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51-926: The Carita Parahyangan tells the history of the Sunda Kingdom , from the early Galuh period in the early 8th century, during the era of Wretikandayun and King Sanjaya , until the fall of Pakuan Pajajaran in the 16th century, the capital of Sunda kingdom under invasion by the Banten Sultanate assisted by the Cirebon and Demak Sultanates. The manuscript consists of 47 leaves of lontar palm leaf manuscript measuring 21 by 3 cm (8.3 by 1.2 in); each leaf contains four lines, written in Old Sundanese script in Old Sundanese language . This manuscript consists of two parts. The larger part,

102-441: A ) ᮔ᮪ ( n ) ᮞᮥ ( su ) ᮔ᮪ ( n ) ᮓ ( da ) , romanized:  Karajaan Sunda , Indonesian pronunciation: [sunˈda] ) was a Sundanese Hindu kingdom located in the western portion of the island of Java from 669 to around 1579, covering the area of present-day Banten , Jakarta , West Java , and the western part of Central Java . The capital of

153-578: A toponym to identify the Western parts of Java. The Juru Pangambat inscription , dated from 854 Saka (932 CE), confirmes this. The name is similarly used by the Javanese to identify their western neighbour, also rival and enemy, as mentioned in Horren inscription (c. 11th century) from Kediri. An early 13th-century Chinese account reported the pepper port of Sin-t'o (Sunda), which probably referred to

204-608: A geopolitical move to secure the capital away from the eastern threat from the rising Muslim power of Demak in Central Java. By 1482, according to Purwaka Caruban Nagari , a Cirebon chronicle, Cirebon declared its independence from Sunda and no longer sent tribute to the Sunda court. Based on the Kebantenan copperplate inscription, he established a tanah devasasana sacred estate at Mount Samya or Rancamaya. He also announced

255-455: A skilled hunter named Rakryan Juru Pangambat , declared that the authority is restored to the king of Sunda. This inscription was written in Kawi alphabet , however curiously the language being used is Old Malay . Archaeologist F.D.K. Bosch proposed that this suggests Srivijayan influence over western Java. French historian, Claude Guillot proposed that this was a declaration of independence of

306-470: A translation in Indonesian and notes, was published by Atja and Danasasmita (1981c). In 1995 Darsa and Ekadjati presented a new edition and translation of the manuscript. In this work, the other part of the manuscript, called by the editor Fragmen Carita Parahyangan, was published for the first time. This is a text found on 13 leaves (lempir) or 25 “pages”; graphically the two texts are different insofar as

357-487: Is also known in Hindu mythology of Sunda and Upasunda , as one of the powerful Asura brothers that received the boon of invulnerability from Brahma . It is not clear, however, whether the eponymous Sunda was derived from this Hindu myth. It seems that by the 10th century, the name Sunda was used by foreigners, possibly by early Indian explorers, Malay Srivijayan traders and colonizer, as well as Javanese neighbours, as

408-405: Is concluded that Jaya Pakuan practised asceticism on a mountain in western Java until his death. As manuscript dates from the pre-Islamic Sunda era, it is written in an older form of Sundanese. It does not contain any words traceable to Arabic. Islamic influence is absent from the content of the story as well. The specific mention of Majapahit , Malacca and Demak , allow us to date the writing of

459-414: Is considered one of the important specimens of Old Sundanese literature. The manuscript tells the story of Jaya Pakuan alias Bujangga Manik, though a prince at the court of Pakuan Pajajaran , preferred to live a solitary life as a devout Hindu. As a hermit traveller, the book details two journeys from Pakuan Pajajaran to central and eastern Java and back, the second journey including a visit to Bali . It

510-453: Is no stone inscription discovered mentioning the next ruler. There is no tangible evidence discovered from the period between the 11th to the 14th century. Most of our current knowledge about this period came from Carita Parahyangan. The Song Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi circa 1200, mentioned that Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and Sin-to (Sunda). The source describes

561-612: The Bujangga Manik manuscript, the eastern border of the kingdom was the Pamali River (Ci Pamali, the present-day Brebes River) and the Serayu River (Ci Sarayu) in Central Java. Most accounts of the Sunda Kingdom come from primary historical records from the 16th century. The kingdom's inhabitants were primarily the eponymous ethnic Sundanese , while the majority religion was Hinduism . The name Sunda derives from

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612-610: The Sanskrit prefix su - which means "goodness" or "possessing good quality". The example is suvarna (lit: "good color") used to describe gold. Sunda is also another name for Hindu God Vishnu . In Sanskrit, the term Sundara (masculine) or Sundari (feminine) means "beautiful" or "excellence". According to Reinout Willem van Bemmelen , a Dutch geologist, the name Sunda was derived from Sanskrit term Shuddha , which means "white" and "pure". The term Sunda also means bright, light, purity, cleanness and white. The name Sunda

663-544: The port of Old Banten . European explorers, mainly Portuguese based in Malacca , also reported the existence of the Sunda Kingdom. Tomé Pires (1513) mentioned a Western Java kingdom that had established trade relation with them as Regño de Çumda, which means "Kingdom of Sunda". Also the report of Antonio Pigafetta (1522) that mentioned Sunda as a pepper producing region. Tomé Pires from Portugal wrote in his report Suma Oriental (1513–1515): Some people affirm that

714-478: The Carita Parahyangan proper, is a text on Sundanese kings and kingdoms from the pre-Islamic period. After earlier publication by Holle (1882a) and Pleyte (1914a) it was Poerbatjaraka /91919-21) who gave a complete transliteration of the manuscript. In 1962 Noorduyn (1962a, 1962b) devoted two important papers to the texts; in the first he managed to restore the order of the folio of the manuscript which

765-463: The Fragment has an irregular number of lines (3-6) per page, unlike the Carita Parahyangan proper which consistently has four lines writing per page. Moreover, there are minor scriptural differences between the two parts of the manuscript. The Fragment contains “three main stories of rulers of Sunda kingdom with the capital city of Pakuan Pajajaran ”. Its second, larger part is quite interesting from

816-597: The Kingdom of Sunda has grown quite prosperous and took part in international maritime trade. The Carita Parahyangan and Pararaton named him as Prěbu Maharaja , while the pseudohistorical Wangsakerta give a detailed name of Prabu Maharaja Lingga Buana. He ruled from Kawali Galuh, and died in the Battle of Bubat in 1357, fell victim to a stratagem crafted by the Majapahit prime minister, Gajah Mada . Hayam Wuruk ,

867-471: The Patih Amangkubumi, does not wish to cease his fasting. Gajah Mada: "If (I succeed) in defeating (conquering) Nusantara, (then) I will break my fast. If Gurun, Seram, Tanjung Pura, Haru, Pahang, Dompo, Bali, Sunda, Palembang, Temasek, are all defeated, (then) I will break my fast." Sunda was mentioned as one of the kingdoms targeted by Mada's overseas campaign. It seems by the early 14th century,

918-517: The South Sea is carried off by violent currents and unable to return. The Portuguese report is dated from a later period of the kingdom, shortly before its fall to forces of the Sultanate of Banten . The history of the Sunda Kingdom spanned for almost a millennium, between the 7th to 16th century. One of the few remnants is the 7th century Bojongmenje Hindu temple near Bandung . It was one of

969-457: The Sunda Kingdom at this time probably was under the influence of Mataram, or probably Jayabupati subscribed to Javanese culture. Sri Jayabupati in Carita Parahyangan is mentioned as Prabu Detya Maharaja. The 11th century Horren inscription found in southern Kediri, reported that çatru Sunda ("enemy from Sunda") had invaded and menacing villages in East Java. After Sri Jayabupati, there

1020-452: The Sunda Kingdom moved several times during its history, shifting between the Galuh (Kawali) area in the east and Pakuan Pajajaran in the west. The Sunda Kingdom reached its peak during the reign of King Sri Baduga Maharaja , whose reign from 1482 to 1521 is traditionally remembered as an age of peace and prosperity among Sundanese people. According to primary historical records such as

1071-456: The Sunda Kingdom, possibly from Srivijaya. According to Sanghyang Tapak inscription , dated from 1030 found in Cibadak near Sukabumi , a king, Maharaja Sri Jayabupati , has established a sacred sanctuary of Sanghyang Tapak. Curiously, the style of the inscriptions reveal an East Javanese script, language, and style, akin to Dharmawangsa 's court of Mataram . This has led to suggestions that

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1122-481: The Sunda kingdom takes up half of the whole island of Java; others, to whom more authority is attributed, say that the Sunda kingdom must be a third part of the island and an eight more. It ends at the river chi Manuk. The river intersects the whole island from sea to sea in such a way that when the people of Java describe their own country, they say that it is bounded to the west by the island of Sunda. The people hold that whoever passes this strait (the river Cimanuk) into

1173-515: The chant of poetic verses about the golden age of Sunda Pajajaran, and the legend of Prabu Siliwangi , the most popular king of Sunda. Several stone inscriptions mention the kingdom, such as Juru Pangambat , Jayabupati , Kawali , and Batutulis . Most account and records of the Sunda Kingdom are derived from manuscripts dated from a later period circa 15th to 16th century, such as Bujangga Manik , Sanghyang Siksakanda ng Karesian , Carita Parahyangan and Kidung Sunda . The earliest reference to

1224-721: The collection of taxes from the residents because they were knowledgeable about the Hindu religion and worshipped the gods. According to Batutulis inscription , Rahyang Niskala Wastu Kancana was buried in Nusalarang, and supported by Carita Parahyangan manuscript that mentioned " Prebu Niskala Wastu Kancana surup di Nusalarang ring giri Wanakusumah ". At this point, the capital was still located in Galuh, more precisely in Kawali city. Niskala Wastu Kancana's son, named as Tohaan di Galuh (Lord of Galuh) in Carita Parahyangan, succeeded him as

1275-694: The construction of a sacred compound in Sunda Sembawa, stipulated as the resident of the priests. Serayu River The Serayu River is a river in Central Java , Indonesia , about 300 km southeast of the capital Jakarta . The river spanned from northeast to southwest with a length of around 181 km , and crossing five kabupaten (regency) in Central Java; they are Wonosobo Regency , Banjarnegara Regency , Purbalingga Regency , Banyumas Regency , draining to Indian Ocean with estuarine located at Cilacap Regency . The river flows in

1326-465: The deepwater harbour of Sin-t’o (Sunda). Chu-fan-chi reported that: All along the shores, people are dwelling. The people are working in agriculture, their houses are on poles and the roofs are thatched with the bark of the leaves of palm trees and the walls were made with wooden boards tied together with rattan. Both men and women wrap around their loins a piece of cotton, and in cutting their hair they only leave it half an inch long. The pepper grown on

1377-542: The earliest temple structures in Java, older than temples of Dieng in Central Java, and linked to the Sunda Kingdom. The earlier period is unclear, much owed to only two manuscripts dated from a much later period, the Carita Parahyangan . Its relations to Tarumanagara , a previous kingdom in western Java is unknown. The history of later period, however, after the late 14th century, is clearer especially following

1428-526: The existence of the Sunda Kingdom. The copperplate inscription of Kebantenan I (Jayagiri) reads that Raja Rahyang Niskala Wastu Kancana sent an order through Hyang Ningrat Kancana to the Susuhunan of Pakuan Pajajaran to take care of dayohan in Jayagiri and Sunda Sembawa, banning the collection of collecting taxes from the residents, because they would be knowledgeable about the Hindu religion and worshipped

1479-462: The gods. The Kebantenan II (or Sunda Sembawa I) copperplate inscription announces Sri Baduga Maharaja (1482–1521), the king in Pakuan, approved an already delineated sacred estate ( tanah devasasana ) put at the disposal of the wiku (priests), which must not be split as it houses facilities for worship, which belong to the king. The Kebantenan III (Sunda Sembawa II) copperplate inscription announces

1530-449: The hills (of this country) is small-grained but heavy and superior to that of Ta-pan (Tuban in eastern Java). The country produces pumpkins, sugar cane, bottle gourd , beans and egg plants . As, however, there is no regular government in this country, the people are given to brigandage, on which account foreign traders rarely go there. According to this source, the kingdom of Sunda produced high-quality black pepper. The kingdom located in

1581-463: The king of Majapahit, intended to marry Princess Dyah Pitaloka , the daughter of Prabu Maharaja. Delighted, the Sunda king and his royal family came to Majapahit, to marry off his daughter to Hayam Wuruk. The Sunda party erected the encampment on Bubat square in the northern part of Trowulan and awaited the proper wedding ceremony. Gajah Mada however, saw this event as an opportunity to demand Sunda's submission to Majapahit overlordship and insisted that

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1632-422: The king of Sunda's sanctions of holy construction in Sunda Sembawa. The Kebantenan IV inscription details that Sri Baduga Maharaja, who ruled in Pakuan, sanctioned a similar sacred estate at Gunung Samya (Mount Rancamaya). The Bujangga Manik manuscript is the primary source on the daily life of the Sunda Kingdom in the late 15th to early 16th century. Detailing place names, culture and customs, in great detail, it

1683-477: The king. He was mentioned in Kebantenan I inscription as Hyang Ningrat Kancana and in Batutulis inscription as Rahyang Dewa Niskala. The new king, however, reigned for only seven years and subsequently demoted. Carita Parahyangan tells that "... kena salah twa(h) bogo(h) ka estri larangan ti kaluaran ..," which translate as "because (his) wrongdoing, fell in love with a forbidden outsider woman." Although it

1734-636: The kingdom is the Jayabupati inscription which consists of 40 lines written on four pieces of stone, found on the Cicatih river bank in Cibadak, Sukabumi . This inscription is again written in Kawi script , and mentions the establishment of a protected sacred area called Sanghyang Tapak by the King Jayabhupati of Sunda. The inscription is dated to 1030 CE. Copperplate letters dating to the 15th century, including royal instructions, also support

1785-476: The name "Sunda" being used to identify a kingdom is the Kebon Kopi II inscription dated 854 Saka (932 CE). This inscription is in the Kawi script , but the language used is Old Malay . It translates as follows: This memorial stone is to remark the saying of Rakryan Juru Pangambat (Royal Hunter), in 854 Saka, that the order of government is returned to the power of the king of Sunda. Another reference to

1836-428: The north coast of Java, ships steered 97 1/2 degrees for three watches to make Kalapa ; they then followed the coast (past Tanjung Indramayu), finally steering 187 1/2 degrees for four watches to reach Cirebon. Ships from Banten proceeded eastward along the north coast of Java, past Kalapa , past Indramayu head, past Cirebon. According to this source, the port of Sunda was located west of Kalapa and later identified as

1887-472: The port of Banten or Sunda Kalapa. By the 15th to 16th century, after the consolidation of the kingdom by Sri Baduga Maharaja , the name Sunda had shifted from a toponym, into a name that identified a kingdom and its people. The Sunda Strait is named after the Sunda Kingdom, the latter having once ruled the area on both coasts of the strait. Knowledge of the kingdom among Sundanese people has been kept alive through Sundanese Pantun oral tradition,

1938-409: The port of Sunda as strategic and thriving, pepper from Sunda being among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture and their houses were built on wooden poles ( rumah panggung ). However, robbers and thieves plagued the country. The port of Sunda referred by Chou Ju-kua probably referred to Old Banten , instead of Sunda Kelapa . It seems that by the early 13th century, the maritime trade

1989-457: The princess was to be presented as a token of submission. Angered and humiliated, the Sunda king decided to cancel the wedding and to return home, resulting in a skirmish between the Sunda royal family and the Majapahit army. Outnumbered, almost the entire Sundanese party, including the princess, perished in this tragedy. The tradition says Princess Dyah Pitaloka committed suicide to defend the honour of her country. After his death, Prabu Maharaja

2040-458: The reign of King Wastu Kancana and Sri Baduga Maharaja . This is contributed mainly to the availability of historical sources, including numbers of foreign reports, especially Portuguese's Suma Oriental , several stone inscriptions ( prasasti ) especially Batutulis , and native primary historical manuscripts of Bujangga Manik and Sanghyang Siksakanda ng Karesian . According to Kebon Kopi II inscription , dated from 932, discovered near Bogor ,

2091-538: The relations between Sunda and its powerful eastern neighbour Majapahit empire badly deteriorated following the Bubat incident. Niskala Wastu then resided in Kawali palace of Galuh. His reign is remembered as a long era of peace and prosperity. The copperplate inscription of Kebantenan I reads that Raja Rahyang Niskala Wastu Kancana sent an order through Hyang Ningrat Kancana to the Susuhunan of Pakuan Pajajaran to take care of dayohan in Jayagiri and Sunda Sembawa, banning

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2142-514: The southern central area of Java with a predominantly tropical monsoon climate (designated as Am in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification). The annual average temperature in the area is 24 °C. The warmest month is March, when the average temperature is around 25 °C, and the coldest is August, at 23 °C. The average annual rainfall is 3897 mm. The wettest month is January, with an average of 561 mm of rainfall, and

2193-545: The story in the 15th century, probably the latter part of this century, or the early 16th century at the latest. According to F. Hirt and W. W. Rockhill, there are Chinese sources concerning the Sunda Kingdom. At the time of the Southern Sung dynasty, the inspector of trade with foreign countries, Chau Ju-kua , collected reports from sailors and merchants who had visited foreign countries. His report on far countries, Chu-fan-chi , written from 1178 to 1225 AD, mentions

2244-424: The throne, stylized as Prabu Raja Wastu Kancana. According to one of Astana Gede inscriptions , approximately dated from the second half of the 14th century, the king ordered the construction of defensive structures, walls and moats surrounding Kawali city, and renovated Surawisesa palace. The construction of moats and other defensive measures, was probably as a response to a perceived foreign threat. Especially since

2295-495: The town of Kuningan . Sang Ratu Jayadewata (reigned 1482 to 1521) or also known as Sri Baduga Maharaja , is a grandson of Prabu Wastu Kancana. Jayadewata is often linked with a popular character Prabu Siliwangi in the Sundanese oral tradition of pantun . King Jayadewata moved the government seat from Kawali back to Pakuan in 1482. It is not clear, however, the reason behind the transfer of capital westward; it might be

2346-490: The viewpoint of social and economic history (Darsa and Ekadjati 1995:6). In a more recent paper Darsa (1999) discussed in more detail the relation between the two texts in Kropak 406; it is clear that at an early stage the two texts must have been brought together in a single manuscript. Sunda Kingdom The Sunda Kingdom ( Sundanese : ᮊ ( ka ) ᮛ ( ra ) ᮏ ( ja ) ᮃ (

2397-599: The western parts of Java near Sunda Strait , corresponds to today Banten, Jakarta and the west part of West Java province. According to this source, the port of Sunda was under Srivijaya mandala domination. This Port of Sunda was highly possible to refer to Old Banten instead of Kalapa (present-day North Jakarta ). Its capital is located 10 kilometres inland southward in Banten Girang near Mount Pulosari . The Chinese book “Shun-Feng Hsiang-Sung" from around 1430 AD relates: In this voyage eastward from Sunda, along

2448-415: Was in disarray; in the second he gave an annotated transliteration and translation of the first part of the text. In a third paper, Noorduyn (1966) published several additions and corrections to the earlier text edition, which were based on a careful rereading of the original manuscript. Based on Noorduyn's restoration of the order of the leaves in the major part of the manuscript, a new transliteration, with

2499-664: Was revered as Prabu Wangi ( lit.   ' King with pleasant fragrance ' ) for the heroic defence of his honour. Thus his successors, the later kings of Sunda, were later called Siliwangi (lit. successor of Wangi). The story is the main theme of the book Kidung Sunda , another source reporting this incident found in Bali. The next king of Sunda was Niskala Wastu Kancana , who was the youngest son of Prabu Maharaja and younger brother to Princess Dyah Pitaloka, who both perished in Bubat Incident. In 1371, Prince Wastu ascended to

2550-919: Was still dominated by Srivijayan mandala based in Sumatra. The name Sunda appeared in Javanese source, the Pararaton , reported that in 1336, during the inauguration of his newly appointed position as Prime Minister, Gajah Mada declared the Palapa oath , which stated his foreign policy to unify the archipelago under Majapahit domination. Pararaton recorded what Gajah Mada had said: "Sira Gajah Madapatih Amangkubhumi tan ayun amuktia palapa, sira Gajah Mada: Lamun huwus kalah nusantara isun amukti palapa, lamun kalah ring Gurun, ring Seran, Tañjung Pura, ring Haru, ring Pahang, Dompo, ring Bali, Sunda , Palembang, Tumasik, samana isun amukti palapa." Translation: "He, Gajah Mada

2601-596: Was unclear as to what the line mean, it was possible that the forbidden outsider woman was a Muslim, signifying the presence of Islam in western Java. According to the Batutulis inscription, Rahyang Dewa Niskala was later buried in Gunatiga. This information is supported by Carita Parahyangan which mentioned that Tohaan di Galuh was nu surup di Gunung Tilu' died or buried in Gunung Tilu (Tilu means three), which corresponds to Gunung Tilu mountain range located east of

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