascism ", an essay by Mussolini and Giovanni Gentile , provided an outline of fascism that better represented Mussolini's regime. Political parties in Europe often described as fascist or being strongly influenced by fascism include: There were multiple regimes in
4275-407: The set of various fascist ideologies which were practiced by governments and political organizations in Europe during the 20th century. Fascism was born in Italy following World War I , and other fascist movements, influenced by Italian Fascism , subsequently emerged across Europe. Among the political doctrines which are identified as ideological origins of fascism in Europe are the combining of
4350-563: The significance of the individual, Italian fascism saw the individual as subservient to the state whereas Nazism saw the individual as well as the state as ultimately subservient to the race. However, subservience to the Nazi state was also a requirement on the population. Mussolini's fascism held that cultural factors existed to serve the state and that it was not necessarily in the state's interest to interfere in cultural aspects of society. The only purpose of government in Mussolini's fascism
4425-465: The state government, McWilliams continued to write prolifically. He turned his attention to issues of racial and ethnic equality, writing a series of important books (including Brothers Under the Skin , Prejudice , North from Mexico , and A Mask for Privilege ) that dealt with the treatment of immigrant and minority groups. He also produced two regional portraits, Southern California Country: An Island on
4500-469: The support of important proto-fascists like D'Annunzio and nationalist intellectual Enrico Corradini . The first declaration of the political stance of fascism was the Fascist Manifesto , written by national syndicalist Alceste De Ambris and futurist poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti and published in 1919. Many of the policies advanced in the manifesto, such as centralization, abolition of
4575-452: The territories once belonging to Italian states such as Venice . Italian irredentist claims sought the return of these lands to Italian rule ( Italia irredenta ). Although initially neutral , Italy entered World War I on the side of the Allies against Germany and Austria-Hungary when promised several territories ( Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol , Trieste , Istria and Dalmatia ). After
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#17327979239784650-627: The topic. Published in 1944, Prejudice: Japanese-Americans: Symbol of Racial Intolerance was cited by Justice Frank Murphy in his dissenting opinion in Korematsu v. United States , the Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of the exclusion. His first bestseller, Factories in the Field , appeared in 1939 and ranks among his most enduring works. Published within months of John Steinbeck 's The Grapes of Wrath , it examines
4725-477: The victim' (1971). Thompson credited McWilliams with the idea for his first bestselling book, Hell's Angels: A Strange and Terrible Saga (1967). Witch Hunt (1950) was an early attempt to combat McCarthyism , which McWilliams considered a grave threat to civil liberties and healthy politics. Although he was never a member of the Communist Party , he was a frequent target of anticommunist attacks. In
4800-758: The votes. Some parties, like National Corporate Party in Ireland or Le Faisceau in France existed so briefly that they hardly managed to take part in any type of elections. In some countries fascist parties ignored electoral competition, like British Union of Fascists did in case of the UK elections of 1935 . At times fascist parties abstained since elections were considered manipulated, like in case of Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny in Polish elections of 1935 . Mussolini and Adolf Hitler were not always allies. While Mussolini wanted
4875-483: The war had ended, Italy was rewarded with these territories under the terms of the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye . In Germany and Austria, the annexation of Alto Adige/South Tyrol was controversial as the province was made up of a large majority of German speakers. While Hitler did not pursue this claim, many in the Nazi Party felt differently. In 1939, Mussolini and Hitler agreed on the South Tyrol Option Agreement . When Mussolini's government collapsed in 1943 and
4950-466: The war. Parties, movements or politicians who carried the label "fascist" quickly became political pariahs with many nations across Europe banning any organisations or references relating to fascism and Nazism. With this came the rise of Neo-Fascism , movements like the Italian Social Movement , Socialist Reich Party and Union Movement attempted to continue fascism's legacy but failed to become mass movements. European fascism influenced movements in
5025-461: The world through supporting the arts. However, within the Italian fascist movement there were a minority who endorsed Hitler's antisemitism as Roberto Farinacci , who was part of the far-right wing of the party. There were also nationalist reasons why Germany and Italy were not immediate allies. Habsburg Austria (Hitler's birthplace) had an antagonistic relationship with Italy since it was formed, largely because Austria-Hungary had seized most of
5100-419: Was expansionist in its desires, looking to create a New Roman Empire . Nazi Germany was even more aggressive in expanding its borders in violation of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles . The Nazis murdered the Austrofascist dictator Dollfuss, causing an uneasy relationship in Austria between fascism and Nazism at an early stage. Italian nationalist and pan-German claims clashed over the issue of Tyrol . In
5175-464: Was an expert on vinyl disc records preservation . McWilliams had two grandchildren: Susan McWilliams Barndt , a professor of politics at Pomona College , and Helen McWilliams, the lead singer of VAGIANT Boston . McWilliams's papers are housed in the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley and at Special Collections at the University of California, Los Angeles . European fascism Fascist movements in Europe were
5250-438: Was born December 13, 1905, in Steamboat Springs, Colorado . His father was a cattle rancher and also a State Senator . His father died three months before he graduated from Wolfe Hall Military Academy in 1921. He attended University of Denver but was asked to leave during his freshman year for "celebrating St. Patrick's Day too enthusiastically." He first came to California in 1922, a day or two later. McWilliams attended
5325-483: Was immediately disappointed, saying that Mein Kampf was "a boring tome that I have never been able to read" and claimed that Hitler's beliefs were "little more than commonplace clichés". Hitler and the Nazi Party in 1922 had praised the rise to power of Mussolini and sought a German-Italian alliance. Upon Mussolini's rise to power, the Nazis declared their admiration and emulation of the Italian Fascists, with Nazi member Hermann Esser in November 1922 saying that "what
5400-527: Was open to many perspectives and failed to develop any unity amidst the many ideological conflicts among the delegates. The second conference was equally ineffective and more meetings were attempted. In the aftermath of World War II , most fascist regimes or regimes influenced by fascism were dismantled by the Allied forces , with only those in Spain and Portugal surviving, both of which remained neutral during
5475-410: Was over the existence of the Mediterranean inferiority complex that had been instilled into Mediterraneans by the propagation of such theories by German and Anglo-Saxon Nordicists who viewed Mediterranean peoples as racially degenerate and thus inferior. Mussolini refused to allow Italy to return again to this inferiority complex. In a private conversation with Emil Ludwig in 1932, Mussolini derided
5550-471: Was possible if major changes were made to convert it into an acceptable "Aryan" race and he also said that the Italian fascist movement would only succeed if it purified the Italian race into an Aryan one. Nazi theorists believed that the downfall of the Roman Empire was due to the interbreeding of different races which created a "polluted" Italian race that was inferior. Hitler believed this and he also believed that Mussolini represented an attempt to revive
5625-453: Was to uphold the state as supreme above all else, a concept which can be described as statolatry . Unlike Hitler, Mussolini repeatedly changed his views on the issue of race according to the circumstances of the time. In 1921, Mussolini promoted the development of the Italian race such as when he said this: The nation is not simply the sum of living individuals, nor the instrument of parties for their own ends, but an organism comprised of
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