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122-663: Carl August Nielsen ( Danish: [ˈkʰɑˀl ˈne̝lsn̩] ; 9 June 1865 – 3 October 1931) was a Danish composer, conductor, and violinist, widely recognized as his country's most prominent composer. Brought up by poor yet musically talented parents on the island of Funen , he demonstrated his musical abilities at an early age. He initially played in a military band before attending the Royal Danish Academy of Music in Copenhagen from 1884 until December 1886. He premiered his Op . 1, Suite for Strings , in 1888, at

244-470: A brass instrument accurately. It also plays a major role in some performance situations, such as in marching bands. Traditionally the instruments are normally made of brass , polished and then lacquered to prevent corrosion . Some higher quality and higher cost instruments use gold or silver plating to prevent corrosion. Alternatives to brass include other alloys containing significant amounts of copper or silver. These alloys are biostatic due to

366-440: A completely new art of pure archaic virtue. What do you think about songs sung in unison ? We must go back ... to the pure and the clear." On the other hand, he wrote in 1925 "Nothing destroys music more than nationalism does ... and it is impossible to deliver national music on request." Nielsen studied Renaissance polyphony closely, which accounts for some of the melodic and harmonic content of his music. This interest

488-452: A conical mouthpiece. One interesting difference between a woodwind instrument and a brass instrument is that woodwind instruments are non-directional. This means that the sound produced propagates in all directions with approximately equal volume. Brass instruments, on the other hand, are highly directional, with most of the sound produced traveling straight outward from the bell. This difference makes it significantly more difficult to record

610-532: A considerable number of choral works but most of them were composed for special occasions and were seldom reprised. Three fully-fledged cantatas for soloists, orchestra and choir have, however, entered the repertoire. Nielsen composed Hymnus amoris ( Hymn of Love ), Op. 12 (1897) after studying early polyphonic choral style. Writing in the newspaper Dannebrog , Nanna Liebmann referred to the work as "a decisive victory" for Nielsen, and Angul Hammerich of Nationaltidende welcomed its improved clarity and purity. But

732-518: A decoration from the Swedish government, and a gala concert and reception in Copenhagen. The composer, however, was in a dour mood; in an article in Politiken on 9 November 1925 he wrote: If I could live my life again, I would chase any thoughts of Art out of my head and be apprenticed to a merchant or pursue some other useful trade the results of which could be visible in the end ... What use

854-516: A deeper interest in music ... [I]t is intervals which surprise and delight us anew every time we hear the cuckoo in spring. Its appeal would be less if its call were all on one note." Nielsen's philosophy of music style is perhaps summed up in his advice in a 1907 letter to the Norwegian composer Knut Harder: "You have ... fluency, so far, so good; but I advise you again and again, my dear Mr. Harder; Tonality, Clarity, Strength ." Nielsen

976-491: A fourth valve, such as tubas, euphoniums, piccolo trumpets , etc. that valve lowers the pitch by a perfect fourth; this is used to compensate for the sharpness of the valve combinations 1–3 and 1–2–3 (4 replaces 1–3, 2–4 replaces 1–2–3). All three normal valves may be used in addition to the fourth to increase the instrument's range downwards by a perfect fourth, although with increasingly severe intonation problems. When four-valved models without any kind of compensation play in

1098-476: A gimmick, these plastic models have found increasing popularity during the last decade and are now viewed as practice tools that make for more convenient travel as well as a cheaper option for beginning players. Brass instruments are one of the major classical instrument families and are played across a range of musical ensembles . Orchestras include a varying number of brass instruments depending on music style and era, typically: Concert bands generally have

1220-416: A good range of notes simply by varying the tension of their lips (see embouchure ). Most brass instruments are fitted with a removable mouthpiece . Different shapes, sizes and styles of mouthpiece may be used to suit different embouchures, or to more easily produce certain tonal characteristics. Trumpets, trombones, and tubas are characteristically fitted with a cupped mouthpiece, while horns are fitted with

1342-501: A long sucking kiss. Does it mean that I shall finally return and rest in the earth of Funen? Then it must be in the place where I was born: Sortelung, Frydenlands parish". This was not to be. Nielsen was admitted to Copenhagen's National Hospital (Rigshospitalet) on 1 October 1931 following a series of heart attacks . He died there at ten minutes past midnight on 3 October, surrounded by his family. His last words to them were "You are standing here as if you were waiting for something". He

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1464-409: A lullaby, now lost, and a polka that he mentions in his autobiography. As his parents did not believe he had any future as a musician, they apprenticed him to a shopkeeper in a nearby village when he was fourteen. The shopkeeper went bankrupt by midsummer and Nielsen had to return home. After learning to play brass instruments , on 1 November 1879 he became a bugler and alto trombonist in the band of

1586-743: A modest income from private violin lessons while enjoying the continuing support of his patrons, not only Jens Georg Nielsen but also Albert Sachs (born 1846) and Hans Demant (1827–1897) who both ran factories in Odense. After less than a year at the Royal Theatre, Nielsen won a scholarship of 1,800 kroner, giving him the means to spend several months travelling in Europe. While travelling, Nielsen discovered and then turned against Richard Wagner 's music dramas , heard many of Europe's leading orchestras and soloists and sharpened his opinions on both music and

1708-926: A month later. The Helios Overture , Op. 17 (1903) stems from Nielsen's stay in Athens which inspired him to compose a work depicting the sun rising and setting over the Aegean Sea . The score is a showpiece for orchestra, and has been amongst Nielsen's most popular works. Saga-Drøm ( Saga Dream ), Op. 39 (1907–08) is a tone poem for orchestra based on the Icelandic Njal's Saga . In Nielsen's words: There are among other things four cadenzas for oboe, clarinet, bassoon and flute which run quite freely alongside one another, with no harmonic connection, and without my marking time. They are just like four streams of thought, each going its own way – differently and randomly for each performance – until they meet in

1830-561: A point of rest, as if flowing into a lock where they are united. At the Bier of a Young Artist ( Ved en ung Kunstners Baare ) for string orchestra was written for the funeral of the Danish painter Oluf Hartmann in January 1910 and was also played at Nielsen's own funeral. Pan and Syrinx ( Pan og Syrinx ), a vigorous nine-minute symphonic poem inspired by Ovid 's Metamorphoses ,

1952-490: A position to pay his own way. While there, he fell in love with their 14-year-old daughter Emilie Demant. The affair was to last for the next three years. On 17 September 1887, Nielsen played the violin in the Tivoli Concert Hall when his Andante tranquillo e Scherzo for strings was premiered. Shortly afterwards, on 25 January 1888, his String Quartet in F major was played at one of the private performances of

2074-558: A position with the second violins in the prestigious Royal Danish Orchestra which played at Copenhagen's Royal Theatre , then conducted by Johan Svendsen. In this position he experienced Verdi's Falstaff and Otello at their Danish premieres. Although this employment sometimes caused Nielsen considerable frustration, he continued to play there until 1905. After Svendsen's retirement in 1906, Nielsen increasingly served as conductor (being officially appointed assistant conductor in 1910). Between graduation and attaining this position, he made

2196-617: A shortfall in funding meant that erection of the monument was delayed and that Anne Marie herself ended up subsidising it. The Carl Nielsen Monument was finally unveiled in 1939. Nielsen's works are sometimes referred to by CNW numbers, based on the Catalogue of Carl Nielsen's Works (CNW) published online by the Danish Royal Library in 2015. The CNW catalogue is intended to replace the 1965 catalogue compiled by Dan Fog and Torben Schousboe (FS numbers). In his Lives of

2318-419: A trigger on valves other than 2 (especially 3), although many professional quality euphoniums, and indeed other brass band instruments, have a trigger for the main tuning slide. The two major types of valve mechanisms are rotary valves and piston valves . The first piston valve instruments were developed just after the start of the 19th century. The Stölzel valve (invented by Heinrich Stölzel in 1814)

2440-431: A trumpet, a person lays out a pattern and shapes sheet metal into a bell-shape using templates, machine tools, handtools, and blueprints. The maker cuts out the bell blank, using hand or power shears. He hammers the blank over a bell-shaped mandrel, and butts the seam, using a notching tool. The seam is brazed, using a torch and smoothed using a hammer or file. A draw bench or arbor press equipped with expandable lead plug

2562-520: A turbulent marriage with the sculptor Anne Marie Brodersen . Nielsen is especially noted for his six symphonies, his Wind Quintet and his concertos for violin , flute and clarinet . In Denmark, his opera Maskarade and many of his songs have become an integral part of the national heritage. His early music was inspired by composers such as Johannes Brahms and Edvard Grieg , but he soon developed his own style, first experimenting with progressive tonality and later diverging even more radically from

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2684-437: A valued adviser during his early years as a professional composer. He also studied composition under Gade , whom he liked as a friend but not for his music. Contacts with fellow students and cultured families in Copenhagen, some of whom would become lifelong friends, became equally important. The patchy education resulting from his country background left Nielsen insatiably curious about the arts, philosophy and aesthetics. But, in

2806-441: Is "-i": ei mar, mar'i, ei post, posti, ei vogn, vogni, ei ovn, ovni, ei kat, katti (a man, the man, a post, the post, a wagon, the wagon, an oven, the oven, a cat, the cat). These articles and endings are usually unstressed . In 2018, on the hill Munkebo Bakke , located in north eastern Funen, have archaeologists found an exceedingly large Viking hall that dates back more than 1,000 years, to around 825 – 1,000 CE. According to

2928-488: Is Nielsen's longest work apart from his operas, but a shorter orchestral suite consisting of the Oriental March , Hindu Dance and Negro Dance is often performed. Moderen , written to celebrate the reunification of Southern Jutland with Denmark, was first performed in 1921; it is a setting of patriotic verses written for the occasion. Nielsen composed several chamber music works, some of them still high on

3050-695: Is a comic opera in three acts written in 1906 to a Danish libretto by Vilhelm Andersen , based on the comedy by Ludvig Holberg . Saul and David received a negative press when it was premiered in November 1902 and did no better when it was revived in 1904. By contrast, in November 1906 Masquerade was a resounding success with an exceptional run of 25 performances over its first four months. Generally considered to be Denmark's national opera, in its home country it has enjoyed lasting success and popularity, attributable to its many strophic songs, its dances and its underlying "old Copenhagen" atmosphere. Nielsen wrote

3172-430: Is confident and far less derivative than in earlier works ... [the quartet] prompts the most regret that Nielsen did not pursue the genre further ... to parallel his later symphonic development". The Fourth String Quartet in F major (1904) initially received a mixed reception, with critics uncertain about its reserved style. Nielsen revised it several times, the final version in 1919 being listed as his Op. 44. The violin

3294-413: Is exemplified in his Tre Motetter (Three Motets, Op. 55). To non-Danish critics, Nielsen's music initially had a neo-classical sound but became increasingly modern as he developed his own approach to what the writer and composer Robert Simpson called progressive tonality, moving from one key to another. Typically, Nielsen's music might end in a different key from that of its commencement, sometimes as

3416-579: Is given the task of interrupting the orchestra, playing ad libitum and out of time, as if to destroy the music. Performed by the Danish Radio Symphony Orchestra conducted by Erik Tuxen at the 1950 Edinburgh International Festival , it caused a sensation, sparking interest in Nielsen's music outside Scandinavia. In Symphony No. 6 (without opus number), written 1924–25, and subtitled Sinfonia Semplice (Simple Symphony) ,

3538-426: Is it to me that the whole world acknowledges me, but hurries away and leaves me alone with my wares until everything breaks down and I discover to my disgrace that I have lived as a foolish dreamer and believed that the more I worked and exerted myself in my art, the better position I would achieve. No, it is no enviable fate to be an artist. Nielsen's final large-scale orchestral works were his Flute Concerto (1926) and

3660-412: Is noted in the table, despite the exposition of four-valve and also five-valve systems (the latter used on the tuba) being incomplete in this article. Since valves lower the pitch, a valve that makes a pitch too low (flat) creates an interval wider than desired, while a valve that plays sharp creates an interval narrower than desired. Intonation deficiencies of brass instruments that are independent of

3782-399: Is perhaps most closely associated outside Denmark with his six symphonies, written between 1892 and 1925. The works have much in common: they are all just over 30 minutes long, brass instruments are a key component of the orchestration, and they all exhibit unusual changes in tonality, which heighten the dramatic tension. From its opening bars, Symphony No. 1 (Op. 7, 1890–92), while reflecting

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3904-499: Is rather different from his international appreciation. His interest and background in folk music had special resonance for Danes, and this was intensified during the nationalistic movements of the 1930s and during World War II, when singing was an important basis for the Danes to distinguish themselves from their German enemies. Nielsen's songs retain an important place in Danish culture and education. The musicologist Niels Krabbe describes

4026-463: Is referred to as Insular Danish , where the dialects have retained three grammatical genders : masculine, feminine and neuter. This is in contrast to Zealand, where, like in Swedish, a reduction to two genders has taken place, and large parts of Jutland, where, like in English, no such distinction is made. For instance in masculine, the indefinite article is "ei" and the ending in the definite form

4148-406: Is significantly lower than the fundamental frequency of the series that the other resonances are overtones of. Depending on the instrument and the skill of the player, the missing fundamental of the series can still be played as a pedal tone , which relies mainly on vibration at the overtone frequencies to produce the fundamental pitch. The bore diameter in relation to length determines whether

4270-472: Is the norm, usually in a double, sometimes even triple configuration. Some valved brass instruments provide triggers or throws that manually lengthen (or, less commonly, shorten) the main tuning slide, a valve slide, or the main tubing. These mechanisms alter the pitch of notes that are naturally sharp in a specific register of the instrument, or shift the instrument to another playing range. Triggers and throws permit speedy adjustment while playing. Trigger

4392-432: Is used in two senses: A throw is a simple metal grip for the player's finger or thumb, attached to a valve slide. The general term "throw" can describe a u-hook, a saddle (u-shaped grips), or a ring (ring-shape grip) in which a player's finger or thumb rests. A player extends a finger or thumb to lengthen a slide, and retracts the finger to return the slide to its original position. Triggers or throws are sometimes found on

4514-421: Is used to shape and smooth the bell and bell neck over a mandrel. A lathe is used to spin the bell head and to form a bead at the edge of bell head. Previously shaped bell necks are annealed, using a hand torch to soften the metal for further bending. Scratches are removed from the bell using abrasive-coated cloth. A few specialty instruments are made from wood. Instruments made mostly from plastic emerged in

4636-671: The Berlingske Tidende reviewer H.W. Schytte thought Nielsen had been pretentious presenting the lyrics in Latin rather than Danish. Søvnen ( The Sleep ), Op. 18, Nielsen's second major choral work, sets to music the various phases of sleep including the terror of a nightmare in its central movement which, with its unusual discords, came as a shock to the reviewers at its premiere in March 1905. Fynsk Foraar ( Springtime on Funen ), Op. 42, completed in 1922, has been cited as

4758-540: The Privat Kammermusikforening (Private Chamber Music Society). While Nielsen considered the Quartet in F to be his official debut as a professional composer, a far greater impression was made by his Suite for Strings . Performed at Tivoli Gardens , Copenhagen on 8 September 1888, it was designated by Nielsen as his Op. 1. By September 1889 Nielsen had progressed well enough on the violin to gain

4880-528: The Chaconne , Op. 32 (1917) was "a really big piece, and I think effective". It is not only inspired by the work of Bach, especially the chaconne for solo violin , but also by the virtuoso piano arrangements of Bach's music by composers such as Robert Schumann , Johannes Brahms and Ferruccio Busoni. Also on a large scale, and from the same year, is the Theme and Variations , Op. 40, in which critics have discerned

5002-573: The Copenhagen Academy of Arts , married the Hungarian violinist Emil Telmányi (1892–1988) in 1918; he contributed to the promotion of Nielsen's music, both as a violinist and a conductor. Nielsen's son, Hans Børge, was disabled as a result of meningitis and spent most of his life away from the family. He died near Kolding in 1956. At first, Nielsen's works did not gain sufficient recognition for him to be able to support himself. During

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5124-545: The Royal Danish Library , sponsored by the Danish government, completed the Carl Nielsen Edition , freely available online, containing background information and sheet music for all of Nielsen's works, many of which had not been previously published. Nielsen was born on 9 June 1865, the seventh of twelve children in a poor peasant family, at Sortelung near Nørre Lyndelse, south of Odense on

5246-628: The alphorn , the cornett , the serpent and the didgeridoo , while some woodwind instruments are made of brass, like the saxophone . Modern brass instruments generally come in one of two families: Plucked There are two other families that have, in general, become functionally obsolete for practical purposes. Instruments of both types, however, are sometimes used for period-instrument performances of Baroque or Classical pieces. In more modern compositions, they are occasionally used for their intonation or tone color. Brass instruments may also be characterised by two generalizations about geometry of

5368-410: The bore , that is, the tubing between the mouthpiece and the flaring of the tubing into the bell . Those two generalizations are with regard to While all modern valved and slide brass instruments consist in part of conical and in part of cylindrical tubing, they are divided as follows: The resonances of a brass instrument resemble a harmonic series , with the exception of the lowest resonance, which

5490-404: The oligodynamic effect , and thus suppress growth of molds , fungi or bacteria . Brass instruments constructed from stainless steel or aluminium have good sound quality but are rapidly colonized by microorganisms and become unpleasant to play. Most higher quality instruments are designed to prevent or reduce galvanic corrosion between any steel in the valves and springs, and the brass of

5612-407: The score . Nielsen's earliest work composed specifically for orchestra was the immediately successful Suite for Strings , Op. 1 (1888), which evoked Scandinavian Romanticism as expressed by Grieg and Svendsen. The work marked an important milestone in Nielsen's career as it was not only his first real success but it was also the first of his pieces he conducted himself when it was played in Odense

5734-487: The sexton at Odense Cathedral . It is not known how much Nielsen composed during this period, but from his autobiography, it can be deduced that he wrote some trios and quartets for brass instruments, and that he had difficulty in coming to terms with the fact that brass instruments were tuned in different keys. Following an introduction to Niels W. Gade , the director of the Royal Academy in Copenhagen, by whom he

5856-466: The "melodic richness and harmonic vitality" of his work. Anne-Marie Reynolds, author of Carl Nielsen's Voice: His Songs in Context , cites Robert Simpson's view that "all of his music is vocal in origin", maintaining that song-writing strongly influenced Nielsen's development as a composer. The Danish sociologist Benedikte Brincker observes that the perception of Nielsen and his music in his home country

5978-437: The "outward growth of the mind's scope". It fully exploits Nielsen's technique of confronting two keys at the same time and includes a peaceful section with soprano and baritone voices, singing a tune without words. Symphony No. 4 , The Inextinguishable (Op. 29, 1914–16), written during World War I, is among the most frequently performed of the symphonies. In the last movement two sets of timpani are placed on opposite sides of

6100-607: The 1920s and, according to the Danish musicologist Herbert Rosenberg, the product of "an extremely experienced composer who knows how to avoid inessentials." Unlike Nielsen's later works, the Violin Concerto has a distinct, melody-oriented neo-classical structure. The Flute Concerto, in two movements, was written for the flautist Holger Gilbert-Jespersen , a member of the Copenhagen Wind Quintet which had premiered Nielsen's Wind Quintet (1922). In contrast to

6222-468: The 1st note of the harmonic series ... A horn giving the C of an open 8 ft organ pipe had to be 16 ft (5 m). long. Half its length was practically useless ... it was found that if the calibre of tube was sufficiently enlarged in proportion to its length, the instrument could be relied upon to give its fundamental note in all normal circumstances. – Cecil Forsyth, Orchestration , p. 86 The instruments in this list fall for various reasons outside

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6344-407: The 2010s as a cheaper and more robust alternative to brass. Plastic instruments could come in almost any colour. The sound plastic instruments produce is different from the one of brass, lacquer, gold or silver. This is because plastic is much less dense, or rather has less matter in a given space as compared to the aforementioned which causes vibrations to occur differently. While originally seen as

6466-734: The Clarinet Concerto (1928), of which Robert Layton writes: "If ever there was music from another planet, this is surely it. Its sonorities are sparse and monochrome, its air rarefied and bracing." Nielsen's last musical composition, the organ work Commotio , was premiered posthumously in 1931 in St. Mary's Church, Lübeck . During his final years, Nielsen produced a short book of essays entitled Living Music (1925), followed in 1927 by his memoir Min Fynske Barndom . In 1926 he wrote in his diary "My home soil pulls me more and more like

6588-477: The Compensation system, each of the first two (or three) valves has an additional set of tubing extending from the back of the valve. When the third (or fourth) valve is depressed in combination with another one, the air is routed through both the usual set of tubing plus the extra one, so that the pitch is lowered by an appropriate amount. This allows compensating instruments to play with accurate intonation in

6710-640: The Funen dialects, refers to the variations of Danish spoken on Funen and adjacent islands. Locally, there can be significant variations, even within short distances, for example between neighboring towns. On the island of Funen, at least four main dialects are typically distinguished: East, North, South, and West Funen dialects, as well as sub-dialects such as the Tåsinge, Ærø, and Langeland dialects. West Funen dialects may further be divided into Northwest and Southwest Funen dialects. The Funen dialects belong to what

6832-517: The Funen museum experts, this Viking hall is larger than any found on Funen before. Galgedil is a Viking Age cemetery located in the northern part of Funen. Excavations at the local site revealed 54 graves containing 59 inhumations and 2 cremation burials. Brass instrument There are several factors involved in producing different pitches on a brass instrument . Slides , valves , crooks (though they are rarely used today), or keys are used to change vibratory length of tubing, thus changing

6954-550: The Great Composers , the music critic Harold C. Schonberg emphasizes the breadth of Nielsen's compositions, his energetic rhythms, generous orchestration and his individuality. In comparing him with Jean Sibelius , he considers he had "just as much sweep, even more power, and a more universal message". The Oxford University music professor Daniel M. Grimley qualifies Nielsen as "one of the most playful, life-affirming, and awkward voices in twentieth-century music" thanks to

7076-467: The Royal Theatre. Nielsen sublimated his anger and frustration over his marriage in a number of musical works, most notably between 1897 and 1904, a period which he sometimes called his "psychological" period. Fanning writes, "At this time his interest in the driving forces behind human personality crystallized in the opera Saul and David and the Second Symphony ( The Four Temperaments ) and

7198-681: The Royal Theatre. For his son-in-law, Emil Telmányi, Nielsen wrote his Violin Concerto, Op. 33 (1911). From 1914 to 1926, he conducted the Musikforeningen orchestra. In 1916, he took a post teaching at the Royal Danish Academy of Music in Copenhagen, and continued to work there until his death. The strain of dual careers and constant separation from his wife led to an extended breach in his marriage. The couple began separation proceedings in 1916, and separation by mutual consent

7320-407: The action of three valves had become almost universal by (at latest) 1864 as witnessed by Arban's method published in that year. The effect of a particular combination of valves may be seen in the table below. This table is correct for the core three-valve layout on almost any modern valved brass instrument. The most common four-valve layout is a superset of the well-established three-valve layout and

7442-785: The age of 23. The following year, Nielsen began a 16-year stint as a second violinist in the Royal Danish Orchestra under the conductor Johan Svendsen , during which he played in Verdi's Falstaff and Otello at their Danish premieres. In 1916, he took a post teaching at the Royal Danish Academy and continued to work there until his death. Although his symphonies, concertos and choral music are now internationally acclaimed, Nielsen's career and personal life were marked by many difficulties, often reflected in his music. The works he composed between 1897 and 1904 are sometimes ascribed to his "psychological" period, resulting mainly from

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7564-636: The air being doubled back through the main valves. In early designs, this led to sharp bends in the tubing and other obstructions of the air-flow. Some manufacturers therefore preferred adding more 'straight' valves instead, which for example could be pitched a little lower than the 2nd and 1st valves and were intended to be used instead of these in the respective valve combinations. While no longer featured in euphoniums for decades, many professional tubas are still built like this, with five valves being common on CC- and BB ♭ -tubas and five or six valves on F-tubas. Compensating double horns can also suffer from

7686-523: The army's 16th Battalion in Odense. Nielsen did not give up the violin during his time with the battalion, continuing to play it when he went home to perform at dances with his father. The army paid him three kroner and 45 øre and a loaf of bread every five days for two and a half years, after which his salary was raised slightly, enabling him to buy the civilian clothes he needed to perform at barn dances. In 1881, Nielsen began to take his violin playing more seriously, studying privately under Carl Larsen,

7808-420: The available harmonic series , while the player's embouchure , lip tension and air flow serve to select the specific harmonic produced from the available series. The view of most scholars (see organology ) is that the term "brass instrument" should be defined by the way the sound is made, as above, and not by whether the instrument is actually made of brass . Thus one finds brass instruments made of wood, like

7930-509: The cantatas Hymnus amoris and Søvnen ". Carl suggested divorce in March 1905 and had considered moving to Germany for a fresh start, but despite several extended periods of separation the Nielsens remained married for the remainder of the composer's life. Nielsen had five children, two of them illegitimate. He had already fathered a son, Carl August Nielsen, in January 1888, before he met Anne Marie. In 1912, an illegitimate daughter

8052-427: The composer's Violin Concerto. The work is an example of the composer's progressive tonality since, although it is stated to be in the key of G minor, the first and final movements end in different keys. The critic Emilius Bangert wrote of the premiere (which was given by Axel Gade ), "The overall impression was of a beautiful, unbroken line – a flow of notes – where in particular a wonderful second subject in

8174-505: The concert which saw the premiere of his First Symphony on 14 March 1894 conducted by Svendsen, Nielsen played in the second violin section. The symphony was a great success when played in Berlin in 1896, contributing significantly to his reputation. He was increasingly in demand to write incidental music for the theatre as well as cantatas for special occasions, both of which provided a welcome source of additional income. Fanning comments on

8296-404: The corresponding register, the sharpness becomes so severe that players must finger the note a half-step below the one they are trying to play. This eliminates the note a half-step above their open fundamental. Manufacturers of low brass instruments may choose one or a combination of four basic approaches to compensate for the tuning difficulties, whose respective merits are subject to debate: In

8418-400: The country's most representative composer's output". In 1906, Nielsen had explained the significance of such songs to his countrymen: Funen Funen ( Danish : Fyn , pronounced [ˈfyˀn] ), is the third-largest island of Denmark , after Zealand and Vendsyssel-Thy , with an area of 3,099.7 square kilometres (1,196.8 sq mi). It is the 165th -largest island in

8540-530: The deficiencies in the valve system. In most trumpets and cornets, the compensation must be provided by extending the third valve slide with the third or fourth finger, and the first valve slide with the left hand thumb (see Trigger or throw below). This is used to lower the pitch of the 1–3 and 1–2–3 valve combinations. On the trumpet and cornet, these valve combinations correspond to low D, low C ♯ , low G, and low F ♯ , so chromatically, to stay in tune, one must use this method. In instruments with

8662-485: The early pieces: "Nielsen's technical resources hardly measure up to the grandeur of his designs", whilst characterising the later pieces as "major works which can stand comparison with his symphonic music". The anti-romantic tone of the Symphonic Suite , Op. 8 (1894) was described by a later critic as "nothing less than a clenched fist straight in the face of all established musical convention". In Nielsen's words,

8784-463: The first part and the pure, high sphere of the last part were captivating". Two other works are for violin solo. The Prelude, Theme and Variations , Op. 48 (1923) was written for Telmányi, and, like Nielsen's Chaconne for piano, Op. 32, was inspired by the music of Johann Sebastian Bach. The Preludio e Presto , Op. 52 (1928) was written as a tribute for the sixtieth birthday of the composer Fini Henriques . Although Nielsen came to compose mainly at

8906-464: The first valve slide. They are operated by the player's thumb and are used to adjust a large range of notes using the first valve, most notably the player's written top line F, the A above directly above that, and the B ♭ above that. Other notes that require the first valve slide, but are not as problematic without it include the first line E, the F above that, the A above that, and the third line B ♭ . Triggers or throws are often found on

9028-438: The first, second or third valves are pressed; pressing the thumb valve takes these secondary valve slides and the extra length of main tubing out of play to produce a shorter B ♭ horn. A later "full double" design has completely separate valve section tubing for the two sides, and is considered superior, although rather heavier in weight. Initially, compensated instruments tended to sound stuffy and blow less freely due to

9150-453: The following ratios and comparisons to 12-tone equal tuning and to a common five-limit tuning in C: The additional tubing for each valve usually features a short tuning slide of its own for fine adjustment of the valve's tuning, except when it is too short to make this practicable. For the first and third valves this is often designed to be adjusted as the instrument is played, to account for

9272-414: The fundamental tone or the first overtone is the lowest partial practically available to the player in terms of playability and musicality, dividing brass instruments into whole-tube and half-tube instruments. These terms stem from a comparison to organ pipes , which produce the same pitch as the fundamental pedal tone of a brass instrument of equal length. Neither the horns nor the trumpet could produce

9394-599: The individuality of each player." Nielsen wrote four string quartets. The First String Quartet No. 1 in G minor , Op. 13 (1889, revised 1900) contains a "Résumé" section in the finale, bringing together themes from the first, third and fourth movements. The Second String Quartet No. 2 in F minor , Op. 5 appeared in 1890 and the Third String Quartet in E-flat major , Op. 14 in 1898. The music historian Jan Smaczny suggests that in this work "the handling of texture

9516-425: The influence of Grieg and Brahms, shows Nielsen's individuality. In Symphony No. 2 (Op. 16, 1901–02), Nielsen embarks on the development of human character. Inspiration came from a painting in an inn depicting the four temperaments (choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic, and sanguine). The title of Symphony No. 3, Sinfonia Espansiva (Op. 27, 1910–11), is understood by the English composer Robert Simpson to refer to

9638-508: The influences of Brahms and also of Max Reger , of whom Nielsen had earlier written to a friend "I think that the public will be utterly unable to grasp Reger's work and yet I am a lot more sympathetic towards his efforts than towards ... Richard Strauss ". All Nielsen's organ works were late compositions. The Danish organist Finn Viderø suggests that his interest was prompted by the Orgelbewegung ( Organ reform movement ), and

9760-552: The instrument. Designs exist, although rare, in which this behaviour is reversed, i.e., pressing a valve removes a length of tubing rather than adding one. One modern example of such an ascending valve is the Yamaha YSL-350C trombone, in which the extra valve tubing is normally engaged to pitch the instrument in B ♭ , and pressing the thumb lever removes a whole step to pitch the instrument in C. Valves require regular lubrication . A core standard valve layout based on

9882-522: The international repertoire, accelerating in popularity from the 1960s through Leonard Bernstein and others. In Denmark, Nielsen's reputation was sealed in 2006 when four of his works were listed by the Danish Ministry of Culture amongst the greatest pieces of Danish classical music. For many years, he appeared on the Danish hundred-kroner banknote . The Carl Nielsen Museum in Odense documents his life and that of his wife. Between 1994 and 2009

10004-476: The international repertoire. The Wind Quintet, one of his most popular pieces, was composed in 1922 specifically for the Copenhagen Wind Quintet. Simpson, explaining that Nielsen's fondness of wind instruments was closely related to his love of nature, writes: "He was also intensely interested in human character, and in the Wind Quintet composed deliberately for five friends; each part is cunningly made to suit

10126-476: The island of Funen. His father, Niels Jørgensen, was a house painter and traditional musician who, with his abilities as a fiddler and cornet player, was in strong demand for local celebrations. Nielsen described his childhood in his autobiography Min Fynske Barndom ( My Childhood on Funen ). His mother, whom he recalls singing folk songs during his childhood, came from a well-to-do family of sea captains, while one of his half-uncles, Hans Andersen (1837–1881),

10248-529: The islands of Langeland , Ærø , Tåsinge , and a number of smaller islands. Funen is linked to Zealand, Denmark's largest island, by the Great Belt Bridge , which carries both trains and cars. The bridge is in reality three bridges; low road and rail bridges connect Funen to the small island of Sprogø in the middle of the Great Belt , and a long road suspension bridge (the second longest in

10370-447: The major cities and towns on the island are, as of 1 January 2018: Funen was the birthplace of Hans Christian Andersen , the composer Carl Nielsen , American War of Independence combatant Christian Febiger , pop singer MØ and international footballer Christian Eriksen . The highest natural point on Funen is Frøbjerg Bavnehøj . Fynsk, coloquially known as Funish by local English speakers, but in English most commonly known as

10492-471: The most Danish of all Nielsen's compositions as it extols the beauty of Funen's countryside. Nielsen wrote three concertos: the Violin Concerto, Op. 33 is a middle-period work, from 1911, which lies within the tradition of European classicism, whereas the Flute Concerto (without opus number) of 1926 and the Clarinet Concerto, Op. 57 which followed in 1928 are late works, influenced by the modernism of

10614-559: The music in the form of particular themes, harmonies, sounds, forms, etc., or is it a pure construct of reception history?" Nielsen himself was ambiguous about his attitudes to late Romantic German music and to nationalism in music. He wrote to the Dutch composer Julius Röntgen in 1909 "I am surprised by the technical skills of the Germans nowadays, and I cannot help thinking that all this delight in complication must exhaust itself. I foresee

10736-466: The octave below their open second partial, which is critical for tubas and euphoniums in much of their repertoire. The compensating system was applied to horns to serve a different purpose. It was used to allow a double horn in F and B ♭ to ease playing difficulties in the high register. In contrast to the system in use in tubas and euphoniums, the default 'side' of the horn is the longer F horn, with secondary lengths of tubing coming into play when

10858-530: The opera Maskarade , in his own country he is more of a national symbol. These two sides were officially brought together in Denmark in 2006 when the Ministry of Culture issued a list of the twelve greatest Danish musical works, which included Nielsen's opera Maskarade , his Fourth Symphony, and a pair of his Danish folk songs. Krabbe asks the rhetorical question: "Can 'the national' in Nielsen be demonstrated in

10980-456: The opinion of the musicologist David Fanning , it also left him "with a highly personal, common man's point of view on those subjects". He left the Academy at the end of 1886, after graduating with good but not outstanding marks in all subjects. He then went to stay with the retired Odense merchant Jens Georg Nielsen (1820–1901) and his wife at their apartment on Slagelsegade as he was not yet in

11102-414: The outcome of a struggle as in his symphonies. There is debate as to how much such elements owe to his folk music activities. Some critics have referred to his rhythms, his use of acciaccaturas or appoggiaturas , or his frequent use of a flattened seventh and minor third in his works, as being typically Danish. The composer himself wrote "The intervals , as I see it, are the elements which first arouse

11224-563: The piano, he only composed directly for it occasionally over a period of 40 years, creating works often with a distinctive style which slowed their international acceptance. Nielsen's own piano technique, an echo of which is probably preserved in three wax cylinders marked "Carl Nielsen" at the State Archives in Aarhus , seems to have been mediocre. Reviewing the 1969 recording of works by the pianist John Ogdon , John Horton commented on

11346-418: The popular image of Nielsen in Denmark as being like "the ugly duckling syndrome" – a reference to the tale of the Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen – whereby "a poor boy ... passing through adversity and frugality ... marches into Copenhagen and ... comes to conquer the position as the uncrowned King". While outside Denmark Nielsen is largely thought of as a composer of orchestral music and

11468-427: The rather traditional style of the Violin Concerto, it reflects the modernistic trends of the period. The first movement, for example, switches between D minor , E-flat minor and F major before the flute comes to the fore with a cantabile theme in E major . The Clarinet Concerto was also written for a member of the Copenhagen Wind Quintet, Aage Oxenvad . Nielsen stretches the capacities of instrument and player to

11590-451: The relationship which developed between his programmatic and symphonic works: "Sometimes he would find stageworthy ideas in his supposedly pure orchestral music; sometimes a text or scenario forced him to invent vivid musical imagery which he could later turn to more abstract use." Nielsen's cantata Hymnus amoris for soloists, chorus and orchestra was first performed at Copenhagen's Musikforeningen (The Music Society) on 27 April 1897. It

11712-767: The renewal of the front pipes of the Schnitger organ in the St. Jacobi Church , Hamburg, from 1928 to 1930. Nielsen's last major work – Commotio , Op. 58, a 22-minute piece for organ – was composed between June 1930 and February 1931, only a few months before his death. Over the years, Nielsen wrote the music for over 290 songs and hymns , most of them for verses and poems by well-known Danish authors such as N. F. S. Grundtvig, Ingemann , Poul Martin Møller, Adam Oehlenschläger and Jeppe Aakjær. In Denmark, many of them are still popular today both with adults and children. They are regarded as "the most representative part of

11834-457: The scope of much of the discussion above regarding families of brass instruments. Valves are used to change the length of tubing of a brass instrument allowing the player to reach the notes of various harmonic series. Each valve pressed diverts the air stream through additional tubing, individually or in conjunction with other valves. This lengthens the vibrating air column thus lowering the fundamental tone and associated harmonic series produced by

11956-603: The stage undertaking a kind of musical duel. Nielsen described the symphony as "the life force, the unquenchable will to live". It premiered in February 1916 in Copenhagen, two weeks after its completion, and was performed in Warsaw, London, Paris, and St Louis the following year. Also frequently performed is the Symphony No. 5 (Op. 50, 1921–22), presenting another battle between the forces of order and chaos. A snare drummer

12078-466: The standards of composition still common at the time. Nielsen's sixth and final symphony, Sinfonia semplice , was written in 1924–25. He died from a heart attack six years later, and is buried in Vestre Cemetery , Copenhagen. Nielsen maintained the reputation of a musical outsider during his lifetime, both in his own country and internationally. It was only later that his works firmly entered

12200-464: The stuffiness resulting from the air being passed through the valve section twice, but as this really only affects the longer F side, a compensating double can be very useful for a 1st or 3rd horn player, who uses the F side less. Another approach was the addition of two sets of slides for different parts of the range. Some euphoniums and tubas were built like this, but today, this approach has become highly exotic for all instruments except horns, where it

12322-489: The third valve slide. They are operated by the player's fourth finger, and are used to adjust the lower D and C ♯ . Trumpets typically use throws, whilst cornets may have a throw or trigger. Trombone triggers are primarily but not exclusively installed on the F-trigger, bass, and contrabass trombones to alter the length of tubing, thus making certain ranges and pitches more accessible. A euphonium occasionally has

12444-482: The tonal language seems similar to that in Nielsen's other symphonies, but the symphony develops into a sequence of cameos, some sad, some grotesque, some humorous. Nielsen's two operas are very different in style. The four-act Saul og David (Saul and David), written in 1902 to a libretto by Einar Christiansen , tells the Biblical story of Saul 's jealousy of the young David while Maskarade (Masquerade)

12566-414: The tuba. See also the article Brass Instrument Valves . Because the player of a brass instrument has direct control of the prime vibrator (the lips), brass instruments exploit the player's ability to select the harmonic at which the instrument's column of air vibrates. By making the instrument about twice as long as the equivalent woodwind instrument and starting with the second harmonic, players can get

12688-532: The tubing has an inversely proportional effect on pitch ( Pitch of brass instruments ), while pitch perception is logarithmic, there is no way for a simple, uncompensated addition of length to be correct in every combination when compared with the pitches of the open tubing and the other valves. For example, given a length of tubing equaling 100 units of length when open, one may obtain the following tuning discrepancies: Playing notes using valves (notably 1st + 3rd and 1st + 2nd + 3rd) requires compensation to adjust

12810-414: The tubing. This may take the form of desiccant design, to keep the valves dry, sacrificial zincs , replaceable valve cores and springs, plastic insulating washers, or nonconductive or noble materials for the valve cores and springs. Some instruments use several such features. The process of making the large open end (bell) of a brass instrument is called metal beating . In making the bell of, for example,

12932-416: The tuning appropriately, either by the player's lip-and-breath control, via mechanical assistance of some sort, or, in the case of horns, by the position of the stopping hand in the bell. 'T' stands for trigger on a trombone. Traditionally the valves lower the pitch of the instrument by adding extra lengths of tubing based on a just tuning : Combining the valves and the harmonics of the instrument leads to

13054-415: The tuning or temperament system are inherent in the physics of the most popular valve design, which uses a small number of valves in combination to avoid redundant and heavy lengths of tubing (this is entirely separate from the slight deficiencies between Western music's dominant equal (even) temperament system and the just (not equal) temperament of the harmonic series itself). Since each lengthening of

13176-409: The utmost; the concerto has just one continuous movement and contains a struggle between the soloist and the orchestra and between the two principal competing keys, F major and E major. The wind concertos present many examples of what Nielsen called objektivering ("objectification"). By this term he meant giving instrumentalists freedom of interpretation and performance within the bounds set out by

13298-733: The visual arts. Although he revered the music of Bach and Mozart , he remained ambivalent about much 19th-century music. In 1891 he met the composer and pianist Ferruccio Busoni in Leipzig; they were to maintain a correspondence for over thirty years. Shortly after arriving in Paris in early March 1891 Nielsen met the Danish sculptor Anne Marie Brodersen , who was also travelling on a scholarship. They toured Italy together and married in St Mark's English Church, Florence , on 10 May 1891 before returning to Denmark. According to Fanning, their relationship

13420-414: The world at the time of opening) connects Funen the rest of the way to Zealand, paralleled by a rail tunnel. Two bridges connect Funen to the Danish mainland, Jutland . The Old Little Belt Bridge was constructed in the 1930s, shortly before World War II, for both cars and trains. The New Little Belt Bridge , a suspension bridge, was constructed in the 1970s and is used for cars only. The populations of

13542-493: The world. It is located in the central part of the country and has a population of 469,947 as of 2020. Funen's main city is Odense , which is connected to the sea by a seldom-used canal . The city's shipyard, Odense Steel Shipyard , has been relocated outside Odense proper. Funen belongs administratively to the Region of Southern Denmark . From 1970 to 2006 the island formed the biggest part of Funen County , which also included

13664-467: Was Nielsen's own instrument and he composed four large-scale chamber works for it. The departures from standard procedures in the First Sonata, Op. 9 (1895), including its often sudden modulations and its terse thematic material, disconcerted Danish critics at its first performance. The Second Sonata, Op. 35 of 1912 was written for the violinist Peder Møller who earlier that year had premiered

13786-420: Was a talented musician. Nielsen gave an account of his introduction to music: "I had heard music before, heard father play the violin and cornet, heard mother singing, and, when in bed with the measles, I had tried myself out on the little violin." He had received the instrument from his mother when he was six. He studied violin and piano as a child, and wrote his earliest compositions at the age of eight or nine:

13908-474: Was an early variety. In the mid 19th century the Vienna valve was an improved design. However many professional musicians preferred rotary valves for quicker, more reliable action, until better designs of piston valves were mass manufactured towards the end of the 19th century. Since the early decades of the 20th century, piston valves have been the most common on brass instruments except for the orchestral horn and

14030-612: Was born – Rachel Siegmann, about whom Anne Marie never learned. With his wife Nielsen had two daughters and a son. Irmelin, the elder daughter, studied music theory with her father and in December 1919 married Eggert Møller (1893–1978), a medical doctor who became a professor at the University of Copenhagen and director of the polyclinic at the National Hospital . The younger daughter Anne Marie , who graduated from

14152-457: Was buried in Copenhagen's Vestre Cemetery; all the music at his funeral, including the hymns, was the work of the composer. After his death, his wife was commissioned to sculpt a monument to him, to be erected in central Copenhagen. She wrote: "I wanted to take the winged horse, eternal symbol of poetry, and place a musician on its back. He was to sit there between the rushing wings blowing a reed pipe out over Copenhagen." Dispute about her design and

14274-526: Was granted in 1919. In the period 1916–22, Nielsen often lived on Funen, regularly retreating also to the Damgaard and Fuglsang estates, or worked as a conductor in Gothenburg . The period was one of creative crisis for Nielsen which, coinciding with World War I, would strongly influence his Fourth (1914–16) and Fifth symphonies (1921–22), arguably his greatest works according to Fanning. The composer

14396-797: Was inspired by Titian 's painting Miracle of the Jealous Husband which Nielsen had seen on his honeymoon in Italy in 1891. On one of the copies, he wrote: "To my own Marie! These tones in praise of love are nothing compared to the real thing." Beginning in 1901, Nielsen received a modest state pension – initially 800 kroner per annum, growing to 7,500 kroner by 1927 – to augment his violinist's salary. This allowed him to stop taking private pupils and left him more time to compose. From 1903, he also had an annual retainer from his principal publisher, Wilhelm Hansen Edition  [ da ] . Between 1905 and 1914 he served as second conductor at

14518-475: Was not only a "love match", but also a "meeting of minds"; Anne Marie was a gifted artist and a "strong-willed and modern-minded woman, determined to forge her own career". This determination would strain the Nielsens' marriage, as Anne Marie would spend months away from home during the 1890s and 1900s, leaving Carl, who pursued extramarital affairs with other women in her absence, to raise their three young children in addition to composing and fulfilling his duties at

14640-484: Was particularly upset in the 1920s when his long-standing Danish publisher Wilhelm Hansen was unable to undertake publication of many of his major works, including Aladdin and Pan and Syrinx . The sixth and final symphony, Sinfonia semplice , was written in 1924–25. After suffering a serious heart attack in 1925, Nielsen was forced to curtail much of his activity, although he continued to compose until his death. His sixtieth birthday in 1925 brought many congratulations,

14762-550: Was premiered in 1911. The Rhapsodic Overture, An Imaginary Trip to the Faroe Islands ( En Fantasirejse til Færøerne ), draws on Faroese folk tunes but also contains freely composed sections. Among Nielsen's orchestral works for the stage are Aladdin (1919) and Moderen (The Mother), Op. 41 (1920). Aladdin was written to accompany a production of Adam Oehlenschläger 's fairy tale at The Royal Theatre in Copenhagen. The complete score, lasting over 80 minutes,

14884-418: Was well received, Nielsen obtained his release from the military band at short notice, and studied at the Academy from the beginning of 1884. Though not an outstanding student and composing little, Nielsen progressed well in violin under Valdemar Tofte (1832–1907), and received a solid grounding in music theory from Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann as well as from Orla Rosenhoff (1844–1905), who would remain

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