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28-514: Ctalecarodnia Simpson 1935 Carodnia is an extinct genus of South American ungulate known from the Early Eocene of Brazil , Argentina , and Peru . Carodnia is placed in the order Xenungulata together with Etayoa and Notoetayoa . Carodnia is the largest mammal known from the Eocene of South America. It was heavily built and had large canines and cheek teeth with

56-510: A North American condylarth ancestor, and they may be members of the clade Laurasiatheria , related to other ungulates, including artiodactyls and perissodactyls . It has, however, been suggested the Meridiungulata are part of a different macro-group of placental mammals called Atlantogenata . Much of the evolution of meridiungulates occurred in isolation from other ungulates, a great example of convergent evolution . However,

84-517: A crested pattern like the uintatheres to which it can be related. In life, it would have been a tapir-sized animal. It bore strong resemblances to dinoceratans , although without tusks or ossicones . When George Simpson first described Carodnia , he cited the genus name as being derived from the Tehuelche word for thunder " carodn ". Simpson noted that Carodnia resembles the primitive uintathere Probathyopsis . Although Paula Couto also made

112-604: A few (mostly large) species of notoungulates and litopterns survived until the end-Pleistocene extinction event around 12,000 years ago where they became extinct with most other large mammals in the Americas, shortly after the first arrival of humans into the region. Though most SANUs lived in South America, astrapotheres and litopterns are known from Eocene aged deposits in the Antarctic Peninsula and

140-465: A juvenile C. cabrerai , but nevertheless left them as two distinct species. Fossils of Carodnia have been found in: [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Meridiungulata South American native ungulates , commonly abbreviated as SANUs , are extinct ungulate -like mammals that were indigenous to South America from the Paleocene (from at least 63 million years ago) until the end of

168-489: A separate family for Carodnia but proposed that it should be included in Probathyopsis , Cifelli 1983 grouped Carodnia with Pyrotheria but later concluded that this was a mistake. Carodnia is characterized by bilophodont first and second molars and more complex lophate third molars, which suggests possible links to pyrotheres, uintatheres, and even arctocyonids . The bones of the foot are short and robust and

196-631: Is monophyletic. By contrast, morphology-based analyses have found a range of possible positions for notoungulates. They have been found to be elsewhere within Laurasiatheria, within Afrotheria , and as stem-group atlantogenatans . A position within Afrotheria has been argued to be unlikely on biogeographic grounds, and some of the afrotherian characteristics present in notoungulates have been refuted. Litopterns and notoungulates are

224-530: Is whether a particular order should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing an order. Some taxa are accepted almost universally, while others are recognized only rarely. The name of an order is usually written with a capital letter. For some groups of organisms, their orders may follow consistent naming schemes . Orders of plants , fungi , and algae use

252-659: The Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and the Genera Plantarum of Bentham & Hooker, it indicated taxa that are now given the rank of family (see ordo naturalis , ' natural order '). In French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille (plural: familles )

280-638: The Late Pleistocene (~12,000 years ago). They represented a dominant element of South America's Cenozoic terrestrial mammal fauna prior to the arrival of living unguate groups in South America during the Pliocene and Pleistocene as part of the Great American Interchange . They comprise five major groups conventionally ranked as orders — Astrapotheria , Litopterna , Notoungulata , Pyrotheria , and Xenungulata —as well as

308-645: The argument that meridiungulates are related to artiodactyls and perissodactyls needs support from molecular sequencing. Some paleontologists have also challenged the monophyly of Meridiungulata by suggesting that the pyrotheres are more closely related to other mammals, such as Embrithopoda (an African order possibly related to elephants ), than to other South American ungulates. Molecular sequence data from both collagen and mitochondrial DNA supports that litopterns and notoungulates are most closely related to Perissodactyla (the group containing equids , rhinoceroses , and tapirs ) among living mammals, as part of

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336-655: The clade Panperissodactyla , making them true ungulates, which has also been supported by some analyses of morphology. However, other morphological analyses have placed Litopterna elsewhere within Laurasiatheria. Didolodontids may be closely related to litopterns, and it has been proposed that they should be classified within Litopterna, but some analyses do not find them to be close relatives. Molecular sequence data from collagen suggests Notoungulata and Litopterna are more closely related to each other than to Perissodactyla, suggesting that at least part of Meridiungulata

364-715: The digits terminate in broad, flat, and unfissured hoof-like unguals, unlike any other known meridiungulate. C. feruglioi and C. cabrerai , from the Riochican in the SALMA classification of Patagonia , are known from only a few dental remains. C. vieirai (from the Itaboraian SALMA of Itaborai ) is known from much more complete dental, cranial, and postcranial remains including an almost complete mandible, many vertebrae, and several partial leg bones. When Simpson 1935 first described Carodnia and Ctalecarodnia ,

392-472: The ending -anae that was initiated by Armen Takhtajan 's publications from 1966 onwards. The order as a distinct rank of biological classification having its own distinctive name (and not just called a higher genus ( genus summum )) was first introduced by the German botanist Augustus Quirinus Rivinus in his classification of plants that appeared in a series of treatises in the 1690s. Carl Linnaeus

420-910: The field of zoology , the Linnaean orders were used more consistently. That is, the orders in the zoology part of the Systema Naturae refer to natural groups. Some of his ordinal names are still in use, e.g. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) and Diptera (flies, mosquitoes, midges, and gnats). In virology , the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 's virus classification includes fifteen taxomomic ranks to be applied for viruses , viroids and satellite nucleic acids : realm , subrealm , kingdom , subkingdom, phylum , subphylum , class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily , genus, subgenus , and species. There are currently fourteen viral orders, each ending in

448-443: The former was known only from a left lower molar which was lacking in the latter, making a comparison very difficult. Paula Couto 1952 , based on considerably more complete remains, concluded that the molars and premolars of both are indistinguishable and therefore reduced Ctalecarodnia to a synonym. Paula Couto also noted that the dentition of C. cabrerai and C. feruglioi are similar except in size, and that C. feruglioi can be

476-479: The monophyly of Meridiungulata as traditionally defined. The earliest SANUs appeared during the early Paleocene , around 63-65 million years ago. SANU diversity reached its greatest extent during the late Eocene and Oligocene periods. During the Miocene , genus and species diversity was stable, but family diversity declined. During the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs, SANU diversity substantially declined to

504-633: The name Sudamericungulata found them to be afrotheres. The study proposing Sudamericungulata was questioned in a later study, who suggested that the taxon and character sampling in the analysis was poor (including only a single perissodactyl), and that the placement of Sudamericungulata within Afrotheria was not robustly supported, and that a placement within Laurasiatheria was supported for Sudamericungulata and Litopterna when Afrotheria and Laurasiatheria were constrained to be monophyletic by molecular results. A 2024 study based on morphology supported

532-670: The notoungulate Mixotoxodon spread as far north as what is now Texas during the Pleistocene as part of the Great American Biotic Interchange. The relationships of SANUs to living mammals has been historically uncertain, though analysis of DNA and collagen suggests that at least notoungulates and litopterns are members of Laurasiatheria , and closely related to living perissodactyls . Meridiungulata might have originated in South America from

560-453: The only South American ungulates to have gone extinct recently enough for molecular data to be available, so the relationships of astrapotheres, pyrotheres, and xenungulates must be determined based on morphology alone. The clade Sudamericungulata has been proposed to encompass astrapotheres, notoungulates, pyrotheres, and xenoungulates but not litopterns. Such a clade had been found in previous studies, but left unnamed. The study proposing

588-477: The point that there were only a handful of living species by the Late Pleistocene . The causes of the decline are unclear, but may be due to climatic change, or competition/predation from new arrivals from North America as part of the Great American interchange . [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Order (biology) What does and does not belong to each order is determined by a taxonomist , as

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616-410: The primitive " condylarth " groups Didolodontidae and Kollpaniinae . It has been proposed that some or all of the members of this group form a clade, named Meridiungulata , though the relationships of South American ungulates remain largely unresolved. The two largest groups of South American ungulates, the notoungulates and the litopterns, were the only groups to persist beyond the mid Miocene . Only

644-419: The same favorable comparison, he placed Carodnia in the new order Xenungulata. Gingerich 1985 concluded that Probathyopsis shares several dental characteristics with Carodnia , but that in the latter the anterior dentition of is more reduced, the second lower and upper premolars are enlarged and pointed, and that the first and second molars are more lophodont. Gingerich thought the differences could justify

672-420: The same position. Michael Benton (2005) inserted them between superorder and magnorder instead. This position was adopted by Systema Naturae 2000 and others. In botany , the ranks of subclass and suborder are secondary ranks pre-defined as respectively above and below the rank of order. Any number of further ranks can be used as long as they are clearly defined. The superorder rank is commonly used, with

700-777: The suffix -ales (e.g. Dictyotales ). Orders of birds and fishes use the Latin suffix -iformes meaning 'having the form of' (e.g. Passeriformes ), but orders of mammals and invertebrates are not so consistent (e.g. Artiodactyla , Actiniaria , Primates ). For some clades covered by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , several additional classifications are sometimes used, although not all of these are officially recognized. In their 1997 classification of mammals , McKenna and Bell used two extra levels between superorder and order: grandorder and mirorder . Michael Novacek (1986) inserted them at

728-578: The word family ( familia ) was assigned to the rank indicated by the French famille , while order ( ordo ) was reserved for a higher rank, for what in the 19th century had often been named a cohors (plural cohortes ). Some of the plant families still retain the names of Linnaean "natural orders" or even the names of pre-Linnaean natural groups recognized by Linnaeus as orders in his natural classification (e.g. Palmae or Labiatae ). Such names are known as descriptive family names. In

756-551: Was the first to apply it consistently to the division of all three kingdoms of nature (then minerals , plants , and animals ) in his Systema Naturae (1735, 1st. Ed.). For plants, Linnaeus' orders in the Systema Naturae and the Species Plantarum were strictly artificial, introduced to subdivide the artificial classes into more comprehensible smaller groups. When the word ordo was first consistently used for natural units of plants, in 19th-century works such as

784-561: Was used as a French equivalent for this Latin ordo . This equivalence was explicitly stated in the Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle 's Lois de la nomenclature botanique (1868), the precursor of the currently used International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants . In the first international Rules of botanical nomenclature from the International Botanical Congress of 1905,

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